Applying the Blockage Discount to Personal Property Appraisals
March 11, 2017 | Author: Meagan Richards | Category: N/A
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1 Applying the Blockage Discount to Personal Property Appraisals WHAT, WHEN & HOW and HOW MUCH TO APPLY Presenters J...
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Applying the Blockage Discount to Personal Property Appraisals WHAT, WHEN & HOW … and HOW MUCH TO APPLY
Presenters Jannette M. Barth, Ph.D., Pepacton Institute, LLC
Frances Zeman, M.A., FASA, FRICS Moderator Laurance D. Triplette, M.A., ASA CREDITS: Cartoon images from New Yorker Magazine and reproductions of art works depicted in this presentation are being used for education purposes only and may not be reproduced for any other purpose. 2
WHAT is Blockage? • When should it be used? • How is it calculated?
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Blockage Discount • Started in securities market • Large block of similar items to be valued as of one point in time • Used in multiple valuation disciplines • REFERENCE: USPAP; Standards Rule 1‐4(e) and Standards Rule 6‐2(g)(i), 6‐2(g)(v) and 6‐2(h); see F‐85 and F‐86 of the 2014‐15 USPAP • IRS Tax Court Cases 4
DEFINITION of BLOCKAGE: Blockage is a form of depreciation resulting from a number of similar properties being offered in the open marketplace; the number being too large for the normal market to absorb effective as of a specific date. “When analyzing the assemblage of the various estates or component parts of a property, an appraiser must analyze the effect on value, if any, of the assemblage. An appraiser must refrain from valuing the whole solely by adding together the individual values of the various estates or component parts.” USPAP Standards Rule 1‐4(e)
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IRS Estate Tax Regulations Section 20.2031‐2(e) defines use of the blockage discount: “…The size of the block of stock to be valued in relation to the number of shares changing hands in sales may be relevant in determining whether selling prices reflect the fair market value of the block of stock to be valued. If the executor can show that the block of stock to be valued is so large in relation to the actual sales on the existing market that it could not be liquidated in a reasonable time without depressing the market, the price at which the block could be sold as such outside the usual market, as through an underwriter, may be a more accurate indication of value than market quotations…” Further Reference: Reilly, Robert F. & Robert P. Schweihs, The Handbook of Advanced Business Valuation. McGraw‐Hill, 1999. 6
Blockage and Personal Property • How might blockage discount relate to personal property? • Personal property, like stocks, are tangible assets • Hypothetically, a significant number of similar properties entering market as of a specific date could have effect in the marketplace • Historical precedence set with art and large collections 7
WHEN do we apply Blockage? In the past, it has been applied to Estates of Artists Estates of Collectors Inventories of Galleries Various Litigation Insurance Claims 8
HOW do we apply Blockage? The concept of BLOCKAGE is variable, but consideration is always one of TIMING
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When considering any potential appraisal assignment, remember: • The appraiser must be qualified to appraise in the specific area needed. • An appraisal is a professional opinion of value based upon facts. • A written appraisal must contain specific elements. • A written appraisal report is a legal document that can have far‐reaching implications as important as a will. 10
FOR ANY APPRAISAL ASSIGNMENT, WE MUST DETERMINE: Identification of TYPE of appraisal needed Intended use of the appraisal Intended users of the appraisal Relevant markets and related factors ‐‐ Object(s) condition(s) ‐‐Aesthetic quality ‐‐Marketplace desirability factors ‐‐Other factors When considering whether the blockage discount concept might apply, we must ask: Are there any tax implications?
• • • •
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Additional Factors for Consideration • What is the marketability of the subject properties? • How many objects does it take to have to consider blockage ‐‐ 4? 40? 425? 1,200? • What is a reasonable estimate of the time it would take to sell the entire quantity of objects, even if divided into smaller lots? • Would an appraiser EVER recommend selling an entire block of art properties at one time? • What is the hypothetical role of the “willing buyer” of lots or groupings of the materials? • What impact, if any, should carrying costs such as storage and maintenance of the art property have to bear on consideration? 12
What is the role of the Appraiser? … and just how far should the appraiser go in advising Client?
“I’ve had you appraised.” 13
The appraiser must never overstep his or her obligation to Client and the assignment. We are not advising as the accountant or attorney. 14
RECAP: What is Blockage Discount? • Traditionally, blockage discount is associated with securities and is a deduction applied to the price of a large block of an actively traded stock • Discount is warranted when the block of stock to be valued is very large (relative to the volume of actual sales on the existing market) • It assumes that blocks of stocks could not be liquidated in a timely manner without depressing the market price 15
What is Blockage Discount, continued • Blockage discounts relate to the law of supply and demand: – At any point in time there is a level of demand for shares in a stock at a certain price – Any increase in the supply of that stock would hypothetically decrease the price per share
• Potential result: a party trying to sell a large block of stock in a short period of time would potentially realize less than the daily trading price quoted for regular trades 16
What, again, is BLOCKAGE? Originally based on securities, it operates on the premise that a substantial amount of similar properties enter the market on the same date. Blockage is a form of depreciation resulting from a number of similar properties being offered in the open marketplace; the number being too large for the normal market to absorb effective as of a specific date. 17
Examples of Art Market Blockage Estate of David Smith Estate of Georgia O’Keeffe Estate of Alexander Calder Estate of Andy Warhol
“Leonardo meets the IRS.” 18
Estate of David Smith (American, 1906‐1965) • American Abstract Expressionist sculptor and painter • Known for large steel abstracted geometric sculptures • 425 artworks in his estate at time of death • Fair Market Value conclusion considered ranking/tiering and other considerations relating to Estate properties Portrait of David Smith Image courtesy of Phaidon.com 19
Estate of David Smith (American, 1906‐1965) •
First art‐related case that addressed idea of a collection/group of artworks not being valued on piece‐by‐ piece basis
David Smith, Cubi XXVII, 1965 Stainless steel, 111 ¼” x 87 ¼” x 34 ⅛” Image courtesy of Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY © Estate of David Smith/Licensed by VAGA, NY, Photo by David Heald
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Estate of David Smith
David Smith, Song of the Landscape, 1950 Iron and bronze, on wood base 19” x 32” x 19 ½” Image courtesy of The Estate of David Smith
• 57 T.C. 650 (1972) • Tax court confirmed specific considerations re: ranking of works, time to sell, carrying costs (commissions) and opportunity costs • Court arrived at “Solomon‐like” 37% discount in the end 21
ESTATE OF DAVID SMITH v. COMMISSIONER OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE 57 TCM 650 (1972) • First application of the concept of blockage to valuation questions for works of fine art. Final valuation: $2.7 million. Blockage Discount: 37% • Specifically addresses the issue of a large body of work existing in the estate on the date of death, how this will impact value AND, considers whether the estate is a proprietorship and can commissions be applied to discount. (IRS Sect. 2053)
COURT STATEMENT: “The impact of…simultaneous availability of an extremely large number of items of the same general category is a significant circumstance which should be taken into account.”
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Estate of Georgia O’Keeffe (American 1887‐1986) • Second art‐related case to address issue of blockage • Confirmed precedent set by Smith
Portrait of Georgia O’Keeffe by Alfred Stieglitz Image courtesy of the Georgia O’Keeffe Museum 23
Georgia O’Keeffe (American, 1887‐1986) • American painter, considered a founder of American Modernism • Known best for large format paintings of enlarged flower blossoms, NY buildings, scenes from American Southwest • Approximately 400 artworks/groups of artworks in estate at date of death
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Estate of Georgia O’Keeffe • 63 T.C.M. 2699 (1992) • FMV stated to be $72.76 million on individual basis • Valued by executors at $18 million, seeking 75% discount • Also considered ranking/tiering/etc.
Georgia O’Keeffe, Cow’s Skull: Red, White, and Blue, 1931 Oil on canvas, 39 ⅞” x 35 ⅞” Alfred Stieglitz Collection Image courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 25
Estate of Georgia O’Keeffe •
IRS agreed with undiscounted value • Applied discount in three‐ tiered approach: No discount works valued at more than $500,000 20% discount works valued at $200,000 ‐ $500,000 50% discount for all other works
Georgia O’Keefe, The Black Iris, 1926 Oil on canvas, 9” x 7” © Georgia O’Keeffe Museum
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ESTATE OF GEORGIA T. O’KEEFFE v. COMMISSIONER OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE 63 TCM 2699 (1992‐210) •
Showed the inadequacy of applying arbitrary percentage discounts and of confusing blockage with averaging. Final Valuation: $36.4 million. Blockage Discount: 50% combined.
•
Set the standard for the need to rank works of art by medium, quality and condition and to apply different discounts depending on marketability. COURT STATEMENT: “…nothing in the opinion, however, explains the conclusion of value by application of a particular percentage to the total.”
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Estate of Alexander Calder (American, 1898‐1976) • Established a precedent for applying blockage to gift tax
Portrait of Alexander Calder by Rosalie Thorne McKenna Image courtesy of Connecticut Historical Society © The Rosalie Thorne McKenna Foundation
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Estate of Alexander Calder (American, 1898‐1976) • American artist best‐known as originator of a type of kinetic sculpture termed the mobile • Also created sculptural jewelry and worked extensively in the medium of gouache • Upon his death, 1,226 of gouaches were distributed to artist’s widow Louisa Calder
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Estate of Alexander Calder
Alexander Calder, Mobile (Arc of Petals), 1941 Sheet aluminum, iron wire, copper rivets 84 ½” high Image courtesy of The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation © 2014 Calder Foundation, NY Photo by David Heald
• 85 T.C. 713 (1985) • IRS allows approximate 60% blockage discount at artist’s death • In 1976 six irrevocable trusts are created • Artist’s widow, Louisa J. Calder, seeks same 60% discount for gift tax use; IRS challenge regarding size of block, seeking substantially lower blockage discounts
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RE: Trusts from Estate of Alexander Calder • First use by the courts of annuity tables for blockage discount • Tax court rules on basis of actual average annual sales and time‐frame • Upholds blockage discount for purposes of gift tax, lower than 60%, but substantially higher than the 18‐25% sought by IRS • Emphasis on reasonable length of time to sell artworks 31
Louisa J. Calder v. COMMISSIONER of the Internal Revenue Service 85 T.C. 713 (1985) •
The Court determined that Petitioner had erroneously listed the 1,226 gouaches the widow gifted into six trusts as having same aggregate value as the total 1,292 works contained in entire Calder estate.
•
Determined that IRS had erroneously calculated a present worth of future value at a 10% discount rate instead of 6%, (the higher rate only being applicable AFTER Dec. 31, 1983 ‐‐ later than appropriate effective date).
•
Set a precedent that these Calder trusts should be treated as separate gifts rather than as an aggregate for purposes of determining values.
•
Stated that the blockage discount concept provides that size of the block being valued, not merely the value of each item, is significant; determining that the potential quantity of works that might be placed on the market at once in any of these Calder trusts would be 300 or 150, rather than more than 1,200 (the aggregate in the six trusts).
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Estate of Andy Warhol (American, 1928‐1987) • Litigation primarily concerned determination of Executor’s fees based on FMV
Portrait of Andy Warhol by Robert Mapplethorpe Image courtesy of the Tate Museum © Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation
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Estate of Andy Warhol • Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts sole beneficiary • FMV of Estate is $220 million • Dispute arises between Edward Hayes, Gen. Counsel to the Warhol Foundation (he assisted executor Frederick Hughes) and the Foundation regarding commissions/fees
Andy Warhol, Marilyn, 1967 Screenprint, 36” x 36” Image courtesy of The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh © The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc.
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Legal Fees Related to Estate of Andy Warhol • N.Y. Surr. Ct. Apr. 18, 1994 (and subsequent rulings in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999) • Hayes asserted FMV is $827 million • NY Surrogates Court is required to value the Estate ($510 million) • Court criticizes both parties’ valuations of Estate, stating bias and lack of consideration of artist’s reputation, as well as on the opposite pole, overinflated expectations 35
Legal Fees Related to Estate of Andy Warhol Edward Hayes, General Counsel for the Andy Warhol Foundation, Inc., had an agreement to collect 2.5% in fees. The agreement subsequently was reduced to 2%, to reflect higher estate value than previously thought. A year later the agreement was revised again to pay Hayes an executor’s commission, which was higher than the 2%. The second amended agreement, however, measured value of the assets in the estate as of the date of execution. Hayes collected $4.85 million between 1987 and 1990. The N.Y. Surr. Court found Hayes’ retainer unenforceable as amended because it contained no ceiling or limiting condition; concluded he owed back $1.35 million. He filed for bankruptcy, leading to additional lawsuits. 36
Estate of Andy Warhol First time definition of blockage discount as it applies to art was summarized: •
•
If an immediate sale of a block of art would depress the market, the value of the block cannot be determined by totaling the fair market value of its individual components as of a specific date. Instead, a percentage discount must be applied, based upon: (i) the nature and number of artworks, (ii) the artist’s marketability, (iii) the stability or permanence of the artist’s reputation, (iv) the likelihood of appreciation or risk of depreciation in the art market and the artist’s work, and (v) how long it would take for the various markets to absorb all of the works comprising the block
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Another Example of Blockage: XYZ Oriental Rug Co.
•
Heriz carpet, Northwest Persia Last Quarter, 19th Century
Heriz carpet, Northwest Persia Circa 1890 38
XYZ Oriental Rug Company
Heriz carpet, Northwest Persia, Circa 1901 39
The XYZ Oriental Rug Company SCENARIO: • •
900 antique and modern Oriental rugs. Partly owned by the decedent in a corporation doing business as The XYZ Rug Company.
APPROACH TO VALUING PROPERTY: •
Rugs have to be appraised as inventory and included in a business valuation appraisal report.
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Methodology used: assign an individual value to each piece and then a blockage discount based upon groups of similar pieces including ranking.
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Estate tax regulation 20.2031‐1(b) provides that the value of items of property which were held by the decedent for sale in the course of a business generally should be reflected in the value of the business.
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Example of a Blockage Discount Table
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You don’t want this to happen to you
“Your report isn’t worth the disk it’s saved on.” 42
… Back to Blockage Discount When should it be considered? Large number of similar items AND Fair Market Value appraisal 43
Anselmo v. Commissioner
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When has Blockage Been Applied in Art Valuation? Estates of Artists Estates of Collectors Inventories of Galleries Various Litigation Insurance Claims 46
Blockage Discount How is it calculated? Percentage Blockage Discount Approach Or Discounted Present Value of Future Earnings Approach 47
Five Steps to Calculating Blockage Discount The Discounted Present Value of Future Earnings Approach STEP 1. Prepare a valuation of the individual works, assuming blockage is not relevant. STEP 2. Segment the works into similar categories of salability. STEP 3. Estimate how many years it would take to sell all of the works in each category. STEP 4. Project the values of the works in each category into the future, thereby estimating a stream of future earnings. STEP 5. Calculate the discounted present value of the stream of future earnings. Source: Pepacton Institute LLC
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A Highly Simplified Example Assumptions • Estate with 100 almost identical works • Appraiser values each at $2,000 prior to any discount • Approximately 20 similar works sell per year • Values are projected to increase 5% per year • Time Value of Money (disc. rate 25% per year) Source: JM Barth, “Determination of an Appropriate Level of Blockage Discount,” Appraising Art: The Definitive Guide to Appraising the Fine and Decorative Arts. New York, NY: Appraisers Association of America, 2013.
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Highly Simplified Example, continued Number of Works
Forecast of
Discounted Present Value
Present Value
Expected to Sell
Individual Value
Year 1
20
$2,200
X
1/(1.25)
Factor
=
of Future Earnings
$35,200
Year 2
20
$2,420
X
1/(1.25^2)
=
$30,976
Year 3
20
$2,662
X
1/(1.25^3)
=
$27,259
Year 4
20
$2,928
X
1/(1.25^4)
=
$23,986
Year 5
20
$3,221
X
1/(1.25^5)
=
$21,109
Total Discounted Present Value of Future Earnings = $138,530 Implied Percentage Blockage Discount = 31% Source: JM Barth, “Determination of an Appropriate Level of Blockage Discount,” Appraising Art: The Definitive Guide to Appraising the Fine and Decorative Arts. New York, NY: Appraisers Association of America, 2013.
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Real Life Example: Estate of Louise Nevelson (American, 1899‐1988) Post 1975 Works 1. The appraiser valued the works, assuming that blockage was not relevant. 2. The appraiser categorized the works into eight groups. 3. The average number of works in each category that were sold per year was provided by the accountant and later verified. 4. A projection of values into the future was estimated by regression analysis of historical price trends of works by Louise Nevelson, thereby estimating a future stream of earnings. 5. The discounted present value of the future stream of earnings was calculated. Source: Pepacton Institute LLC
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Number of Nevelson Works and Base Appraised Value by Category Wood and Metal Collages: $91,500; 24 works Box and Wall: $150,000; 4 works Collages: $785,600; 760 works Monochromatic Panels: $2,213,950; 129 works Metal Sculptures: $390,000; 5 works Prints: $161,100; 1074 works Drawings: $22,500; 9 works Works in Storage: $447,500; 77 works Source: Pepacton Institute LLC
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Nevelson Blockage Discount Calculation Results Value Before Discount Wood & Metal Collages $ 91,500 Box & Wall Constructions $ 150,000 Collages $ 785,600 Monochromatic Wood Panels and Wall Reliefs $2,213,950 Metal Sculptures $ 390,000 Prints $ 161,100 Drawings $ 22,500 Works in Storage $ 447,500
TOTAL
$4,262,150
Discounted Blockage Value Discount $9,352 $48,000 $168,864
90% 79%
68%
$128,046 94% $226,111 42% $ 841 99% $ 4,725 79% $327,684 27%
$913,623
Source: Pepacton Institute LLC
79%
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of Art Price Indices
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Some Challenges Price Trends • • • •
Art Price Indices Regression Analysis Inflation Talk to Experts
Time Value of Money • Risk Free Rate • Risk Adjustments • Talk to Experts
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What did we learn about Blockage? • It’s a consideration of TIMING • Blockage = question of fact, rather than rule • Blockage Discount is applied only in appropriate circumstances based on assignment/scope of work – Who says, and what’s appropriate? • Blockage Discount is not necessarily automatically applicable – Barred from Business Valuation • No automatic adjustment applies with the Blockage Discount • The personal property appraiser does not determine or quantify the Blockage Discount 56
Considerations for applying Blockage Discount • How many items are involved?
• What is the state of the market?
• What is the relevant market level?
• How long will the items take to sell and why?
• Where do the items rank in the market?
• How does one support the discount taken?
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CONCLUSION • Appraisal in general is serious business, with financial and legal implications. • The appraiser always has an obligation to identify and analyze the facts, including consideration and deciding IF, WHEN and HOW the concept of Blockage Discount might apply to the assignment. • The appraiser needs to recognize the parameters of the appraisal assignment and when to collaborate with other experts. 58
Hypothetical examples for discussion Might blockage apply here, YES or NO? •
Widow donates Art Estate of a once‐famous nightclub costume designer (in the golden age of night clubs ‐‐ early 1930s‐1950s) to his art school alma mater (142 different costume design illustrations plus 13 original costumes).
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Collection of 357 print impressions is severely damaged in a flood (multiple impressions from various editions by a single artist, consisting of some original prints, some limited edition photomechanical reproductions with signatures).
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Art collector underwrites creation of an edition of color stone lithographs AFTER the original painting by a famous artist; collector receives the etching plate plus 10% of the edition, and wishes to donate them to a local museum.
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An important bronze foundry is burgled; stolen are all the molds and several models used to fabricate all of the bronze sculpture editions of an acclaimed sculptor.
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Photographer’s estate must be settled, spouse is deceased; includes collection of existing prints and the negatives; with posthumous ongoing contracts for production of additional impressions and catalogues.
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“Art, meet Commerce.” 60
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