THE ROLE OF DUTCH WATER BOARDS IN ANSWERING INDONESIAN WATER MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES (A Feasibility Study)
December 21, 2016 | Author: Claude Chase | Category: N/A
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THE ROLE OF DUTCH WATER BOARDS IN ANSWERING INDONESIAN WATER MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES (A Feasibility Study)
Author David Martianus Ginting Supervisors Joost de Haan (Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland) Soet Huijbregts (Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland) Erik Mostert (Delft University of Technology)
Preface This report was written based on desk study and personal communications conducted by the author with Indonesian and Dutch parties (governmental and private) that active in Indonesian water management world. This study was carried out from July 9th 2012 until September 17th 2012. The study was combined with an internship period within Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland, the national coordinator for water boards activity in Indonesia.
Acknowledgements First of all I would like to acknowledge the presence of the Divine being or idea (or whatever they may call it) that has accompanied me throughout this internship period. Further I would like to thank respondents of this study have has enthusiastically shared their stories and ideas and make this internship period fun as well as challenging. For this I would like to thank: Mr. Eelco van Beek Mr. Hamid Bouchrit Mr. Twan Brinkhof Mr. Piet Dircke Mr. Roy Kraft van Ermel Mr. Joris Goos Mr. Johan Helmer Mr. Peter Hollanders Mr. Michiel de Lijster Mr. Ivo van der Linden Mr. Corne Nijburg Mr. Jeron den Ouden Mr. Rien de Ridder Mr. Jos Schouwenaars Mr. Bart Schultz Mr. F.X. Suryadi Mr. Bart Teeuwen Mr. Sumono Karmidi Mrs. Iswari Paramesthi Mr. Slamet Riyanto Mr. Arie Setiadi Moerwanto Mrs. Nik Sutiyani I would like to thank my internship supervisors: Joost de Haan, Soet Huijbregts and Erik Mostert for being such cool and cooperative supervisors and for entrusting me with a generous amount of freedom during this study. My gratitude also goes to the Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland for putting effort on preparing themselves before going to Indonesia. And thank you for giving me the trust and chance to contribute on this preparation. I would like to thank my family back in Berastagi, Indonesia for the everlasting love and confidence they put on me. Also to my family extension in the Netherlands (Ravina Binol, Shirin Malek Pour, WIkke Novalia, Theresia Maturbongs and Thomas Djojorahardjo) that has been a very valuable companion throughout my daily life. Last but not least I would like to thank and dedicate this short study to my deceased brother Agripa P. Ginting who has been an inspiration for me in defining friendship and cooperation. Delft, September 2012 David Martianus Ginting
Summary The rapid population and economic growth of Indonesia has led to challenges (and opportunities) related to the country’s development. Those challenges are also to be found in the water management sector. Challenges related to inter‐seasonal water imbalance (flooding vs. water shortage); clean water supply system; public involvement and water governance ware addressed by Indonesian authorities as the most urgent water challenges that need to be answered immediately. On the other side of the globe, the Dutch water sector has also encountered identical challenges. Those problems occurred earlier in Indonesia and Dutch engineers have successfully dealt with them. This makes Dutch governmental and public parties (including Delfland – the client of this study) owned the needed knowledge to answer the comparable water challenges in Indonesia. Knowledge related to water governance and public involvement are recognized as the transferable knowledge between Indonesian‐Dutch water authorities (water boards). However, having the needed knowledge does not automatically mean that the participation of Delfland (and water boards in general) are going to be demanded by Indonesian authorities. Steps of actions need to be taken to start their involvement in Indonesia. This can be done either by joining existing projects by other Dutch parties or by starting a new one. Both methods will need to make use of the existing network that has been built by Dutch private and governmental bodies before. As soon as Delfland being involved in Indonesia, they need to realize the presence of barriers and success factors in realizing a successful project (or cooperation). They are: time, space, language and culture difference, lack of public involvement, institutional & individual (in)capacity, development‐aid mentality, and poor cooperation among Dutch parties. It is strongly advised for Delfland to prepare themselves with the required attitude and resource before going to Indonesia. Not having them will not only lead to unsuccessful project but can also damage the (good) reputation of Dutch water managers in general in the perspective of Indonesian authorities.
Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgement Summary Table of Contents List of term and abbreviations CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION I.1 Background: the past, present and future I.2 The road ahead: involvement of Dutch water boards? I.3 Objectives I.4 Reader guidance CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY II.1 Research flowchart II.2 Gathering information: personal communications CHAPTER III SUPPLY AND DEMAND III.1 (Potential) Demand: Present & Future Challenges for Indonesian Water Management III.2 (Potential) Supply: Available Dutch Water Management Knowledge III.3 Connecting Supply & Demand: Potential role for Delfland CHAPTER IV SHORT TERM: APPROACH TOWARDS INVOLVEMENT IV.1 General trajectory Steps towards involvement: converting ‘need’ into ‘demand’ IV.2 CHAPTER V V.1 V.2 V.3 V.4 V.5 V.6 CHAPTER VI VI.1 VI.2 Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III Appendix IV
LONG TERM: REALIZING SUCCESSFUL PARTICIPATION Distances: space, time, language and culture Public involvement Institutional & individual (in)capacity Development‐Aid mentality Cooperation among Dutch parties Other (potential) barriers CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusion Recommendation : Interviewed Dutch Parties : Respondents from Indonesian Parties : Stakeholders in Indonesian water management sector : Organizational chart of the Ministry of PU (focussed on water related departments)
List of term and abbreviations BPP SIMA : Badan Pengelola Polder Banger SIMA or Managing Organization for Banger Polder SIMA Delfland : Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland or Water Board of Delfland DPR RI : Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia or the National Parliament of Indonesia HHSK : Hoogheemraadschap van Schieland en de Krimpenerwaard or Water Board of Schieland and Krimpenerwaard JCDS : Jakarta Coastal Defence System MVO : Maatschappelijk verantwoord ondernemen or Cooperate Social Responsibility (CSR) O&M : Operation and maintenance Perpamsi : Persatuan perusahaan air minum Indonesia or the Union of Indonesian drinking water companies PU : Kementrian Pekerjaan Umum or Indonesian Ministry of Public Works Unesco‐IHE : Unesco‐IHE Institute for Water Education in Delft UvW : Unie van Waterschappen or The Union of Water Boards
CHAPTER I
: INTRODUCTION I.1 Problem background: the past, present and future The climatic condition of Indonesia with two seasons (dry and wet) has created an imbalance of water availability between two seasons. Keeping agriculture fields wet during the dry season and cities dry during wet season has become two constantly occurring and growing challenges for Indonesian water managers; with the last mentioned challenge is somewhat more prevailing than the other one. Past: For centuries Indonesia has fought against flooding (locally known as Banjir). Some of the biggest cities in the country such as Jakarta, Semarang, Surabaya and Surakarta have been troubled with this problem since the colonization of the Dutch. Dutch East Indies engineers have helped to solve this. In the first mentioned city, in 1908 dike was build encircling the city to protect it against the flooding from the Bengawan Solo River and creating a polder‐like area. Pump was also installed in the city just like polder (Ravesteijn, 2008). After the Dutch and Japanese occupation those cities were continuously grew and without a well‐thought city planning. This makes the flooding problem even bigger. Present: Nowadays, flooding occurs in those cities more frequently and with a larger scale. One of the most extreme example can be found in Jakarta where flooding occurs almost in annual basis. Some of the biggest flood event that ever happened occurred in 1996, 2002 and 2007 where about 40% of the city was inundated (Brinkman, 2008). The main cause of this is the rapid urban development. This fast and rather uncontrolled growth has converted the surrounding rural and green areas (which used to be infiltration area) onto paved‐ city areas. Moreover, the development and in collaboration with fast population growth has led to overexploitation of groundwater which eventually cause soil subsidence. This subsidence decreases the infiltration capacity of the soil while also making the city more vulnerable for flooding originating from river and sea‐tides (in case of coastal city). This phenomenon can be found in almost every big city in Indonesia and makes them also imposed to the same risk. Future: Indonesia has shown no sign in slowing down its growth. With an average annual national economy growth of 6.40% and annual national population growth of 1.10% (CIA, 2012), usually even higher in big cities, urban areas are continuously expanding while rural area constantly urbanized. Without a good urban planning and flood protection measure, the same flooding problem is going to be repeated again in other cities. For the ‘developed’ cities the flooding risk is even bigger if no measures are taken. In Jakarta it is predicted that flooding from the sea tide will occur more often from 2016. This flooding will constantly become deeper and longer and predicted to cause disastrous flood in 2025 where about 25% of the city and up to 4 million people will be affected by inundation from the sea (Brinkman, 2008) Moreover, the fact that most of big cities in Indonesia are coastal city (Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan, Semarang, etc.) imposes a big flooding risk due to climate change in the future.; where intensified rains and rising sea level as the main cause. Yusuf and Fransisco (2009) even listed one of city, Jakarta, as the most vulnerable coastal city to climate change is Southeast Asia. Eventually a new and tailored‐made approach to the problem need to be created, an approach that learns from the past, answers current problem and prevents future disaster. I.2 The road ahead: involvement of Dutch water boards? On the other side of the world, Dutch engineers encountered with partly similar challenges, especially those that related to flood protection. However these challenges (and thus their solutions) occurred earlier than in Indonesia. It was about 1000 years ago when the first levee was erected. This was continued by draining lake and creating polders. Today about one third of the country and half of the inhabitants located below sea level (Demmers, 2005). This demonstrates a how well‐advanced they have been in this sector. Not only advanced in the engineering part of the flood protection technology (e.g. dikes, dams, etc.), the Dutch are also developed in the institutional (or management) part. Managing organization known as water boards are to be found around the country. An institution that initially established to supervise drainage works in swamp areas in 800 CE (Mostert, 2006) has evolved into a governmental body that are entrusted to ensure the
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water systems to functions properly under changing circumstances (such as environmental planning, climate and policies) and comply with safety and function regulations (Hoes et al, 2010); responsibilities including managing (operating and maintaining): dikes, domestic waterways and sewage system, water discharge and intake, and water quality. Further, their scope of authority also includes the financial and organizational arrangements those activities. Water Boards first officially stated their ambition to be involved in the International water management as an union (via the Union of Water Boards, abbreviated as UvW) in the document of ‘Geen brug te ver’ (no bridge too far). One of their two main drives is to fulfil the duty of cooperate social responsibility or locally known as MVO (UvW, 2010). In the same document UvW also emphasize that cooperation among water boards and other Dutch institutions (governmental agencies, NGO’s, knowledge institute, etc.) is substantial to ensure a successful project. The participation of various parties will provide the Dutch side with more expertise and enable them to give integrated solution to water challenges around the world. Moreover, UvW believes that this international involvement should be demand‐driven. It means that a comprehensive analysis need to be done to clarify the exact demand from international clients and to see whether the in‐house knowledge and expertise in line with it (UvW, 2010). For the case of Indonesia Water Board of Delfland (Hoogheemraadschap of Delfland) was assigned by UvW as the national coordinator. The main task of a national coordinator is to connect the demand (for water knowledge and experience) from the client country with the supply from the Netherlands. The signature of Memorandum of Understanding between The Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment and The Indonesian State Ministry of the Environment and The Ministry of Public Works concerning the cooperation in the field of water on May 2012 even give Delfland an extra push. After the major flooding in Jakarta on 2002 the Indonesian government through its Ministry of Public Works declare their need for more good‐polder‐ management to deal with the problem (as it was done in the Pluit polder in Jakarta). The Municipality of Rotterdam (sister city of Jakarta), DHV and Indonesian government requested for Delfland’s involvement as a water board in giving knowledge support related to polder management (Haersma Buma, 2011) I.3 Objective The main objective of this study is to advise the Water Board of Delfland in the short and long run regarding their plan to be active in Indonesian water management sector. This main objective is broken‐down into several sub‐objectives which are to investigate: ‐ The most urgent water management related challenges in Indonesia today and in the future (potential demand of knowledge) – Chapter III ‐ Expertise of the Dutch private and governmental parties that can be useful to answer those challenges (potential supply) – Chapter III ‐ The role that Delfland (or water boards in general) can play to contribute in answering those challenges – Chapter III ‐ Steps to be taken by Delfland in starting their involvement in Indonesian water management sector – Chapter IV ‐ Barriers and success factor in realizing a successful involvement of Delfland in Indonesian – Chapter V
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I.4 Reader guidance After discussing the study background and methodology in chapter I and II, elaboration on the recommended short and long term action plan will be discussed on the following chapters. The general layout is given on a figure hereunder. CHAPTER IV CHAPTER III CHAPTER V start of involvement successful involvement current state (no involvement) short term long term Figure 1.1 Report layout Chapter III will mainly discussed about the current state of Indonesian water management sector. Some of the most urgent challenges for this sector (present and future) will be elaborated. These will be seen as potential demands for water‐knowledge from Indonesian side. Further, specific expertise of Dutch parties in water management sector (potential supplies) will be explained as well. In the end it will argue whether those potential demands and supplies can meet each other and the kind of role that Delfland can play in it. Chapter IV will focus on the recommendation of short term actions that Delfland can take in order to move from their current state (no involvement in Indonesia) towards the start of their participation there. Series steps of actions will be suggested and discussed. It will further discuss on the required resources and approaches (which are different from those in the Netherlands) need in executing those steps As soon Delfland being involved in a water project in Indonesia then there will be barriers and success factor that they need to deal with (in the long run) to make the project successful. Chapter V will focus on this matter. Six decisive factors that can make a project success or failure are going to be briefly discussed. Conclusion and recommendation will close this report in chapter VI.
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CHAPTER II
: METHODOLOGY
II.1 Research flowchart A flowchart was made in order to achieve the main objective (see previous chapter) systematically through several steps. START
Question (Q): Which knowledge are needed by the government of Indonesia and can be delivered by Dutch parties and Delfland?
Action (A): Inventorying existing and potential problems in Indonesia and deliverable knowledge by Dutch parties and Delfland
Result (R): Potential transferable knowledge and role for Delfland
Q: Is there any real demand for this knowledge? A: Personal communications with Indonesian governmental bodies, Dutch governmental bodies and engineering companies that involved in projects in Indonesia
Yes
No FINISH
R: Knowledge with real demand
Yes
Q: What actions does Delfland need to take (short
and long term) in starting their involvement in Indonesia and meeting this demand?
A: Literature study and personal communications with Indonesian and Dutch governmental bodies; and Dutch engineering companies that involved in projects in Indonesia
‐ ‐
Short term Steps of actions for Delfland in starting their involvement in Indonesia. Barriers and required resources in taking those actions.
‐
‐
Long term Barriers and success factors in realizing successful projects (and inter‐governmental cooperation) in Indonesia. Experience in dealing with them.
R: Recommendation for Delfland Short term and long term action for Delfland to be active in Indonesia Figure 2.1 Research methodology flowcharts Definitions Delfland : Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland (Water board of Delfland) Dutch parties : Dutch governmental and private bodies that active in water management sector
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Knowledge Problems Real demand Projects Short term
Long term Successful project
: Water management related knowledge : Water management related problems : Demand where Delfland can add value to solve Indonesian problems : Physical or institutional buildings in the field of water management : Time period span from the current state until the start of Delfland’s involvement in a project Indonesia : Time period span from the start of Delfland’s involvement in a project in Indonesia until it become a successful project : A project that is institutionalized to the existing social culture system and be technical and financial sustainable.
II.2 Gathering information: personal communications Research questions mentioned on the flowchart were answered by a combination means of literature study; internet search and personal communications. The respondents consist of professionals from Indonesian and Dutch governmental bodies and from Dutch private companies that are experienced in Indonesia. Four types of personal communications were conducted during the study: face‐to‐face interview, teleconference interview and questionnaire via email. Dutch respondents were consulted by mean of interview while the last two methods were used for Indonesian respondents. In average an interview lasted for about 60 minutes. Some guiding questions were used, these questions are mainly about: the water challenges that Indonesia are (and will be) facing; the Dutch expertise in water management and the success (and not‐so success) stories of Dutch parties during their involvement in Indonesia. Dutch interviewees were selected based on their length of experience in Indonesia. Together with the internship supervisor (Joost de Haan) an initial list of interviewees was made. To get a better overview, this list was consisted of professionals from Dutch governmental and private bodies. This list was later expanded in consultation with the (initial) interviewees themselves; who later indicate other professional worth‐ interviewing. Since Delfland still has not established any contact in Indonesia, the list of Indonesian respondents was made together with the assistance of Dutch interviewees (who also introduced the author to them). List of interview respondents is given on appendix I and II.
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CHAPTER III
: SUPPLY AND DEMAND III.1. (Potential) Demand: Present & Future Challenges for Indonesian Water Management Through personal communications with Indonesian and Dutch parties that active in Indonesian water management sector (see annex I and II), the present and future water challenges in Indonesia was listed. a. Water balance: water (supply) shortage vs. flooding The climatic condition of Indonesia with two seasons (dry and rainy season) creates imbalance in water availability between seasons (which occurs frequently). During the dry season, water shortage or even drought hits different areas in the country. While during rainy season, urban areas are flooded by rain water. One way to deal with this condition is by constructing extra reservoirs to store water during rainy season and use it during the dry one (Moerwanto, personal communication). However he also realized that this solution will become harder to implement in the future. This is due to the rapid development of rural and urban areas across the country which makes land price continuously increasing. Therefore the Indonesian Ministry of Public Works (PU) currently try to work on other alternative: optimizing current water usage. Meeting the future water demand from various water users will become harder particularly in the island of Java (Moerwanto, personal communication). This island is inhabited by about 50% of Indonesian total population (and expected to grow more) while only having 4% of Indonesian water resources. Therefore this imbalance needs an immediate measure. Flooding This is seen as a serious problem especially in the low‐lying coastal cities across Indonesia (Karmidi, Riyanto and Sutiyani, personal communication). Looking back through history, it has become a lingering problem over last decades or even centuries in Indonesia. Since the Dutch‐Indies era until the current post‐reformation era this problem still lasted in urban areas across the country. One of the roots of this problem is the fact that Indonesia continuously growing in fast in a rather uncontrolled way. Green and rural areas that originally functioned as (rain water) infiltration areas are continuously being converted into new industrial and residential areas. This conversion happens rapidly and left the government with not enough time and money to build proper drainage systems (to compensate the loss of infiltration area). As consequence, instead of being infiltrated, rain water floods and inundates the land surface. This flooding damages houses, offices, agricultural fields and other land usages. Other cause of flooding (specific for Jakarta) is land subsidence. Land subsidence in Jakarta is caused by the overexploitation of deep ground water reservoir (elaborated in more detail in the following sub‐chapter). The annual land subsidence of 10 cm or more (Brinkman, 2008) combined with: the rise of sea level (due to global warming), insufficient existence of drainage system, insufficient maintenance of the existing drainage system and successive rainstorms have caused major flooding in the country’s capital in 1996, 2002 and 2007. The flooding in 2007 is the greatest flood ever recorded for the last three centuries and inundated about 40% of the city. It cost 80 lives and forced about 340.000 others to flee (Brinkmann, 2008) Urgency: Flooding becomes an urgent problem to Indonesia due to its short time frame, the magnitude of its impacts and the risk of loss of life (Dircke, personal communication). The rapid change of land use (urbanization) combined with the fast land subsidence rate makes measures need to be taken immediately. This is important in order to prevent flooding event to spread and occurs more frequently and in a bigger
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magnitude (which will need a more expensive solution). Without any proper prevention measures, this condition will potentially to occur in other fast growing cities in Indonesia. The fact that flooding mainly hits big cities imposes high risk towards the safety of human lives. This is due to the high population density in urban areas. The flooding in Jakarta in 2005 cost 25 lives while the one in 2007 cost about 80 lives (Brinkmann, 2008). With the current rate of population growth (annual average: 1.10 %; Source: CIA, 2012) this number is expected to increase if no immediate measures are going to be taken. The last urgency is related to the magnitude of its (economical) impact. Large urban areas are the ‘economy motors’ that generate wealth for Indonesian population. Even an inundation as short as one day (or even shorter) will cost fortune to local business and (indirectly) to the country. For a developing and rapidly‐ emerging country like Indonesia, this is clearly unaffordable if they wish to move towards the developed stage. Water supply As it was mentioned in the previous section, one of the main causes for flooding in Jakarta is the land subsidence. Overexploitation of deep groundwater by local inhabitants and industries are observed as its main causes (Dircke, 2012; and Brinkman, 2008). Combined with the rapid development of the city, this off‐limit extraction has led to a rapid land subsidence. However, by looking deeply into this problem, the absence of proper clean water supply systems is actually the root of this subsidence. This situation has forced the inhabitants of Jakarta to rely on groundwater to fulfil their clean water need. Phenomenon of: insufficient clean water supply system; overexploitation of groundwater; land subsidence and flooding was also predicted by Schultz (personal communication) to happen in other fast growing coastal cities across Indonesia (e.g. Surabaya, Medan, Semarang, etc.) if nothing is to be done. This makes it urgent to be solved (Sutiyani, personal communication) b. Water governance To well‐manage water resources and connect stakeholders, strong presence of a managing/ governing institution is vital (Moerwanto, personal communication). PU tried to realize this needed presence by assigning responsibilities of different water resources to different authorities. According to Indonesian Law No. 8/2004 about water resources, the management of rivers (and the basins) that located within one district (kabupaten) is the responsibility of the local district government; rivers that cross multiple districts are the responsibilities of the local provincial (propinsi) government; and rivers that cross multiple provinces, nations (or rivers that hold so‐called national interest) fall under the authority of PU. However, the presence of existing authorities is not sufficient in several cases. In those cases, additional managing bodies that (expectedly) can better bridge different stakeholders were needed. The newly‐ established BPP SIMA in Banger Polder Semarang and the to‐be‐established Program Management Unit (PMU) in JCDS are some of the examples. These ‘extra’ bodies are (or will be) functioned as inter‐stakeholders cooperation platform and organizer for the O&M activities (for the related water project). Furthermore, Sutiyani (personal communication) also still saw the importance of developing the current organization of water management and the practice of O&M across the country. Fortunately, more attention lately has been paid towards water governance aspect in Indonesia. Until around 2002, this aspect in general was absent in water management projects (Teeuwen, personal communication). As consequence, both stakeholders’ involvement and O&M activities were not well arranged and executed. This is related to the absence of an organization that assigned to organizing those mentioned activities. This has
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identified as one of the main causes why water projects in Indonesia failed to become sustainable. (Brinkhof and Van der Linden, personal communication) Nevertheless, this does not necessarily mean that Indonesia needs an extra governing authority that focus on those activities. Doing this might even complicate the already‐complicated existing government structure. However, this indicates that there are still a lot to be done in improving Indonesian water governance. The establishment of PMU and BPP show that the awareness and willingness to do so is growing within the current authorities. c. Integrated water management Responsible authorities (PU, district and provincial government) compose ‘pola’ (literally translated as: pattern) and ‘rencana’ (literally translated as: plan) for every river (and its basin) in Indonesia. Pola is a document that contains strategic plans and objectives for the management and development of a river; while its implementation plans is set on the rencana. These two documents have the orientation of 20 years. Making such a long‐term‐oriented and integrated plan is still something new for Indonesia. Indonesian engineers are good and experienced in designing or constructing water infrastructures; yet the management and planning part is not their strong point (Moerwanto and Moersid, personal communication). The current management practice is more accustomed to re‐act rather than to act pro‐actively. He acknowledged that seeing a water system (with all related aspects) as a whole; foreseeing the future challenges and coming up with an integrated plan is still difficult for them to do (in its relation to compose pola and rencana) The fact that Indonesian water management challenges have developed (together with the nation’s growth) into more complex problems, makes it impossible to solve (or prevent) them by only focusing on one measure and ignoring other related aspects. Holistic approach is a must. As an example, the flooding problems in Jakarta will never be solved by only focusing on building higher dikes (or retention walls) or installing bigger pumps or widening existing canals. Measures on other aspects related to the water system (e.g. providing proper clean water supply, water treatment, sanitation, etc.) need to be cooperated as well. This integrated approach is also valid for other water challenges. d. Public communication and involvement Public communication and involvement are crucial factors in making a water solution successful (Moerwanto, personal communication). Not only leading to a better public acceptance to the solution (and thus prevent conflicts in later stages), public communication and involvement can also ‘awaken’ the financial potency that inhabitants and private sector has to contribute in realizing (and maintaining) a water solution. Through public communication PU tried to change the current irrigation water usage (Moerwanto, personal communication). By this practice (account for about 80% of water use in Indonesia), the Ministry expected to increase the water usage efficiency and gain ‘extra’ water that can be allocated to other users. However in some cases this is not easy to do. In the case of rice agriculture, irrigation practice is still based on the deep‐ rooted ‘myth’ that says 20 cm high of water is needed in the field while research indicate only 2 cm. Extra water availability will contribute to prevent or solve conflicts between water users. This type of conflict is starting to become major challenge and may grow further in the future (Moerwanto, personal communication). Rapid growth of population, agriculture and industry has created a competition for water availability. Communication between relevant actors can help resolving this conflict. Further, Moerwanto and Sutiyani (personal communication) also acknowledge the financial potency that public and private parties have in realizing and sustaining water solutions. This potency still has not optimally
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exploited as there has been no existing mechanism (e.g. water tax) to do so in Indonesia. The fact that Indonesian economy grows rapidly will enlarge this potency and makes it even more crucial. One of the pioneering‐example can be found in the Banger Polder Project Semarang. Through several communication and involvement activities (e.g. consultation and co‐decision making), HHSK and local authorities have managed to reveal the urgency that inhabitants have to solve their flooding problem. Local inhabitants expressed their urgency in willingness to pay water tax (in 2014) that will be used for the O&M activities (Helmer, personal communication) In short, public involvement is crucial for Indonesia to answer its water challenges. This is due to its versatility in solving other water‐related challenges (e.g. public acceptance, conflict, etc.) and its potency in ensuring the sustainability of water solutions. III.2. Supply: Available Dutch Water Management Knowledge Interviews with Dutch parties (see appendix I) were conducted to inventory the available knowledge within the Netherlands that can be useful in answering Indonesian water challenges. Most of that knowledge blossomed from centuries of experience in dealing with flooding and land shortage. a. Flood protection For centuries the Netherlands has been fighting against water to win and secure their living environment. The fact that 30% of the Dutch land area is situated below sea level has actually says a lot about Dutch’s capacity in controlling water and flooding. Related to flood protection Dutch is particularly very good at designing and constructing flood walls, storm surge barriers, pumping station and polders (Dircke, personal communication) b. Sanitation and drinking water supply system Centuries of experiences has also enabled the Netherlands to enjoy a relatively higher quality of drinking water compared to other countries. Dutch engineers have a good international reputation as numerous of its private drinking water companies active across the globe. Companies such as World Waternet, Dunea, PWN, WMD and Oasen have even already some experiences in Indonesia. c. Architecture and Urban Planning Dutch owns some of the world’s finest urban planners, building and landscape architect (Dircke, personal communication). It is quite surprising to see the low involvement of Dutch urban planners and architect in Indonesia until now (compared to the amount of work Dutch civil engineers have been doing in Indonesia). d. Land reclamation The Netherlands is internationally renowned in this sector as two of the world’s biggest land reclamation companies come from the country (Van Oord and Royal Boskalis). Together with other smaller companies they are involved in some of the biggest land reclamation project in the world. Dutch ships have been dredging and rainbowing (discharging sand‐mixed‐water to the shallow sea) in the shore of Dubai (Palm Island); in Singapore’s coast (land expansion) and many other coasts. The plan for reclaiming land on the northern seaward of Jakarta (mentioned in JCDS design documents) opens opportunity for Dutch dredgers to be involved as well. e. Integrated water management Again, centuries of experience in dealing with various and interrelated water challenges have taught Dutch engineers how to solve them in an integrated way. This makes them well‐realized that a water problem cannot be solved by only focusing on one aspect of the problem. A problem together with its related aspects (sources or potential ‘side effects’) need be seen and treated as one whole system. This means that ‘the needed
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solution’ will be consist of several different measures for different aspects of the problem. Delta Project and Room for the Rivers (Ruimte voor de Rivier) are examples of how Dutch engineers integrate other related‐ aspects (e.g. environment, drinking water, etc.) in solving their flooding issue. f. Water governance th The birth of water boards from the 12 century shows how Dutch experts see the significance of the governance aspect in dealing with their water challenges. The establishment and operation of water boards is based on the awareness that the effectiveness and sustainability of an engineering‐water‐solution will dependent on a good arrangement of O&M activities and stakeholders’ participation. Centuries of experiences have made this sector to well‐develop and entrenched within Dutch society. III.3. Connecting Supply & Demand: Potential role for Delfland From discussions above, it can be concluded that needed knowledge for Indonesian water management sector is actually available in the Netherlands. This is due to Indonesia and the Netherlands face identical water challenges in the past, present and (probably) in the future. The fact that the Netherlands has encountered those challenges (and successfully deal with them) several decades or an even century earlier makes Dutch benefited from experience and researches until now. However numerous differences between both countries (e.g. climatic, topographical, cultural governmental, etc.), those knowledge could not be directly transferred and applied. For example, due to cultural difference, the communication method that will to endorse public involvement would not be the same as in the Netherlands. Adaptation is a must. Not only for public communication, this rule is also valid to other part of the water solution. Role for Delfland The contribution that Delfland (as a water board) can bring to Indonesia will be mainly in the sector of water governance and public involvement. The fact that there is potential demand in this sector and the success story of HHSK in Banger Polder Semarang support the idea that Delfland (or other water boards) can add value to Indonesian water management sector. However the Indonesian government and public are not similar as the Dutch’s; and HHSK is not Delfland. There is no guarantee that what works in Semarang will give the same performance elsewhere. Based on successful and not so‐successful stories obtained from interviews of this study, there appear to be a general trajectory that can be followed towards a successful involvement in Indonesian water management sector. Further elaboration of this path (together with its barriers and success factor) can be found in chapter IV and V. Moerwanto (2012) believes the role which Dutch parties in general can play is as an equal partner for Indonesian authorities in solving Indonesian water challenges. Not as a teacher who tells how those challenges should be solved but rather as a friend who shares experiences in dealing with them. He further argued that experience can be shared by having a project team that consists of Indonesian and Dutch experts. It will be the most beneficial for Indonesian authorities if Dutch experienced experts can work together with young Indonesian engineers (Moerwanto, personal communication). This is due to the knowledge and experience gap between new and experienced Indonesian engineers that he saw begin to occur. Moreover, by involving young engineers, knowledge can be sustained within the organization for a longer period. He also believes that Dutch parties can stimulate Indonesian counterparts to thinks more proactively (and thus anticipate potential problems) based on their rich experience. For the potential role for water boards in specific, Helmer (personal communication) believes that it is ‘limited’ in accompanying Indonesian counterparts in solving their water challenges. This should be realized by sharing
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experiences on how they handled identical water challenges (Moersid, personal communication). Especially those that are related to the water‐governance aspects; e.g. public involvement, organizing and financing O&M, etc.). And eventually it is up to Indonesian counterparts to judge whether they can (and want) to use those experiences, before deciding the solution. HHSK have been playing this role in their involvement the Banger Polder Project Semarang. Together with local authorities and inhabitants they established a pioneering managing organization for the currently‐built Polder. Their persistent companionship trough out the search process of finding the best way to manage the new polder has resulted in the birth of BPP SIMA. A comparable role can be played by Delfland as well in Semarang or elsewhere in Indonesia. This should be focussed on giving reinforcement of existing managing capacity within local capacity in involving public and arranging O&M (Karmidi, Riyanto and Sutiyani, personal communication) Another media for water boards (and Delfland in specific) to transfer their knowledge and experiences are by means of capacity building. This method was indicated by two experienced Dutch professionals in capacity building projects in Indonesia: Twan Brinkhof (Waternet) and Peter Hollanders (then Unesco‐IHE, now Delfland). Agreeing with those two Dutch experts, Karmidi and Riyanto (personal communication) also see that water have the capacity in giving training that is related to the O&M of water infrastructures. The low investment that Indonesian government put on the development of public‐servant is one of the reasons why capacity building projects are still needed and present in Indonesia (Teeuwen, personal communication). Not only sharing technical knowledge (as Waternet is currently doing trough training in Perpamsi Banten); governance‐related knowledge also can be transferred (as Hollanders’ involvement in preparing and establishing water users organization in the Province of South Sumatra). The last potential role for water boards is as an entry for Dutch private sectors to be (or to be more) involved in Indonesian water management sector (Van Beek and Dircke, personal communication). The status that water boards have as governmental body makes it easier for them to reach other governmental bodies in Indonesia. Indonesian authorities will be more enthusiastic to accept a water solution that is suggested by other governmental bodies (water boards) rather than the one that is (perceived as) sold by private companies. The involvement of water boards in Indonesia opens the opportunity in taking along Dutch private parties in water projects. Potential role for Dutch parties in general and Delfland in particular: 1. In general: team up in one project team with (young) Indonesian engineers. Assist them to approach water management challenges in a more preventive and integrated way. 2. In particular: accompany Indonesian authorities (provincial, kabupaten government, etc.) in dealing with the governance aspect of water challenges. This can be realized by having constant (good) communication throughout the process of finding the water solution. A good communication means: constant sharing of experiences and not dictating Indonesian counterparts what to do. 3. Water board can be a door opener for Dutch private parties to be (or to be more) involved in Indonesian water sector.
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CHAPTER IV
: SHORT TERM: APPROACH TOWARDS INVOLVEMENT IV.1 General Trajectory Track A start of involvement successful involvement current state (no involvement) Track B long term short term Figure 4.1 General trajectory towards successful involvement in Indonesia Chart above gives a very general overview of steps that Delfland need to take in realizing a successful water project in Indonesia. These actions are divided based on their time perspective; short and long term. 1. Short term actions: required to move from the current state of Delfland (no involvement in Indonesia) towards the start of their involvement. There are two different tracks to do this: joining an existing water projects by other Dutch parties or starting a new one. This will be elaborated further in this chapter. 2. Long term actions: required to progress from the start of involvement until the involvement can really add value (successful water project). These actions are discussed in the next chapter. From the previous chapter it is understood that there are rooms for Dutch parties (consultancies, water boards and Delfland) to be involved in Indonesia. Nevertheless, cooperation (or at least a contact) needs to be established first with relevant Indonesian authorities. And since Indonesia and the Netherlands have different organizational and cooperation customs, different type of approach is needed. This chapter is focus on the steps that water boards in general (Delfland in specific) can take to kick‐off their involvement in Indonesia (or known as short term actions). IV.2 Steps towards involvement: converting ‘need’ into ‘demand’ Before being involved in Indonesian water management, there should be first a water problem that is needed to be solved and cannot be solved internally. Without it, the presence of Dutch parties will be pointless. Claiming an unbeneficial situation to be a problem is somewhat more complicated in Indonesia in general. A condition that seen as a problem by Dutch parties (or any other parties) does not necessarily perceived as a problem by Indonesian community. As example, the annual 20 cm inundation in the Banger area Semarang was not seen as problem by local community (in the Netherlands this will be simply intolerable by the public). The inhabitants of Banger area could live with it up until the moment that both the water height and public wealth are continuously increasing. This high tolerance level towards an unbeneficial condition is also seen by Schultz (personal communication) as a barrier for Indonesian to solve their water problems (and thus become an obstacle for Dutch parties to be involved). When not treated as soon as possible, water challenge will develop into more a complex problem. It will spread and generate (or fuse with) other problems. Eventually it will become harder and more expensive to solve. Indonesian might perceive an unbeneficial situation as undesirable and acknowledge the need for its solution. However this need commonly does not appear as an urgent demand. This full‐of‐tolerance attitude is rooted deeply in the culture of Indonesian public in general. This is locally renowned as the culture of ’budaya nrimo´ (Javanese for: accepting culture). This widely used term is used to describe the tradition of Javanese people (and Indonesian in general) to accept, tolerate and live in a unbeneficial condition; and do not complain until it
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become unbearable (and danger their life). This is even accused as one the main reasons why Indonesia could be colonized by other countries and lead by dictatorship. Unfortunately the extent of influence that water boards can give to this existing cultural condition is very limited. Nevertheless, the current (or future) executions of major water projects in the country (e.g. Banger Polder Semarang, Six Ci’s Project, JCDS, etc.) which are demand‐based indicates the potential change in the trend. There are two main factors that observed to cause this. First is the rapid Indonesian development. With an annual economic growth of 6.40% (CIA, 2012) the wealth of Indonesian population is increasing rapidly. Large urban areas (e.g. Jakarta, Semarang, Surabaya, etc.) which act as the main economic motors continuously become more valuable. Indonesia government realize that they cannot afford this development to be slowed down simply because industrial areas are being inundated by rain water and stop the production activity. Economic growth has also enabled the government to take major investment in providing water solution. Second observed drive is the subtle change in Indonesians custom in dealing with their problems. This is strongly influenced by the continuous political evolution that took place in the last decade. Since the fall of Soeharto regime in 1998, Indonesian steadily try to transform its governmental system from centralized to decentralized; and from top‐down public approach towards bottom‐up one. Banger Polder Semarang is one of a successful practice of this bottom‐up approach. Through public hearings, the local authorities together with HHSK managed to give the right push to local inhabitants of Banger and opened their eyes to see the real impact of the flooding. Local inhabitants stated their urgency for a solution after learning the real damage that they suffer from flooding and the (relatively) cheap prevention measure that can be taken. This sense of urgency also makes them willing to financially contribute to the solution. However it can be also argued that this willingness also indicates that the economy growth has increased the public wealth (and willingness or ability to pay). This provides them with the needed money and lowered their tolerance towards water inundation. Nevertheless the fact that the government still has to take the initiative in questioning the public shows the lack of public initiatives. It indicates continuous existence of ‘budaya nrimo’ and top down approach within the public in general. Apart from these cultural, economy and political situation that Dutch parties (Delfland in specific) have almost no influence on, there are several actions that they can take and lead to a demanded involvement in Indonesia. These actions are elaborated in steps hereafter.
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Step I: Conduct background study Before starting any activities in Indonesia it will the most logical to have some knowledge of Indonesian water management condition in the past, present and (expected) future. A short study can be conducted to obtain that information. This can be a quick and dirty way to know whether the water board presence in Indonesia can be really useful. Further, the study also can be focused in investigating which city that have the most urgent need for water knowledge deliverable by water boards (i.e. water governance). This will helps water boards to focus their (future) communication with municipalities or other related authorities that can be a potential cooperation partners. Not only finding potential partner abroad, this study can be also aimed at looking for cooperation opportunity among Dutch parties (and together to be active in Indonesia) In short, this background study should answer questions such as: 1. What is the present and future challenges for Indonesian water management sector? 2. Which city that has the biggest urgency to deal with those challenges? 3. Which Indonesian authorities can become a potential partner for cooperation? 4. Which Dutch parties can become potential partner to become active in Indonesia? 5. Etc. This internship study has answered some of questions mentioned above. Question 1 was answered in the previous chapter. While the answer of question 4 (potential Dutch partners) is elaborated hereunder: a. Gemeentewerken Rotterdam In the context of sister cities relationship, the Municipality (Gemeente) of Rotterdam has been involved in several water management project in Jakarta. Their involvement in Jakarta has a long tradition since the establishment of sister city cooperation on 1986 and being renewed again on 2011 (Province of Jakarta, 2011). Their involvement is represented by Gemeentewerken Rotterdam; a part of the Municipality that focus on the managing and developing living environment (physical infrastructures) of the city. They are currently involved in the maintenance project of several canals and capacity building projects in the city (Goos, personal communication). The facts that Delfland and Gemeentewerken Rotterdam have already a good existing relation (Goos, personal communication) and a part of Rotterdam is within the service area of Delfland open opportunity for Delfland to join force with Gemeentewerken Rotterdam and be involved water projects in Jakarta. b. Unesco‐IHE Delft Unesco‐IHE has been constantly involved in various capacity building projects across Indonesia. In the document of ‘Master Plan for Capacity‐Building in the Indonesian Water Resources Sector’ (composed by Unesco‐IHE on the demand of the Directorate‐General of Water Resources of the Ministry of PU) they conclude that additional 3,600 training courses are required to ensure that the staff of the water authorities could meet the necessary capacity (IHE, 2012) Hollanders (personal communication) believed that water boards of Delfland have the needed qualification to be involved in such projects. The existing good relation between two bodies lay down foundation towards future cooperation. c. Hoogheemraadschap van Schieland en de Krimpenerwaard The water board of Schieland en de Krimpenerwaard has been involved in the Banger Polder Project Semarang. This water boards has successfully accompanied the Municipality of Semarang and the Provincial Government of Central Java in establishing a one‐of‐a‐kind managing institution for O&M of the polder. What HHSK is doing in Semarang has caught both national and international attention. National Geographic recently made a documentary film about the achievement of Dutch engineers abroad (Made
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in NL: Water Management, aired: September 30th 2012). The project was considered as one major accomplishment set by Dutch engineers abroad comparable with other projects such as: Palm Islands Dubai, flood protection New Orleans, etc. While on national level, this project caught the attention of the Indonesian National Parliament (locally known as: DPR RI). They (and about seventeen universities across the country) are curious in knowing more about the project and invited HHSK to give presentation. This project is currently seen as a potential measure to solve flooding problem in Jakarta or any other big coastal city in the country (Kraft van Ermel, personal communication) In order to solve flooding issue in Semarang by means of polder construction, then at least 10 additional polders need to be built. Due to the magnitude of the works to be done, HHSK alone simply would not be able to do the whole works (Helmer, personal communication). Further, Kraft van Ermel (personal communication) expressed his confidence that more positive impact can be brought to Indonesia if the two water boards cooperate. Through cooperation Delfland does not has to go through the learning process (and mistakes) that has been passed before and therefore most likely to make impact immediately. He further invited Delfland through this study to realize this cooperation. In practice, both water boards have established good cooperation in collecting their water taxes. Recommendation (in short): Conduct study to find out potential authorities (municipalities or directorate within Ministry of PU) that can become partner for cooperation. Step II: Establish contacts (and cooperation) with Indonesian side In order to be asked or demanded by Indonesian authorities, Delfland (or water boards in general) first need to make themselves known. One of the most well‐known proverbs in Indonesia says: tak kenal maka tak sayang (literally translated as: you don’t love because you don’t know) it means that if you don’t know someone then it will be impossible to become a friend or at least to interact. One way in making yourself known is by visiting the country itself and get directly introduced with the relevant authorities. Making first contact can be done via two routes; they are called as track ‘A’ and ‘B’ and will be elaborated hereunder. Track ‘A’ makes use of the current (project) involvement of a certain Dutch parties and join in the project. While track ‘B’ will aim to start a completely new project by using the networks that has already been built by other Dutch private and governmental parties before. Join existing projects that have already been started by other Dutch parties Track A: Step II‐A.1: Make contacts/partnership with Dutch parties that are involved in water projects in Indonesia Several Dutch governmental and private parties are currently involved in water projects in Indonesia (Deltares & Arcadis in JCDS; Witteveen+Bos & HHSK in Banger Polder Semarang; Municipality Rotterdam in canal maintenance in Jakarta; Unesco‐IHE; etc.) and some of them has already in a cooperation with Delfland (which can be used as foundation for the following collaboration). Formal and/or informal contacts can be initiated with the responsible person within those (Dutch) parties to talk about the cooperation possibility. Step II‐A.2: Get introduced to relevant Indonesian authorities by the Dutch partner. After establishing a partnership and agreeing on the role‐division in Indonesia. First contacts with relevant Indonesian authorities in a certain project can be made through those (Dutch) partners. Demonstrate capacity to Indonesian parties and offer involvement in the project. Step II‐A.3: This can be done by showing the level of management that Delfland managed to achieve in its working area through projects documents or via recommendations by other Dutch parties. Main advantage of this step is that it requires less resources and time rather than starting a network/projects by your own. While on the other hand, the cooperation will only be limited to topics that the (potential) partners are doing in Indonesia.
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Recommendation in short: The essence of these actions is making good communications both with Dutch and Indonesian parties. Make contacts with Dutch parties that are currently involved in projects in Indonesia. Contacts can be done both in formal and/or informal occasions (conference, mix‐and‐match event, etc.). By means of: conversations, providing past project reports to show track record and recommendation by other parties, try to convince the Indonesian authorities about the capability of Delfland. Next step will be either proposing Delfland’s involvement in the project or waiting the Indonesian authority to make the request.
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Track B: Step II‐B.1:
Start a new water project Initiating a new cooperation and start a new water project. First step can be made by using the assistance of both (Dutch) governmental and private parties that have already active in Indonesia. Both parties have been active in Indonesia for decades and have built up their networks there. From the governmental side, the Dutch Embassy in Jakarta can play a vital role by indicating and introducing Delfland to relevant Indonesian authorities. While from the private parties, assistance can be asked from companies such as Arcadis, Royal HaskoningDHV, Witteveen+Bos, Unesco‐IHE, etc.
In application: The best way in making a premier contact is actually by visiting the relevant authorities (making direct contact)in Indonesia. Not only better than contact through electronic medias (telephone, email, Skype, etc.), this type of contact also shows the eagerness of Delfland in traveling around the globe in order to be able to assist Indonesian counterparts. When done in proper way (going to be discussed in the next part), this first contact can leave a good impression to those authorities and raise their willingness to cooperate. Another advantage taking this step is that it gives chance for Delfland to have a real‐time experience on Indonesian water challenges. It will give them a better comprehension towards the problem rather than experiencing it through some documents or stories. In order to make this visit efficient, it is strongly advised to prepare visiting‐plan which listed the (potential partner) authorities and relevant projects that are going to be visited. Appointment can be arranged with the assistance of the Embassy or other Dutch (private or governmental) parties.
Required resource: To successfully execute this step, Delfland would have to allocate money (for transports, accommodations, meals, etc.) and time to enable 1‐2 representatives to visit Indonesia. A considerable normal duration for visit will be 1‐2 weeks. In some cases (due to language barriers) Delfland might also need to hire translator.
When it is possible it is recommended to take along a heavy‐weight politician in order to smoothen the way for Delfland. HHSK has proven this by having Mr. Roy‐Kraft van Ermel (which was the vice‐Major of the city of Gouda) within their team (Helmer, personal communication). Water boards of Rijnland and Groot Salland was active in Indonesian since 2007 but the solution they offer have not managed to progress to the execution phase until they left on 2009. Until that time, the solution was only communicated and accepted by the public but showed no sign of support from the local government (Kraft van Ermel, personal communication). In other case, Mayor of Rotterdam, Ahmed Aboutaleb, even came to Jakarta to renew the Jakarta‐Rotterdam sister relation. Indonesian authorities (especially politician) will read this as the sign of seriousness and lead to a willingness to cooperate. In the case of Delfland, this can be done by having the Dijkgraaf of Delfland or Mayor or Vice‐Mayor of the surrounding municipalities.
Barriers: There are two factors that can prevent water board in making a good first contact with Indonesian side; language barriers and wrong approach. In a big city like Jakarta, language barrier might be a minor obstacle. But as soon as we go outside the capital, where less people talk proper English, this can be a major problem (Dircke, personal communication). Hiring a translator can be seen as a solution. However not every translator would have the ability in mediating conversation in the context of engineering or organizational. Since talking via translator is certainly not the best solution (money and time consuming, risk of not all messages can be passed), it would be the best if one the representative can speak Bahasa Indonesia. This has been proven by HHSK in their project in
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Semarang (Helmer, personal communication). Investing time to learn the basic of Bahasa Indonesian can be seen as another alternative to handle this barrier. Even though it will leave a good impression among Indonesian authorities, this also can be a considered an overdone action due to the magnitude of effort that need to be invested; and the uncertainty of the cooperation/water project in the future. The second potential barriers would be the potential misperception between two sides. On one hand it is easy to think (after comparing the water management sectors of both countries) that Indonesia desperately need a guidance/teacher to solve their problems; and Dutch engineers (who have a world reputation) will automatically play this role. This way of thinking is dangerous in making a good first contact. Suryadi and Moerwanto (personal communication) warned that Indonesia doesn’t like to be dictated and treated like student. As soon they capture the impression of a teacher‐like attitude from the Dutch parties, their willingness to cooperate will diminish. This is practically unbeneficial for both parties. Step II‐B.2
Preserve good contacts/cooperation with Indonesian authorities After a good first contact being established, it should be maintained through regular interaction. The aim is to nourish the contact into a cooperation; and lead to the start of involvement in projects in Indonesia. This essence of this step is to demonstrate to Indonesian authorities the capacity and (persistence) willingness of Delfland. However keeping contact regular and warm is not something easy to do especially due to the large space and time difference. In this case there are several actions that can be done in application: a. Invite Indonesian public officers (engineers, policy makers, etc.) to visit (or even to conduct a period of comparative study) in the Netherlands.
A short visit with a well‐arranged schedule can be a very effective way to demonstrate to Indonesian counterparts on capability that Dutch experts have to offer. A visit usually takes a short period of time. However, when it is considered needed (and demanded) then a comparative study with a longer period can be done and report can be composed. There are two crucial actions to ensure this visit become beneficial for the future cooperation. The first is well‐arranging the visit itself; it means that all relevant actors and projects are going to be visited in sufficient amount of time. The second is by combining the social activities with the more‐serious‐activities. This can be realized by having tea or dinner together. Helmer (personal communication) observed a significant change in the cooperation willingness of Semarang authorities after he invited them for tea and dinner in his house. Indonesian in general interested in knowing their colleague personally before working together. Between Indonesians, it might be even considered impolite if one shows no interest or effort in knowing their colleague personally. It seems like the principle of ‘tak kenal maka tak sayang’ also apply in this case. Even realizing the importance of this action; Moerwanto (personal communication) however also see that this is uncommon to Dutch experts and might be seen as an extra hassle for them. Required resource: a well‐arranged schedule to show water management in the Netherlands and the willingness to interact on personal level
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b.
Invite Indonesian students in Dutch universities (especially who are on study leave from Indonesian authorities) to do internship or graduation project in Delfland.
The Netherlands is known as known as a popular destination for Indonesian engineers to pursue their master or PhD degree in water management (and hydrology). TU Delft and Unesco‐IHE are among the most well‐known universities to do this (besides: University of Twente and University of Utrecht). On annual basis, those institute admits Indonesian engineers to various MSc program and PhD positions. A big part of them (especially those who studied in Unesco‐IHE) are on study leave from one of the water‐management‐related department within the Ministry of PU. Even the current minister himself graduated from this institute. By giving opportunities for those young engineers in doing their internship or graduation project on water boards, a constant contacts can be maintained. At the same time knowledge can be transferred. This can be a foundation for a long‐term cooperation since these young engineers are obliged to return and progress further in their home department within the PU.
Step II‐B.3
In case when the Ministry of PU see the importance; a tailor‐made MSc program can be made in cooperation with Unesco‐IHE. The institution has experiences in arranging customized training programs from as short as 3 months until 18 months long on different requested topics. This program can be shaped on base of the need of PU and can be combined with an internship/graduation project in Delfland. A comparable initiative was done by the as National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS). Based on their need for more skilled staff, BAPPENAS asked Unesco‐IHE and Sriwijaya University (a state university in the Province of South Sumatra) to initiate the Double Degree MSc program in the topic of Integrated Lowland Development and Management Planning. (Unesco‐IHE, 2012a) Required resource: places for internships or graduation projects; supervising time and capacity Be patient but critical: arrange regular evaluation to decide& improve the next step Before being actually involved in a project, a period of time might be need to be spent first. Month or years might be needed to do step II‐B.2. Time would be needed to let Indonesian economic to grow further and lowered the public acceptance towards an unbeneficial situation/water problem (and generates urgency for a solution). However, this urgency also can be brought into the surface by holding public consultation as it was mentioned in the previous chapter. Further, time will be needed to continuously improve the relation until the point where trust and respect are gained. Even though already involved in Banger Polder Semarang project, it took HHSK two years to gain trust and respect and to be truly work in a team with the Indonesian authorities (Helmer, personal communication). With the right approach this required time period certainly can be shortened. Also it is important to regularly evaluate the contacts or action that has been taken previously (evaluate step II‐B.2 periodically). The aim of this action would be to decide the next action; and to find out what kind of improvement that can be done or to find out whether it is still reasonable to continue the contacts. Required resource: Time, persistence and patience
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Recommendation in short: a. Find the most potential authorities (municipalities or bodies within the Ministry of PU) and also Dutch parties that can become a partner for cooperation. b. Learn at least the basic of Indonesian communication and business culture in order to prevent misunderstanding and different expectations. c. Establish the first contact. Make yourself known trough visiting relevant Indonesian authorities. Make advantage of the presence of Dutch Embassy in Jakarta and of networks that have been built by other Dutch (governmental and private) parties. When it is possible bring along a heavy‐weight politician. d. Preserve good and regular interactions with Indonesian authorities by means of inviting Indonesian authorities to the Netherlands; or by providing internship or graduation project opportunity to Indonesian officers that are studying in the Netherlands (commonly studied in Unesco‐IHE). e. Be patient but critical. Invest time to continuously improve relation and wait for water projects. Further, arrange regular evaluation to decide and improve the next step.
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Step I: investigation of the current state
Steps of actions elaborated above can be summarized in a flowchart shown hereunder. Conduct preliminary study to investigate: ‐ present and future Indonesian water management challenges ‐ potential role for Delfland to play ‐ potential partners both in Indonesian and in the Netherlands TRACK A: TRACK B: joining existing projects establishing new projects
Step II: series of shorttermed actions
Make first (good) contact by being Make contacts or partnership with Dutch parties that are involved in projects introduced by Dutch Embassy in Indonesia Get introduced to relevant Indonesian Preserve good contacts (or cooperation) authorities by the Dutch partner with Indonesian authorities Be patient but critical; arrange regular Demonstrate capacity to Indonesian parties and offer involvement in the project evaluation to decide & improve the next step Start of involvement in a project
Longtermed attentions
barriers ≈ success factors Distances (space, time, language & culture) Development‐Aid mentality Institutional & individual (in)capacity Cooperation among Dutch parties Successful project (or involvement)
Public involvement etc. (see chapter V)
Figure 4.2 General trajectory towards a successful involvement in Indonesian water management sector. Definitions Projects : Physical or institutional buildings in the field of water management Successful project : A project that is institutionalized to the existing social culture system and be technical and financial sustainable.
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CHAPTER V
: LONG TERM: TOWARDS SUCCESSFUL PARTICIPATION As soon as Delfland start its involvement in Indonesian water management sector (via an infrastructural water project or capacity building), then it is important to realize the presence of barriers to make those projects successful. These barriers are different from those commonly encountered in the Netherlands. Failure to deal with them will not only lead to unsuccessful projects but also can endanger the relationship that has been built before. These barriers come from both sides, Indonesian and Dutch. Based on personal communications with Dutch and Indonesian experts, some of the most common barriers that they frequently stumbled upon are going to be discussed hereunder. V.1 Distances: space, time, language and culture The fact that the Dutch and Indonesia parties are separated in time and space makes the communication between both sides become more difficult. It makes it rather impossible for the both parties to have a real‐time consultation any time they wanted. Further, it also causes difficulties for the Dutch parties to keep eye on the progress of a project. Even though communication medias such as telephone, email or Skype are widely available nowadays, it is still impossible and also considered ineffective to have contacts on daily basis from Indonesia to the Netherlands. Here is when a role of a local representative becomes substantial. The role of a local representative of a Dutch party in Indonesia will be mainly to accompany the Indonesian party in solving their water problems in a more frequent basis than the represented party. The main qualities that a local representative needs to have will be: the ability to communicate effectively and properly to the Indonesian counterparts and the comprehension of (or at least have an overview of) Dutch water knowledge. This will enable him/her to act as a bridge in the communication between Dutch‐Indonesian parties. The next barrier that is going to be discussed is the language difference. Even though Bahasa Indonesia and Dutch share numerous amount of words but they are still two entirely different languages. Therefore having a good English proficiency from both sides is crucial. Unfortunately the proficiency levels are varied among Indonesian authorities. In some areas the level of proficiency is even not sufficient to have a good discussion. This language barrier is not big in Jakarta but it becomes really an obstacle as soon as you moved to other smaller areas (Dircke, personal communication). Instead of hiring a translator it will be more beneficial to have a local representative that speaks Bahasa Indonesia (or is an Indonesian him/herself). This will only makes the representative to be a better communication bridge. Also, it will be cheaper (in the long run) instead of hiring translator on different separate occasions. The last and considered as the most prevailing barrier is the culture difference. For professionals who come from a country where people are accustomed to go down directly to business (as in the Netherlands), it might be difficult to effectively approach and eventually cooperate with Indonesians. Indonesians have its own pace in building a relationship with others (which is relatively slow compared to the Dutch). As it was mentioned in the previous chapter, they required trust and respect; and those two requirements need time to grow. This may cause dilemma to over‐enthusiastic Dutch engineers who wanted to do as much and as efficient as possible in the shortest amount of time (immediately right after starting involvement in a project). Even though they might mean well, but they will soon understand that this is not the best way to gain the desirable efficiency. Unfortunately there are still some Dutch parties that are simply being too impatience and not interested in listening Indonesian demands and understanding their way‐of‐doing‐business (Van Beek, Kraft van Ermel and Dircke, personal communication) As it has already discussed briefly, trust and respect are two among the most crucial recipes to build a good cooperation with Indonesian (Dircke, Kraft van Ermel and Helmer, personal communication). Not only demand time (thus also patience), they also requires the right approach. In numerous of examples, approach beyond professional relation (personal relation) were needed to acquire them. This approach need to be done in
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Indonesian‐way. HHSK proved this when involving a Dutch politician who was born and raised in Jakarta in their team (Roy Kraft van Ermel). Being familiar with the local culture of cooperation (and communication), he managed to build good contacts with local authorities (fellow politician). This good contact was rewarded with Indonesian counterparts respect and trust; and the most important thing: the willingness to cooperate. To really make a real progress in the Banger Polder Semarang (meaning: to make all relevant authorities accept and enthusiastically work on the offered solution), HHSK need to wait and constantly invest on their relation for two years (Helmer, personal communication). Beside the good contact that Mr. Kraft van Ermel made with local authorities, Helmer recognizes another tipping point for this was when the authorities from Semarang were invited to the Netherlands. They were not only welcomed to see the country’s water management projects, but also to his house for tea and dinner. This was perceived by the authorities as a friendly gesture and willingness to be socially exposed. This developed the relation between HHSK‐Semarang authorities one step further than the existing professional contacts. The persistent two years of involvement from HHSK and their effort in making personal approach were rewarded with trust and respect from the Semarang side. This phenomenon is recognized as ‘individualism‐collectivism’ dimension of a culture (Hofstede, 2005). Members of collectivist societies (like in Indonesia) belong to groups that take care of them in exchange for trust and loyalty. This is reflected in the professional relationship in Indonesian, where social contact/relation is important. Based on the ‘individualistic index’ introduced by Hofstede in 1980 to classify the social interdependence of individuals in the society, Indonesia has one of the most non‐ individualistic society in the world (individualistic index = 14) while Dutch society is completely the opposite (individualistic index=80) To make things worse, some of Dutch parties still thought that they understand Indonesians and have very natural fit to them (Dircke, personal communication). The fact both countries shared history for over 350 years is the basic of their assumption. Looking back at not‐so‐efficient relations, it is proven that this assumption wrong. It has been 70 years that Indonesia not called Dutch‐East Indies anymore. And over that time, both countries have economically and socially develop away from each other. The last culture difference is to be found in how both parties measure their achievement. For Dutch parties accomplishment in a project usually expressed in monetary term (profit made). While for Indonesian parties (especially politician and regional government), friendship and relation that was born in a project are valued very high; without completely ignoring the financial achievement (Kraft van Ermel, personal communication). This value differences can halt the cooperation between them. Recommendation in short: While building contact/relationship with Indonesian authorities, be well‐aware and keep in mind that there is a big cultural gap between Indonesia‐Dutch. Don’t be fooled by the fact that Indonesia and the Netherlands shared a three‐and‐a‐half century of history together. To assist in bridging the distances of space, time, language and culture, the presence of local representative become crucial. The profile of an ideal local representative will be: 1. Understands the need (water management challenges) of Indonesian parties and their way of doing business 2. Understands the resources that Delfland and Dutch parties in general have (water management knowledge) and their business habit. 3. Has good proficiencies of the needed language, which are (arranged in order of priority): English, Bahasa Indonesia and Dutch. Where the two first mentioned languages are a must.
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V.2 Public (financial) involvement: potencies, barriers, experiences Potency To ensure a water management solution keep on performing according to the designed capacity, O&M activities become a decisive factor. Without proper O&M a solution will be most likely to fail in maintaining the expected level of performance. Unfortunately poor O&M has been a trademark for Indonesian public works projects in general. O&M certainly cost money. It is a continuous expenditure throughout out the lifetime of a water solution. A sustainable project is a project that being exploited and maintained regularly; and financed by a sustainable financial source. Even though having sponsored numerous (design and construction of) major water projects in Indonesia, foreign loan and aid commonly do not sponsor the O&M activities. It is also considered rather unsustainable to rely on this financial source. Therefore it is up to the government to handle this matter. This can be done either by allocating money within a budget plan (in expense of other budget post) or by trying to find other financial source. Due to economy growth, Indonesian public and private parties can be a potential (sustainable) financial source (Moerwanto, personal communication). Barriers One mechanism to awake the Indonesian public’s financial potency is by mean of water fee. However, before able to do this, it was observed that there are five main barriers that need to be dealt with. a. low public awareness and urgency; b. poor inhabitants registration; c. poverty; d. public doubt towards government; e. no existing mechanism and organization that arrange public financial involvement. The most profound requirement to make public willing to pay a tax is that they understand the importance of it and have the urge to do so. Unfortunately this is still hard to find within Indonesian public in general. The low awareness among public that O&M activities cost money and the assumption that the government will take care of it has prevent them to feel the urgency. The government of Jakarta is currently busy in implementing (pilot) project in increasing the public awareness trough public campaign (Teeuwen, personal communication). In the context of water safety in the Netherlands. De Lijster and Bouchrit (personal communication) believe that one of the critical reasons why water tax system being accepted within the Dutch society is due to the awareness of the people that safety does not come for free (and the maintenance of dikes do cost money). While in Indonesia, the acceptance level public towards an unbeneficial situation (e.g. flooding, poor clean water supply) and the (proactive) attitude of the government to held public communication will be decisive factors in nourishing the public willingness to adopt a water fee system. The second barrier is the poor inhabitants’ registration in Indonesia (generally in urban areas). Inhabitants’ registration is a main requirement to apply any form of individual tax. In Indonesia where urban areas are expanding and illegal housings are being erected every day, people are migrating rapidly from rural areas without legal notification. This makes keeping inhabitant registration up‐to‐date become a big challenge. Being unable to charge tax to every inhabitant will mean that public financial potency will be never optimally utilized. Poverty is recognized as the third obstacle. It is a fact that a part of Indonesian population still live under the poverty line. However the nations’ economy is growing rapidly (6.40 % source: CIA, 2012). One of the consequences is that the wealth distribution became more evenly during the last decade (Dircke and Teeuwen, personal communication). This is indicated by the increasing number of middle‐class economy people. Together with the upper‐class economy, they have the potency to contribute financially in the provision and preservation of water solutions. “The money is there” said Dircke, but the main challenge is that you need the right political condition and mechanism to be benefited from it. Increasing wealth will make people demand for a better and safer living environment. And there will be a point that they are able and willing to pay for it. Indonesia economy is moving forward and it is only a matter of time that they will hit this point.
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The fifth barrier is public reluctance to entrust their money to the government to be used for any purposes. This has to do with the corrupt image that the Indonesian government in general still has. This barrier was observed as well by HHSK in their involvement in the Banger Polder Semarang (Helmer, personal communication). The local inhabitants showed lack of enthusiasm in accepting the idea that local government will arrange the taxation. Instead, inhabitants of Banger area demanded for an independent organization to be established and managed this matter. The last obstacle is the absence of any existing mechanism that can be used as an example; and also the insufficient institutional strength (and experience) to arrange this water fee. Due to differences in cultural, governmental and financial system, the to‐be‐applied mechanism should be different from the one in the Netherlands (despite it has been proven to work). Scuhltz (personal communication) argues that instead of introducing a new and separated water fee for specific purposes as it is in the Netherlands (e.g. for water safety, for water treatment, etc.) it will be better to integrate the new fee within the existing taxes that public have already known (land tax, building tax, etc.). The potential benefits of this way will be: it might reduce the potential public resistance against a new fee; and the existing registration system can be used. Experience The new water tax system that HHSK introduced in the Banger Polder project can be seen as a pioneer in involving Indonesian public financially. In this project they also had to deal with barriers mentioned above. To deal with the issue of poverty (accountability) and poor inhabitants’ registration, the new tax would not be charged on individual level/basis but on RT or RW level1. Since wealth is not perfectly distributed evenly among tax payers in Indonesia (individuals and families), there is a big chance that one tax payers would not be able to afford the tax. By implementing the tax on RT level it is expected that families will help each other to pay the levy for their RT. The concept of solidarity and helping‐each‐other (nationally well‐known as: the spirit of gotong‐royong) are among the main foundations of RT and RW’s establishment. Further, since the registration of RT and RW is much better than the registration of inhabitants then the barrier of bad inhabitants/tax payers registration can also be solved. Each Indonesian resident belongs to an RT (even though they might be not registered in the local administration office). This is because RT is not formed on based of official administration but on the base of knowing each other and living together as neighbours. And since the tax collection is the going to be organized by the head of RT and RW, the collection mechanism become simpler to manage. To deal with public doubt towards government, an independent organization was established (called BPP SIMA). The presence of this organization expected to increase public willingness to pay the tax and to have a better organization for O&M. These new mechanism and institution were invented through regular communications with the local inhabitants. Communications were done through public hearing events (focussed on public information and involvement in decision making). Public information was aimed to explain to local communities about the current flooding problem and the magnitude of damage they suffered. After being informed, publics were consulted in co‐deciding the next steps that need to be done (whether they see the importance and urgency to solve the flooding situation). After seeing the flooding situation as a problem and feel the urgency to overcome it, inhabitants of Banger area stated their willingness to be involved in the process of finding and creating the solution. This led to the introduction and (public) acceptation for a new water tax system. The was however on one condition: tax has to be arranged by an independent organization. 1
RT and RW is a non‐governmental bodies that consist of inhabitants/families that live together in one neighbourhood. According to the Directive of Ministry of Home Affairs No.7/1983 (on the establishment of RT and RW) an RT consists of maximum 30 neighbouring families (usually represented by husband). Several neighbouring RT’s will form an RW. Both heads of RT and RW are elected among the families representatives. In daily live, RT and RW organizes activities for the family members, this can be social or religious related activities.
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In general, Indonesian public is starting to show their willingness to be financially involved as long as there are transparency and accountability in the usage of the money; and also preferred there has been a proof elsewhere that financial contribution really bring positive effect to public (Sutiyani, personal communication). To convince them, events such as public hearing holds an vital role here. Recommendation in short: Keep in mind that public (financial) involvement hold keys to the sustainability of a water solution. Even though Delfland have centuries of experiences in involving stakeholders, realize that Indonesian public is similar as the Dutch. Experience taught that public hearing events can be an important media to increase the public willingness to be involved. When held, public hearing events need to serve to aims: public information and involvement (co‐ decision making). Through public information (focussed on increasing public awareness) a situation (problem) is revealed to the public and explained why it is being unbeneficial to them. Depending on public perception towards an unbeneficial situation, this information can grow the urgency within public to deal with this situation/problem. While public involvement will be aimed to let public to co‐decide the next step to deal with a problem. If the public already sensed the urgency from the public information activity, then public can become a partner for authority to solve the water problem. It will increase: their sense of belonging towards the proposed solution and willingness to be involved in realizing and maintain it (including co‐financing it)
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V.3 Institutional & individual (in)capacity The individual incapacity is mainly caused by the lack of attention (investment) that government paid to personal development of public officers (Teeuwen, personal communication). This low investment is also the reason why there have been numerous of capacity building (aid‐like) projects in Indonesia. Either initiated by foreign or local parties, more investment on the development of current public officers is still needed (Brinkhof, personal communication). While for institutional incapacity, there are three main factors observed to cause it. They are: lack of human resources (especially qualified ones) within different bodies within PU (Moerwanto, personal communication); the absence of clear responsibility distributions (for different water resources) among authorities and the incoherence between water laws (Teeuwen, personal communication). There is a lot to be done in Indonesian water sector and PU is far from having the sufficient amount of (qualified) officers. Not only not missing clear responsibility division among authorities, guidelines in cooperating among them is also not exist (Teeuwen, personal communication). As consequence, in some cases there are two or more institutions that have overlapping or even doubling responsibility. For example both BPDSA (works under the Ministry of Forestry) and BBWS (works under PU) claimed to be responsible in managing river catchment area, yet there is no clear separation line to be found between their responsibilities. Unfortunately comparable cases are still to be found in several authorities in Indonesia. This situation makes the implementation, operation and maintenance of a water solution harder to organize in Indonesia. Moreover this confusion also potentially makes the cooperation between Indonesian‐Dutch government harder to realize. The last cause of institutional incapacity is caused by the incoherence among legislations issued by different governmental bodies. After the fall of Soeharto regime on 1998, efforts to change the old centralization towards the decentralized one were done immediately. To support this, ministries and regional authorities were encouraged to establish new regulations. This led into an uncontrolled legislation growth (in term of amount). The rapid growth was not accompanied by a sufficient effort on checking and harmonizing them; no wonder incoherence became inevitable2. Specific for water sector the clash of regulations mainly caused by the late publishing of the ‘elaboration document’ of the Water Resource Law NO. 8/2004. Elaboration documents (which accompany every Law in Indonesia) are essential for regional authority and related governmental institutions to interpret National Law and issue their own regional regulations (which is more specific). Since regional authority could not wait for years (which is the case) for the elaboration document to be issued, regional government just passed their own regional law. These new regulations are sometimes not in accordance with the legal national law’s interpretation on the elaboration document (Teeuwen, personal communication). This situation again makes it harder to find a steady ground where Indonesian‐Dutch cooperation can be established. Recommendation in short: There is little that can be done from the Delfland side to deal with these incapacities. When asked by a certain Indonesian authorities, Delfland has the required (human) resource to organize a capacity building activities (Hollanders, personal communication). Matters related to legislation‐incoherence and responsibility‐ distribution are bigger‐scale and law‐oriented; and also probably already outside the work scope of a water board. 2
According to the latest regulations on law structure in Indonesia (Law No. 10 Year 2004 on the formulation of Laws and Regulations) the hierocracy order of regulations in Indonesia is: ‐ 1945 Constitution (Undang‐Undang Dasar 1945) ‐ National Law (Undang‐Undang) ‐ Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah) ‐ Presidential Regulation (Peraturan Presiden) ‐ Regional Regulation (Peraturan Daerah) Regulations with the lower hierarchy have to be made in accordance with the legislation from the higher level. However this is still not the case in Indonesia in general and in water management sector in specific. Currently there are about 2500 regulations that are conflicting with one another (Teeuwen, interview).
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V.4 Development‐Aid mentality Another factor that have been indicated as a barrier in Indonesian‐Dutch cooperation is the lingering development‐aid mentality that still preserved by some Dutch parties. This old‐fashioned way of thinking and acting has been proven to be unbeneficial in building a cooperation. The long tradition of development aid from the Netherlands has nourished the idea of ‘the one who pays will decide’ (Schultz, personal communication). This would mean that the Dutch party as the sponsor (of the development‐aid project) gets to decide the type of project that will be executed and the way that it is going to be executed. However the time has changed; as it is not the era of development‐aid anymore. Indonesian economy has slowly and steadily improving during the last years; and now they demand for equality in cooperation and want to decide their own need (Moersid, personal communication). It has been already 20 years ago when Indonesia rejected the Dutch development aid that was dictated by Jan Pronk (the then Minister for Development Cooperation). This incident indicated that Indonesian wanted for a new position, an equal one. Indonesia should not be seen and treated as developing countries; it is a client with an emerging market (Dircke, personal communication). It is quite obvious that water resources are managed in a better way in the Netherlands than in Indonesia. However it does not give the right to Dutch parties to see Indonesian counterparts as a dull‐student and then act as a patronizing‐teacher within a cooperation. This inequality within a cooperation has occurred in several cooperation in the past; and should be prevented from reappearing (Karmidi, Riyanto, Sutiyani and Suryadi, personal communication). Indonesia is looking for a partner who wants to share their experience and not the one who wants to act as an enthusiastically‐dictating teacher (Moerwanto, personal communication) To know and practice the right attitude (and mentality) would certainly requires extra effort for Dutch parties. The execution and organization of their involvement will become harder to do that the usual. But if we look at the long run, it is surely better for the cooperation itself. Listening, understanding and letting Indonesian to decide their own water solution; and not stressing the proven‐worked solution in the Netherlands would not be an easy thing to do. However it will in yield solutions that are really originated; accepted and belong to the Indonesians themselves (government & public). This type of solution will have a bigger chance to success. Further, with the an equal companion that Delfland (hopefully will) provide along the process, a better cooperation will be nurtured. Recommendation in short: One should keep on telling to him/herself how easy it is to fall to the same way of thinking. And also realize how important it is for Indonesian counterparts to have a western partner that see treat them as an equal partner; this means no ‘smart‐ass’ or development‐aid attitude and mentality. Get yourself advised trough communications by (experienced) Dutch parties that have successfully built a good relationship with Indonesian parties.
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V.5 Cooperation among Dutch parties Dircke, Schouwenaars and Teeuwen (personal communication) agreed that the cooperation among Dutch parties is not optimal enough until now. Even though being unified on the paper as one consortium, stakes differences halt them to well‐collaborate in practice. Some of the obstacles are: lack of trust, being short‐term minded; being individualist and having money and power oriented attitude (Teeuwen and Dircke, personal communication). This situation is actually unbeneficial both for Indonesian and Dutch parties. For Indonesian parties, this would mean that they will not get optimal level of assistance than they would have got if Dutch parties cooperate well. While for Dutch parties this would mean that they (as a whole) are failed to give the maximum (positive) impact through their involvement. This can damage the (good) reputation of Dutch parties have in Indonesia; and therefore makes them vulnerable to competition from other countries. Talking about competition from other countries (other than the Netherlands), Indonesia now can afford to look around for the solution of their problem. This is thanks to the rapid economy growth. In other sector (i.e. transportation) other countries such as Japan or UK has successfully infiltrate the Indonesian market. Dircke (personal communication) recognized this phenomenon and even observed that it is currently more common for Indonesian parties in general to work with German rather that with Dutch parties. This is might be something what Dutch parties in general would not have in mind. Nowadays Dutch gets rivalry not only from neighbouring counties of Indonesia (Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore and Australia) but also from EU countries such as Germany and France (Dircke, personal communication). The competition is getting tighter, and without good cooperation Dutch will lose the share that they used to have. On one side PU (on behalf of its International relation department) acknowledges the extensiveness of Dutch experience in managing water resources; and therefore realizes that Indonesia can be benefited through a cooperation. But they still missed a specialized and separated organization that focus on managing Indonesian‐ Dutch cooperation. Dutch and Indonesia parties still move scattered in approaching for cooperation. South Korea for instance, has the KOICA (Korea International Cooperation Agency) who responsible as a binding agent that focussed on Indonesia‐South Korean cooperation. This existence of this agency has proven to smoothen the cooperation between private and governmental bodies from both sides (Moersid, personal communication). Even though the Dutch government has put effort in finding and creating platform to unify different parties, it is still hard for them to unite them as one ‘force’. This is simply because the Dutch government doesn’t has the power to control their private companies unlike Japan or China. The urgency to work together has to come from Dutch parties themselves. The unawareness of this situation, individualism and the short‐term‐focussed‐ attitude have failed them to see this urgency (Dircke, personal communication). As it was briefly discussed before, good teamwork among Dutch parties is also crucial to Indonesian sides. It is important to understand that Indonesian water management problems are too complex to be solved by only single party (Goos, personal communication). These problems will only get more and more complex; and without good cooperation within and between parties (and public) it is simply impossible to overcome them. Recommendation in short: In case that Delfland need to collaborate with other Dutch parties in dealing with any of the complex Indonesian water challenges (which will be most likely), make sure there is a clear agreement on the expected role and achievement that each party need to deliver. Also, make a mechanism to evaluate it in the practice. Keep on reminding each other that Indonesian parties is not captive anymore and has the power to bring in experts from other countries. Realize that only by cooperating well that the chance of continuing the long‐ tradition of involvement in Indonesia can be maintained (and compete against countries like Japan, China or Korea that have a better fit to Indonesian culture. Realize that: if Indonesian authorities they have the courage
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to reject the Dutch Minister for Development Cooperation 20 years ago, then they also would be able to say no to other governmental bodies (including Delfland) Realize that by a well‐cooperation among the Dutch parties they will have a bigger chance to fulfil the expectation of Indonesian parties (accompany them in solving their super‐complex water challenges). Bottom line: make sure you and your (Dutch) partners feel the urgency to work well together. Well‐understand achievements you can make with a good cooperation and the loss that you will suffer without it. V.6 Other (potential) barriers Hereunder are several other worth‐mentioning barriers that Dutch parties encountered during their involvement in Indonesia are briefly discussed. Political Uncertainties and corruption Two major forthcoming elections in Indonesia may have influence in Indonesian government perspective towards water management challenges (Jakarta Governor Election in September 2012 and President Election on 2014). Related to the Jakarta Governor election, there has already a good sign that flooding problem will get more attention. This is due to the fact that two candidates that go through the 2nd and the final round of election (September 20th) put the ‘solving flooding problems’ high their priority list. However there are still short‐term‐minded politicians/public officers within Indonesian government bodies. They only focus on making their achievement to be physically‐apparent to the public (without well‐considering its usefulness) with the expectation to be re‐elected. They are also can be seen as a barrier in creating a long‐ term and sustainable solution (and thus cooperation). Even though never experience it directly, Dircke and Teeuwen (personal communication) acknowledged that corruption practice is emerging within South East Asia countries and saw it as something that rather evitable. In average, about 40% of a certain development project budget is being corrupted. One of the main reasons for this is the low salary of public officers (Teeuwen, personal communication). Corruption will have two main impacts: create distrusts among public and reluctance to be (financially and organisationally) involved; : applied solution will have lower performance (than what required) and thus insufficient to solve the water problem. Different in governance system: translating Dutch water governance to Indonesian It is already discussed that Indonesian and Dutch water management sectors are different in numerous aspects, including in their governance system. Even though Indonesia (then Dutch‐East Indies) ever adopted the Dutch governance system for 350 years long, for the last 70 years both countries have developed their governance system towards different direction. Therefore it will be wrong to bring Dutch water governance template and apply it directly, without any adaptation, to Indonesia. Instead of bringing this template, it will be better if Dutch share their experience and assist Indonesia to find its own form of water governance. Inflexibility of Dutch water solutions To be ahead in the development of water management solution can also be an disadvantage for Dutch parties. This is especially when they want to solve identical problem elsewhere abroad (including to Indonesia). The fact that the Netherlands has encountered with water problems that Indonesia are (and will be) facing somewhat earlier has enriched them with experience. This also gave them time to develop water solutions into specific solutions that solve the Dutch water problems efficiently. This well‐advanced and specialized characteristic that Dutch water solution makes it not really flexible when it is to be applied elsewhere. Therefore adaptation becomes vital, but this is not as easy as it seems. Dutch experts tend to rely on those evidently‐worked solutions and act based on the handbook; and sometimes does not fit the local situation (Karmidi, Riyanto and Sutiyani, personal communication). This advancement (and inflexibility) also forces them to be supply‐driven (instead of demand driven) when going abroad.
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Unfamiliarity with integrated and long‐term‐oriented water management plan Moerwanto (personal communication) admitted that making a long‐term water management plan is still something rather new and unusual for Indonesian experts to do. This is especially related to the inexperience in foreseeing future challenges to water management sector. Indonesia is more used to react rather than to prevent. To make matter worse, integrated and holistic approach also is not something that is popular within (water) problem solving. As example, effort that given to solve (sea) flooding in Jakarta was focussed on heightening the level of the retention walls; while doing almost nothing to improve the clean water supply system (the insufficient presence of this system caused overexploitation of groundwater and land subsidence which thus increase the flooding vulnerability in the first place) Integrated water management doesn’t only mean taking other aspects into account in approaching a solution. It also means that the whole project cycle needs to be carried out properly. Unfortunately current approach focuses only on design and construction and less on operation and maintenance. As consequence, numerous water solutions in Indonesia have a shorter life span and/or lower performance than it was design; and thus cannot solve the problem (Goos, Helmer, de Lijster, Van der Linden and Teeuwen, personal communication). Changing this deep‐rooted‐tradition certainly will not be easy. Investing money on something (maintenance) that with impact not as (physically) obvious as creating new objects (construction of dikes, dams, etc.) will be something new for Indonesian in general. This change also will be dependent on whether current authority (politician) can change their habit (of focussing investment on physically‐apparent solutions and those that can be completed immediately ‐ within their service period)
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CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION VI.1 Conclusion Hereunder are some conclusions summarized from the preceding chapters. a. Indonesian water management sector is (and will be) seriously challenged in aspects related to: water availability imbalance (water shortage vs. flooding); water governance; integrated water management and public communication and involvement. b. Dutch parties have the knowledge as well as experiences that can be useful for Indonesia to answer some of those challenges. Delfland, in specific, can play role in the sector related to water governance and public communication and involvement. c. Before Delfland (or any other Dutch parties) can be involved in Indonesian water management sector, sequence of actions to approach local authorities need to be taken. This approach is different with the one in the Netherlands; it requires patience, persistence and need to be done in a more social‐way. d. Due to numerous differences (time, space, language, cultural, political and financial) Dutch knowledge and experiences cannot be directly applied in Indonesia; adaptation is a must. e. The main role that a water board (Delfland) can play is to share their experiences and accompany Indonesian authorities in finding their own solution. In short, knowledge itself is not enough for Delfland to be able to get involved to Indonesia. Without proper approach, those knowledge and experience might never be demanded by Indonesian authorities. VI.2 Recommendations Recommendations are divided into two groups based on its time perspective; short term and long term. Short term defined as the time period that spans from the current involvement state of Delfland (no involvement) until it start it first participation in Indonesia. While long term period spans from the start of Delfland’s involvement until the project (or involvement) become successful. A successful project is project that institutionalized to the existing social culture system and be technical and financial sustainable. Short term 1. Find the most potential authorities (municipalities or bodies within the Ministry of PU) and also Dutch parties that can become a partner for cooperation. HHSK, Gemeenteweken Rotterdam and Unesco‐IHE are among the most promising (and welcoming) potential partners. 2. Establish first contact trough Dutch Embassy in Jakarta and/or through the existing network that has been built by other Dutch private and governmental bodies. When possible involve a heavy‐weight politician. 3. Learn at least the basic of Indonesian communication and business culture in order to prevent misunderstanding and different expectations. 4. Preserve good and regular interactions with Indonesian authority. This can be done by visiting each other on regular basis or by inviting the studying‐officers (of PU) to do internship or graduation project within Delfland. 5. Be patient but critical. Invest time to continuously improve relation and wait for a demanded involvement. Yet arrange regular evaluation to decide and improve the next step. Long term As soon as Delfland being involved in Indonesian water management sector, there will be barriers need to be passed to make their involvement successful. These barriers are: differences (in space, time, language and culture), lack of public involvement, individual and institutional (in)capacity, development‐aid mentality and poor cooperation among Dutch parties. Actions and mind‐set that are needed by Delfland’s to make their involvement successful are:
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6.
Have a deeper understand the need (water management challenges) of Indonesian counterparts and their way of doing business, make use the experience of the Dutch parties that already active in Indonesia. 7. Have a local representative that understand both the demand from Indonesian side and the knowledge and experience that can be supplied by Delfland (or any other Dutch parties). He/she need to have good proficiencies in (arranged in order of priority): English, Bahasa Indonesia and Dutch. Where the two first mentioned languages are a must. 8. Try to involve local inhabitants financially and organizationally throughout the project. These involvements will prevent (or at least decrease) conflicts in the future and can ensure a proper O&M for product of the project. 9. Realize that by a good cooperation with Dutch parties, more positive impacts can be brought. Unesco‐IHE, Municipality of Rotterdam and Water board of Schieland en de Krimpenerwaard are some of the potential partners. 10. Keep in mind that involvement in Indonesian should not be done as it was done in the development‐aid era. Indonesian does not want to be dictated regarding their needs and currently can afford to look assistance from other countries. In general the (recommended) role that Delfland can take is to be a companion to Indonesian authority in finding the answer for their water challenges. This companionship should be realized in the form of sharing experiences (on how Delfland solve comparable problems) and letting Indonesian counterparts decide whether this experience can be useful for them or not. Solution that proven to be worked in the Netherlands does not necessarily to have the same performance in Indonesia, therefore there is no need to dictate a solution. This attitude will not only lead to failure in solving the problem but also to worsen the relation between both sides. To realize a good cooperation and prevent frustration from both sides, Delfland need to understand the (communication and business) culture of Indonesia. To understand those, preparations are needed, mistakes may be made during the process; but patience and persistence is a must to make a project successful. If Delfland does not have those requirements (and does not have the intention to own it before starting their involvement), then it is recommended not to go to Indonesia. This will not only lead to unsuccessful project but it can also damage the (generally good) reputation of Dutch water managers (governmental and private parties) in Indonesian perspective. In cases that Delfland only have limited resource for International projects (or MVO projects), a cooperation with other water boards (which also has limited resource) is recommended.
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References Brinkman, J., Hartman, M., 2008, Jakarta Flood Hazard Mapping Framework, World Bank Report (unpublished), Jakarta. Retrieved from: http://www.hkv.nl/documenten/Jakarta_Flood_Hazard_Mapping_Framework_MH.pdf th at July 25 2012. Central Intelegence Agency (CIA), 2012, The World Fact Book: Indonesia. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the‐world‐factbook/geos/id.html at July 11th 2012. Demmers, I.M.A.A., and Dircke, P.T.M., 2005, Dutch Expertise: Water Management & Flood Control, The Netherlands Water Partnership, Delft. Firman, T., Surbakti, I.M., Idroes, I.C., Simarmata, H.A., 2011, Potential climate‐change related vulnerabilities in Jakarta: Challenges and current status, Habitat International 35, p.372‐378 Ermel, R.K., van, 2011, Banger Pilot Polder: Organization and Financing, Hoogheemraadschap van Schieland en de Krimpenerwaard. Haersma Buma, M.A.P., van, 2011, Memo aan College van Dijkgraaf en Hoogheemraden: Landencoördinatorschap waterschappen voor Indonesië, samenwerking in de Jakarta delta (Note for Dijkgraaf en Hoogheemraden: National coördinator of water boards for Indonesia, cooperation in the Jakarta delta), Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland, Delft. Hoes, O.A.C., van Leeuwen, P.E.R.M., van de Giesen, N.C., 2010, Lecture notes: Polders and Flood Control, Department of Water Resources Management, Delft University of Technology. Hofstede, G. and Hofstede, G. J., 2005, Cultures and organizations: software of the mind (Revised and expanded 2nd ed.). New York: McGraw‐Hill Mostert, E., 2006. Integrated Water Resources Management in The Netherlands; How Concepts Function. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education (135): 19‐27. Province of Jakarta, 2011, Jakarta‐Rotterdam Cooperate on Flood Handling. Retrieved from: http://www.beritajakarta.com/2008/en/newsview.aspx?idwil=0&id=18044 at August 25th 2012. Ravesteijn, W., Kop, J., 2008, For profit and prosperity. The contribution made by Dutch engineers to Public Works in Indonesia 1800‐2000, Aprilis, Zaltbommel, KITLV Press, Leiden The Netherlands. The Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment. "Memorandum of Understanding between The Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment of The Netherlands and The State Ministry of the Environment and The Ministry of Public Works of the Republic of Indonesia concerning the cooperation in the field of water, Signed at Jakarta/The Hague May 2012." Tambunan, M. P., 2007, Flooding area in the Jakarta province on February 2 to 4 2007, Department of Geography of University of Indonesia, Jakarta Indonesia. Government of Semarang City. "Memorandum of Understanding between The Government of Semarang City, Provincial Government of Central Java and The Ministry of Public Works of the Republic of Indonesia concerning cooperation for the construction pilot polder in Banger River, Semarang City, Province of Central Java, Signed at Semarang April 2012." Unesco‐IHE, 2012, MSc in Water Science and Engineering: Integrated Lowland Development and Management Planning. Retrieved from: http://www.unesco‐ihe.org/Education/MSc‐Programmes/MSc‐in‐Water‐Science‐ and‐Engineering/Integrated‐Lowland‐Development‐and‐Management‐Planning at August 11th 2012.
Unesco‐IHE, 2012, Master Plan for Capacity‐Building in the Indonesian Water Resources Sector. Retrieved from: http://www.unesco‐ihe.org/Project‐Activities/Project‐Portfolio/Master‐Plan‐for‐Capacity‐Building‐in‐the‐ Indonesian‐Water‐Resources‐Sector at August 11th 2012. Unie van Waterschappen (UvW), 2010, Ledenbrief: Visie Internationaal Beleid Waterschappen (Letter to members: Vision of International Policy for Water Boards). Retrieved from: http://www.uvw.nl/download.php?f=3e10d343e50a759e3d2e3bfb2bb5510a at July 11th 2012. Universitas Sriwijaya, 2012, Double Master Degree Integrated Lowland Development and Management Planning. ). Retrieved from: http://www.pps.unsri.ac.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=60&limit=1&limitstart =3 at August 11th 2012. Unie van Waterschappen (UvW), 2011, Ledenbrief: Krachtenbundeling binnen internationale samenwerking (Letter to members: Join forces within international cooperation), The Hague. Vewin, 2012, Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Retrieved from: http://www.vewin.nl/Drinkwater/Internationaal/Pages/default.aspx at August 8th 2012. Witteveen+Bos (Bruijn, F., de,), 2012, Market scan on the Indonesian water sector ‘Opportunities and niches for the Dutch water sector’, Deventer. Yusuf, A. A., Fransisco , H., 2009, Climate change vulnerability mapping for Southeast Asia. Singapore: Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA)
Appendix I: Interviewed Dutch Parties Mr. Eelco van Beek Deltares – involved in the Six River Project Jakarta and in numerous projects in Indonesia Mr. Hamid Bouchrit Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland – Head of the financial department of the water board. Experienced in the application of water‐tax system Mr. Twan Brinkhof Waternet ‐ Program Manager Capacity Building for PDAM (Regional Drinking Water Company) Banten, Province of Banten Mr. Piet Dircke Arcadis – Program Director Water; involved in the Jakarta Coastal Defence Strategy (JCDS) Mr. Roy Kraft van Ermel Member of Provincial parliament of the Province of Drenthe and former Vice‐Major of the city of Gouda – involved in the Banger Polder Project Semarang Mr. Joris Goos Gemeentewerken Rotterdam – Involved in the maintenance project of several canals in Jakarta Mr. Johan Helmer Hoogheemraadschap van Schieland en de Krimpenerwaard – Project Manager of HHSK in the Banger Polder Project Semarang Mr. Peter Hollanders Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland – Have worked for Unesco‐IHE for 10 years and involved in several capacity building projects especially in the Province of South Sumatra Mr. Michiel de Lijster Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment ‐ Delta Coordinator Indonesia Mr. Ivo van der Linden Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) – networking platform for Dutch parties to be involved in international water management. Mr. Corne Nijburg Director Water Governance Centre; an organisation focus on joining parties to strengthen the role of water governance in society (in and outside the Netherlands) Mr. Jeron den Ouden Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland – Functional application and polder’s water level manager Mr. Rien de Ridder Waterschap Zuiderzeeland – involved in the Sanitation, Hygiene and Water (SHAW) Programme, Province of East Nusa Tenggara Mr. Jos Schouwenaars Wetterskip Fryslân – involved in establishing cooperation with private and public parties in Mozambique in drinking water and sanitation sector. Mr. Bart Schultz Unesco‐IHE – Emeritus Professor of Water of Land and Water Development; headed several capacity building projects in Indonesia and involved in the Banger Polder Project Semarang.
Mr. F.X. Suryadi Unesco‐IHE – Senior Lecturer in Land and Water Development, involved in several capacity building projects in Indonesia and involved in the Banger Polder Project Semarang. Mr. Bart Teeuwen Independent researcher focussed on organisation and legislation aspect of Indonesian water management.
Appendix II: Respondents from Indonesian Parties Mr. Sumono Karmidi and Mr. Slamet Riyanto BPP SIMA (one‐polder‐authority for the Banger Polder Semarang) – Vice chairman and secretary of BPP SIMA. Mr. Maliki Moersid Indonesian Ministry of Public Works – Head of the International Cooperation Department. Mr. Arie Setiadi Moerwanto Indonesian Ministry of Public Works – Head of the Directorate of Water Resource Management; Involved in Banger Polder Project Semarang, Jakarta Coastal Defence Strategy and etc. Mrs. Nik Sutiyani Regional Development Planning Agency (BAPPEDA) – Heading the Department of the Research and Development of Regional Infrastructure; involved in Banger Polder Project Semarang
Appendix III: Stakeholders in Indonesian water management sector a.
PU (Kementrian Pekerjaan Umum translated as Ministry of Public Works) PU is comparable to Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment. Their main task is to manage and supervise the public works/project in the national scale and to establish related policies (especially national standards). In the document of ‘Strategic plan of the Ministry of Public Works 2009 – 2014’ the ministry aims at several goals including: ‐ Control the damaging power of water by investing in flood protection measures. ‐ Improving the managing institutions of water resource such as: BBWS, BWS, Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah or Balai Prasarana SDA. ‐ Improving public participation and cooperation between actor in water resources management to decrease conflict inter‐water‐user ‐ Redefining the authority and responsibility of institutions in water resource management and stakeholders (pemangku kepentingan) ‐ Improve the water resource data storage and management which can assist in decision making process. PU also has the responsibility of managing river basins that are not fall under the authority of Kabupaten (regency); Propinsi (province) or BBWS (see explanation in following points) PUSLITBANG SDA or PusAir (Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Air commonly abbreviated as RIWR: Agency for Research and Development Research Centre for Water Resource) Is a part of the PU that known as the ‘knowledge bank’ for the ministry. The scope of their action are including giving technical advice to municipalities, responsible for research and development in water sector, establish standards and socialization of research result.
b.
For some major projects RIWR also conduct the feasibility study (e.g. Banger Polder Semarang), but as soon as the project progress to design phase RIWR retreat and let the design done by local or foreign consultancy firm c.
BBWS (Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai translated as River Basin Organization) BBWS is a part of PU. BBWS has the task of managing (i.e. planning, construction, operation and maintenance) of river basins that have of national interest. PU formulate in its policy the definition of ‘national interest’. This organization is comparable to Rijkwaterstaat Regionale Diensten (Water District) (Teeuwen, 2012). Flood protection in the river basin is also a part of their task. There are 11 BBWS in Indonesia which manages most of the biggest river (or set of rivers) in the country. Smaller rivers are being managed by another body called BWS. One example of this organization is BBWS River Cidanau‐Ciujung‐Cidurian‐Cisadane‐Ciliwung‐Citarum (also known as the 6Ci’s or the six rivers)
d.
BPDAS (Balai Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai translated as Managing Body for River Catchment Area) Is a part of Indonesian Ministry of Forestry that responsible in making plan and evaluate the management of river catchment area. They are also responsible for the organizational development for the management of the river catchment area. There are 37 BPDAS in Indonesia which every province has at least one. This party has to be involved for the project located in river basin. Their importance are mainly related to the conservation of vegetation in the river catchment area.
e.
BAPPENAS (Badan Perencana Pembangunan Nasional, translated as National Development Planning Agency)
The main task of this body is to formulate the strategic development direction of the country (in the sector of economy, environment, natural resources, human resources, etc). The formulation of the budgeting for those developments is also a part of their task. This institution is headed by the Minister of Development Planning. BAPPEDA (Badan Perencana Pembangunan Daerah, translated as Regional Development Planning Agency) According to President Decree No. 27 Year 1980 about the establishment of BAPPEDA, BAPPEDA exist in two level of government, BAPPEDA Level I and II. BAPPEDA I works in provincial level and responsible directly to the Governor, while BAPPEDA II works one level lower on Regency/Kabupaten. BAPPEDA is a part of provincial/local government.
f.
BAPPEDA has the task of deciding the direction of the regional development plan (spatial and infrastructural) and then supervise and evaluate its implementation. This direction has to be in agreement with the national development plan that composed by BAPPENAS. Together with the Provincial/Regency government BAPPEDA they compose the budget (financial plan) for the area. Moreover every development project that are going to be carried out has to be approved by BAPPEDA. g.
Provincial or regency government (Pemerintah Propinsi or Pemerintah Kabupaten) As the host for every water project, in a water management project they can be represented by BAPPEDA (planning agency) of that particular area.
h.
i.
j.
These local governments are responsible in managing their river basin. River basins that fall under kabupaten area are being managed by the Kabupaten government. River basins that located in more than one kabupatens are the responsible of the provincial government. While river basin that situated in more than one province are the responsible of central government (Ministry of PU) Coordinating Ministry of Economy Sector (Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian, abbreviated as: Kemenko Perekonomian) This Ministry has the authority and responsibility of coordinating other ministries that related to its scope of work. Dircke (2012) believes that this Ministry will play a more significant role than the conventional one (only related to financing). He saw this particularly in the JCDS project where urban and spatial planning aspect (from the Ministry of National Development Plan) need to be integrated in the flood protection measure (from the Ministry of PU). Universities Local universities in Indonesia can play a role by supplying the local specialist and experts. Moreover by placing students in a water project will enhance the transfer knowledge itself. Some of leading states universities in Indonesia are including: Universities of Indonesia, Bandung Institute of Technology and Gadjah Mada University. Almost all faculty within these universities have “A” accreditation from the National Accreditation Body. Public Public can be represented individually, in families, or in RT/RW (see chapter V for further explanation). The awareness that public also holds one of the crucial keys for successful water project is starting to increase in Indonesian government right now.
Appendix IV: Organizational chart of Indonesian Ministry of Public Works (focussed on water related departments)
State Minister of Public Works
Directorate‐General of Spatial Planning
Directorate‐General of Water Resources
Directorate‐General of Bina Marga (traffic and roads)
Directorate‐General of Cipta Karya (housing & sanitation)
Construction Supervision Body
Research and Development Body
River Basin Organization (BBWS)
Directorate of Program Supervision
Sub‐Directorate of International Cooperation
Directorate of Water Resource Management
Directorate of River and Coast
Directorate of Irrigation and Swamp
Directorate of O&M
R&D Centre for Water Resource
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