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International Solid Oxide FUEL CELL and Electrolyser Conference

11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014 1 – 4 July 2014 Kultur- und Kongresszentrum Luzern (KKL) Lucerne/Switzerland

Chaired by Niels Christiansen John Bøgild Hansen Topsoe Fuel Cells A/S, Lyngby/Denmark

Haldor Topsøe A/S, Lyngby/Denmark

Tutorial by Dr. Günther G. Scherer Dr. Jan Van herle

ex PSI Villigen, Switzerland EPF Lausanne, Switzerland

Exhibition Event organized by European Fuel Cell Forum Olivier Bucheli & Michael Spirig Obgardihalde 2, 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil, Switzerland Tel. +41 44-586-5644 Fax +41-43-508-0622 [email protected]

www.efcf.com

11th European SOFC & SOE Forum 2014 Table of content page ◘ ◘ ◘ ◘ ◘ ◘ ◘ ◘ ◘ ◘

Welcome by the Organisers I- 4 Conference Session Overview I- 5 Chair’s Welcome I- 6 Intern. Board, Scientific & Organising Committee I- 7 Abstracts of the Oral and Poster Presentations I- 8 Conference Schedule and Programme see Booklet & Corrigenda List of Authors and Contributions II - 1 List of Participants II - 12 List of Institutions II - 29 List of Exhibitors / List of Booths and Demos II - 33/37 Outlook to the next European Fuel Cell Forums II - 39

The event is endorsed by: ALPHEA Rue Jacques Callot FR-57600 Forbach/France Bundesverband Mittelständische Wirtschaft, Landesverband Schweiz Baarerstrasse 135, 6301 Zug /Switzerland Euresearch Effingerstr. 19 3001 Bern /Switzerland FUEL CELLS 2000 1625 K Street NW, Suite 725 Washington, DC 20006 / USA th

11 European SOFC & SOE Forum 2014

International Hydrogen Energy Association P.O. Box 248294 Coral Gables, FL 33124 / USA SIA (Berufsgruppe Technik und Industrie) Selnaustr. 16 8039 Zürich / Switzerland Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences Seidengasse 16 8001 Zürich / Switzerland Swiss Gas and Water Industry Association Eschengasse 10 8603 Schwerzenbach / Switzerland

UK HFC Association c/o Synnogy, Church Barn Fullers Close Aldwincle Northants NN14 3UU United Kingdom VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure Graf-Reck-Strasse 84 DE-40239 Düsseldorf / Germany Wiley – VCH Publishers Boschstr. 12 DE-69469 Weinheim / Germany Vätgas Sverige Drottninggatan 21 SE-411 14 Gothenburg/Sweden I-3

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Welcome by the Organisers Olivier Bucheli & Michael Spirig European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 LUZERN / Switzerland Welcome to the 11th European SOFC & SOE Forum 2014. As from the year 2000, this 18th event of a successful series of conferences in Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies takes place in the beautiful and impressive KKL, the Culture and Congress Center of Lucerne, Switzerland. Competent staff, smooth technical services and excellent food allow the participants to focus on science, technology and networking in a creative and productive work atmosphere. One more time, this event gives us as organiser the challenge to adapt to the evolving needs of the scientific and technical community around high temperature electroceramic technologies. In the context of Power-to-Gas discussions, Solid Oxide Electrolysers grow in importance, generalising also work on the electrode level. The growing and important number of poster contributions is taken into account by extended poster sessions that start earlier and allow for more direct scientific exchange. As with every programme, we want to keep one thing constant: The focus on facts and physics. This is granted by the autonomy of the organisation that does not depend on public or private financial sponsors but is fully based on the participants and exhibitors. Your participation made this event possible, please take those following days as your personal reward! Energy autonomy and the energy turn-around (Energiewende) are highly ranked on the agenda of decision makers. Fuel Cells and Electrolysers are considered as enabler for renewable energy. There are yet a few steps ahead before reaching the level of mass

products. One of them is to inform the general public about Fuel Cells, for taking up the offered solutions, and sustain the public support for overcoming the market entrance hurdle. Fuel Cells and Hydrogen have an important contribution in answering the global challenge. Let us share this message beyond the scientific and technical community. In this respect, we would like to thank the conference chairs Niels Christiansen and John Bøgild Hansen, the Scientific Organising Committee and the Scientific Advisory Committee for their excellent work. Based on 320 submitted contributions, they have composed a sound scientific programme picturing the recent progress in high temperature electroceramics from more than 30 countries and 6 continents – we look forward to seeing this exciting programme of the European SOFC & SOE Forum 2014. We also hope that the charming and inspirational atmosphere of Lucerne allows many strong experts to initiate or confirm partnerships that result in true products and solutions for society, and will allow adding some more pieces in the emerging picture of our future energy system. Our sincere thanks also go to all the presenters, the session chairs, the exhibitors, the International Board of Advisors, the media, the KKL staff and our co-workers. We thank all of you for your coming and support. May we all have a wonderful week in Lucerne with fruitful technical debates and personal exchanges! Yours sincerely

Olivier Bucheli

&

Michael Spirig

We are looking confident on the 2014 event and the future with: ► 5th EUROPEAN PEFC & H2 FORUM 30 June - 3 July 2015 th ► 12 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 5 July - 8 July 2016

Conference Session Overview Session

see also: Booklet with full Programme & Memory Stick with all Proceedings

Luzerner Saal

Session

Auditorium

A01 P1: Opening Session International Overview: JP, US, CN A02 P2: European Overview A03 R&D at Institutes – Overviews

B03 SOFC & SOE electrodes I

A04 in Club Rooms 3-8 (2nd floor) Poster Session I (covering all Oral Session Topics) A05 Company & Major groups development status

I - EU

A06 Company & Major groups development status II - Worldwide

B05 New Materials and Processing B06 Durability and lifetime prediction

A07 P3: Balanced Energy Strategy – the Role of SOFC A08 Company & Major groups developments status III - Worldwide B08 SOFC & SOE electrodes II A09 Cell and stack design – State of the Art

B09 Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

A10 in Club Rooms 3-8 (2nd floor) Poster Session II (covering all Oral Session Topics) A11 Manufacturing

B11 Mechanical modelling and reliability

A12 SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

B12 Diagnostic, charact. & electrochem. modelling I

A13 Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling II

B13 SOE cells and stacks

A14 Interconnect, sealing and coating

B14 SOE systems

A15 Cell and stack design – next generation

B15 Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

A16 P4: SOFC for Distributed Power Generation A17 P5: Closing Ceremony th

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Chairmen’s Welcome to 11th European SOFC & SOE Forum 2014 Niels Christiansen Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S, Denmark

John Bøgild Hansen Haldor Topsøe A/S, Denmark

Dear EFCF Attendee, Considerable progress has been made in the SOFC (Fuel Cell) and SOE (Electrolyzer) technologies, ranging from material and component development to demonstration and market entry of systems. SOFC is gaining increased attention as a key technology for energy systems with a high share of renewable, intermittent power production. At the 11th European SOFC Forum 2014, a complete overview of the state of the art – including materials, cell and stacks, processing, modelling and diagnostics, system design and operation, product ideas and potential markets – will be given at a three day technical conference. We are proud to chair this very interesting conference with so many excellent contributions, oral and poster. It is all the researchers and authors credit, when Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electrolysers become the key enabling technologies for a more sustainable energy world.

Addressing issues of science, engineering, applications, market possibilities and future trends, the European SOFC Forum 2014 is aiming at a fruitful dialogue between researchers, engineers, and manufactures, between hardware developers and potential users, between academia, industry, and electric power and gas utilities. The technical programme comprises current results, challenges and trends in the field of SOFC and SOE technologies, including solid PCFC and MIEC, and the event is a unique opportunity for networking within and across different disciplines. Aiming at high quality and relevance, the technical programme has been set up by a Scientific Advisory Committee. The Committee has the task of ensuring full independence in all scientific and technical manners. All papers presented as lectures or posters will be collated in the electronic proceeding, which will be distributed to all participants at the time of registration and later distributed to libraries, research institutions and universities. In a special edition of the international Journal of Fuel Cells, some selected contributions will be published.

For a fascinating conference under the motto: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electrolysers: Key enabling technologies for sustainable energy scenarios. Niels Christiansen & John Bøgild Hansen

International Board of Advisors

Scientific Organizing Committee

Prof. Frano Barbir (Unido/Croatia) Prof. Joongmyeon Bae (KAIST, Daejeon/Korea) Dr. Ulf Bossel (ALMUS AG/Switzerland) Dr. Niels Christiansen (TOFC/Danmark) Dr. Olaf Conrad (University of Cape Town/South Africa) Dr. Karl Föger (Ceramic Fuel Cells/Australia) Prof. Hubert A. Gasteiger (TU München/Germany) Prof. Angelika Heinzel (ZBT/Germany) Prof. Ellen Ivers-Tiffée (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology/Germany) Prof. Deborah Jones (CNRS/France) Prof. John A. Kilner (Imperial College London/UK) Dr. Jari Kiviaho (VTT/Finland) Dr. Ruey-yi Lee (INER/Taiwan) Dr. Florence Lefebrve-Joud (CEA/France) Prof. Göran Lindbergh, (KTI/Sweden) Prof. Paulo Emilio V. de Miranda, (Coppe/Brazil) Dr. Mogens Mogensen (Risø/Denmark) Dr. Angelo Moreno (ENEA/Italy) Prof. Vladislav A. Sadykov (Boreskov Institute of catalysis/Russia) Prof. Kazunari Sasaki (Kyushu University/Japan) Dr. Günther G. Scherer (ex PSI, Villigen/Switzerland) Dr. Günter Schiller (DLR Stuttgart/Germany) Dr. Subhash Singhal (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory/USA) Dr. Martin Smith (Uni St. Andrews/UK) Prof. Robert Steinberger-Wilckens (Chair; Uni Birmingham/UK) Prof. Constantinos Vayenas (University of Patras/Greece) Dr. Christian Wunderlich (IKTS/Germany)

Niels Christiansen, Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S, Denmark (Chair) Anke Hagen, DTU, Denmark John Bøgild Hansen, Haldor Topsøe A/S, Denmark (Chair) John Irvine, University of St Andrews, UK John Kilner, Imperial College, UK Mogens Mogensen, DTU, Denmark Robert Steinberger-Wilckens, University of Birmingham, UK André Weber, KIT, Germany

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Scientific Advisory Committee Niels Christiansen, Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S, Denmark John Bøgild Hansen, Haldor Topsøe A/S, Denmark Florence Lefebvre-Joud, CEA-LITEN, France Peter Vang Hendriksen, DTU, Denmark Mihails Kusnezoff, IKTS-Fraunhofer, Germany Annabelle Brisse, EIfER, Germany Ludger Blum, FZ Juelich, Germany Nigel P. Brandon, Imperial College, UK Ellen Ivers-Tiffée, KIT, Germany Jan Van herle, EPFL, Switzerland Jari Kiviaho, VTT, Finland Karl Föger, CFCL, Germany Mark Selby, Ceres Power, UK Søren Primdahl, Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S, Denmark Dario Montinaro, SOFCpower, Italy

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Conference Schedule & Programme see: Last Page, Booklet, Corrigenda, & Proceeding Memory Stick

Next EFCF conferences:  5th European PEFC and H2 Forum 2015 30 June - 3 July  12th European SOFC and SOE Forum 2016 5 July - 8 July www.EFCF.com

in Lucerne, Switzerland

International Solid Oxide FUEL CELL and Electrolyser Conference

11th EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014 1 – 4 July 2014 Kultur- und Kongresszentrum Luzern (KKL) Lucerne/Switzerland Chaired by

Niels Christiansen

John Bøgild Hansen

Topsoe Fuel Cells A/S, Lyngby/Denmark

Haldor Topsøe A/S, Lyngby/Denmark

Abstracts of all Oral and Poster Contributions …

Legend: ◘ The programme includes three major thematic blocks: 1. Int. and EU Overviews of Programs; R&D Institutes, Company and Major groups development status EU, Worldwide Plenary presentation on “Balanced Energy Strategy”, “Distributed Power Generation”. (A01- A07, A16); 2. Advanced Diagnostic, Characterisation and Modelling (B06, B11, B12, A13) and Manufacturing (A11) 3. Technical Sessions on Materials, Cells, Stacks, Interconnects, BoP, Systems, Fuel Conditioning for SOFC and SOE (B3-B11, A12, A14, A15,B13-B15) ◘ Abstracts are identified and sorted by presentation number e.g. A0504, B1205, etc. first all A and then all B o Oral abstracts consist of numbers where last two digits are lower than 07 o Poster abstracts are linked to related sessions by letter and first two digits: e.g. A05.., B10, …etc o Due to late withdrawals some numbers are missing (second two digits) th

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Chapter 01 - Plenary Sessions A01: International Overview - JP, US, China A02: European Overview A07: Balanced Energy Strategy - The Role of SOFC A16: SOFC for Distributed Power Generation

Content

1 - 4 July 2014, Lucerne/Switzerland

Welcome by the Organizers Olivier Bucheli, Michael Spirig European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2, 6043 Adligenswil/Luzern [email protected]

Page A01/A02/A07/A16 - ..

A0101 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Welcome by the Organizers 2 A0102 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Welcome by the Chairs 2 A0103 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Welcome to Switzerland the Smart Research Place 2 A0104 ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Development and Application of SOFC technology in Japan 3 A0105 ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Status of the US SECA Program - 2014 4 A0106 ..................................................................................................................................... 5 SOFC Development in China 5 A0107 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 6 A review of solid oxide fuel cell activities in Iran 6 A0201 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 7 The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking: Past, Present and Future 7 A0208 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Fuel Cell Added Value 8 A0209 ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Accessing Fuel Cell opportunities in European Research and Innovation 9 A0701 ................................................................................................................................... 10 Role of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in a Balanced Energy Strategy 10 A1601 ................................................................................................................................... 11 Distributed Generation Market Analysis for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in the U.S. 11

A0102 Welcome by the Chairs Niels Christiansen Topsoe Fuel Cells A/S

John Bøgild Hansen Haldor Topsøe A/S, Lyngby/Denmark [email protected]

[email protected]

A0103 Welcome to Switzerland the Smart Research Place Stefan Oberholzer, Rolf Schmitz, Walter Steinmann Swiss Federal Office of Energy; Bern/Switzerland [email protected]

Remark:

Plenary Sessions: Country Overviews, Energy Strategy, Power Generation

Chapter 01 - Sessions A01/A02/A07/A16 - 1/11

Please see the presentations or contact the authors directly for further information.

Plenary Sessions: Country Overviews, Energy Strategy, Power Generation

Chapter 01 - Sessions A01/A02/A07/A16 - 2/11

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A0104

A0105

Development and Application of SOFC technology in Japan

Status of the US SECA Program - 2014

Kenji Horiuchi New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization 18F Muza Kawasaki Building, 1310, Omiya-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa/JAPAN Tel.: +81-44-520-5261 Fax: +81-44-520-5275 [email protected]

Briggs M. White, Ph.D. U.S. DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory Advanced Energy Systems Division 3610 Collins Ferry Road P.O. Box 880, Morgantown, WV 26507-0880, USA Tel.: +1-304-285-5437 [email protected]

Abstract Abstract The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) has been conducting technology development and demonstrative research projects on fuel cells (FC¶s) and hydrogen since its establishment in 1980. The latest ³strategic energy plan of Japan´, approved by the Cabinet April 2014 for the first time after the Tohoku Earthquake, referred to FC and hydrogen as one of the important technologies for energy security and global warming countermeasure. Total installation of ³ENE-FARM´, FC-based combined heat and power (CHP) residential system, exceeded 70,000 units as of end of March 2014, and the government set the target as 5,300,000 units in accumulation until 2030. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has been strongly expected because of its high electrical efficiency, availability of versatile fuels and applicability to various scale systems [1][2]. NEDO started a new SOFC project ³7HFKQRORJ\ 'HYHORSPHQW IRU SURPRWLQJ 62)& FRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQ´ in 2013 [3]. There are four themes: (1) fundamental study for rapid evaluation method of SOFC degradation, (2) demonstrative study of SOFC system for business use, (3) elemental technology development of SOFC system for large scale power generation and (4) development of next generation technologies. Here the current status of these developments will be briefly introduced.

Development of electric power generation technology that efficiently and economically utilizes coal and natural gas while meeting environmental requirements is of crucial importance to the United States. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy (FE), through the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), is leading the research and development of advanced Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) as a key enabling technology. This work is being done in partnership with private industry, academia, and national laboratories. The systems being developed, for central-station (>100 MWe) application, and based on solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology, are to be cost-effective and operate with high electric efficiency. Further, their designs must provide for effective carbon (CO2) capture, and they must restrict the emission of other pollutants (eg, Hg, NOx, SOx) and conserve water. Historically, the fuel basis for this development has been coal, a major US energy source. This continues to be the focus. However, the SOFC technology developed to meet design objectives could be adapted for implementation in advanced power generation systems fueled with natural gas. Thus, there could be strong synergy between efforts to develop advanced coal-fueled power generation, as in the SECA program, and any parallel effort by the program participants to develop natural gas-fueled distributedgeneration SOFC power systems. A natural gas-fueled distributed power generation system could be first to the marketplace, which would provide early manufacturing and operational experience on large commercial scale that would benefit SOFC power system developments with both fuels. Progress and recent developments in the SECA program will be presented.

Plenary Sessions: Country Overviews, Energy Strategy, Power Generation

Chapter 01 - Sessions A01/A02/A07/A16 - 3/11

Plenary Sessions: Country Overviews, Energy Strategy, Power Generation

Chapter 01 - Sessions A01/A02/A07/A16 - 4/11

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A0107 (Abstract only)

SOFC Development in China

A review of solid oxide fuel cell activities in Iran

Minfang Han, Suping Peng Union Research Center of Fuel Cell, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing Ding 11, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100083

Alireza Babaei School of Metallurgy and Materials Eng. College of Engineering, University of Tehran, North Kargar Ave., Tehran/Iran

[email protected]

Tel.: +98-21-8208-4607 Fax: +98-21-8800-6076 [email protected]

Abstract Up to now, fossil fuel is the most important energy resource in the world. In China, coal is the main energy resource being consumed; nearly 70% of the electricity is generated from coal-based power plants. However, the efficiencies of the current power generation methods of coal are very low, also accompanied with serious environmental impact. Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (IGFC) power generation is a kind of highly efficient and environmental friendly energy conversion technology. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is the core technology in IGFC. SOFC related actions have been supported in China, including NSFC-National Science Foundation of China, MOST-Ministry of Science and Technology [National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) and National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program)], MOE-Ministry of Education, CAS-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Local Governments, Industries and Others. 'XULQJWKH&KLQHVH³WK)LYH50% LHV at rated power, repeated thermal cycling, rapid load following and good turn-down efficiency. In addition, very good resistance to unfueled emergency stops is demonstrated.

Company & Major groups development status I (EU)

Chapter 03 - Session A05 - 6/6

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Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 Company & Major groups development status II and III (Worldwide)

Operation Results from the Topsoe PowerCore Content

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A0601 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Operation Results from the Topsoe PowerCore 2 A0602 ..................................................................................................................................... 3 eneramic© ± The Mobile SOFC Power Generator Well on its Way to Commercialization 3 A0603 ..................................................................................................................................... 4 DIESEL BASED SOFC-APU FOR MARINE APPLICATIONS 4 A0604 ..................................................................................................................................... 5 System Development Activities at sunfire 5 A0605 ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Robust, Low-Cost, Efficient Steel Cell Stack Development at Ceres Power 6 A0606 ..................................................................................................................................... 7 State of the Art in Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (mSOFCs) 7 A0607 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 SOFC Kit for Teaching, Training and Demonstration 8 A0801 ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Development at Versa Power Systems 9 A0802 ................................................................................................................................... 10 Saint-*REDLQ¶V$OO&HUDPLF62)&6WDFN$UFKLWHFWXUHDQG3HUIRUPDQFH 10 A0803 ................................................................................................................................... 11 The EN 500 P ± a compact and highly efficient SOFC module for various off-grid markets 11 A0804 ................................................................................................................................... 12 SOEC Development Status at sunfire 12 A0807 ................................................................................................................................... 13 Status of Elcogen unit cell and stack development 13

Henrik Weineisen and Jonas Lundsted Poulsen Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S Nymøllevej 66 DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Tel.: +45-22754866 [email protected]

Abstract The Topsoe PowerCore is a SOFC subsystem in the 1.5 kW (DC) power range that was designed to provide a simple interface to natural gas based SOFC technology. The system features tight integration of the SOFC stack and all hot balance of plant components, i.e. reformer, off-gas burner and heat exchangers for air and fuel preheat, all contained in a well-insulated compartment. Since the system is designed for anode off-gas recycling, the PowerCore requires no external water supply once in operation. Anode gas recycling results in high overall fuel utilization and in high electrical efficiency. System DC efficiencies of 64% have been achieved at nominal power. The tight integration of balance of plant components and the resulting compactness of the system, i.e. a total volume of 38 litres (1.3 cubic feet) and a weight of 33 kg (73 lb), have resulted in excellent part load capability. Steady state operating points have been achieved for a range of 20 to 120% of nominal current. Test results include operation times up to 3700 hours on a single unit as well as 29 thermal cycles performed on another unit.

Figure 1. The Topsoe PowerCore

Company & Major groups development Status II & III: Worldwide

Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 - 1/13

Company & Major groups development Status II & III: Worldwide

Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 - 2/13

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A0603

eneramic© ± The Mobile SOFC Power Generator Well on its Way to Commercialization

DIESEL BASED SOFC-APU FOR MARINE APPLICATIONS

Sebastian Reuber, Andreas Pönicke, Christian Wunderlich, Alexander Michaelis Fraunhofer IKTS, Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems Winterbergstrasse 28 D-01277 Dresden/Germany

Pedro Nehter1, Nils Kleinohl2, Ansgar Bauschulte2, Keno Leites3 1 ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems GmbH / Operating Unit HDW Werftstrasse 112-114 24143 Kiel / Germany

Tel.: +49-351-2553-7682 Fax: +49-351-2554-230 [email protected]

Tel.: +49-431-700-128275 [email protected] 3

2 OEL-WAERME-INSTITUT GmbH ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems GmbH / Operating Unit Blohm+Voss

Abstract Fraunhofer IKTS has developed a mobile power generator, branded eneramic© system, that is now on the way to commercialization. The SOFC LPG-fuelled system is designed as battery-hybrid, thus it is an economic and long-life alternative to existing energy sources in the field of industry, security or leisure activities. In these markets portability, simplicity and ease of use have a higher priority than efficiency, much in contrast to stationary applications. Thus the system was designed to run on widely available propane/butane fuels. The simple planar stack design is based on IKTS 3 YSZ electrolyte supported cells and metal sheet interconnects. Current eneramic© prototypes achieve a net power of 100 W at a total volume of 90 liters and a weight of 35 kg. In laboratory environment the system prototypes have been operated up to 7500 h with power degradation rates far below 1 % per 1000 h. Cyclability has been deeply tested, currently the stack design sustains between 60 - 90 start/stop cycles. A safety concept has been worked out in cooperation with TÜV SÜD based on the IEC62282-3-1 standard. Following these results a small scale manufacturing was established at IKTS to produce an test the latest eneramic© generation under real life conditions. During winter period the propane fuelled hybrid-system charges the lead batteries of a traffic control board. Field testing for caravan and industrial applications starts in June 2014 and results will affect the design of the first eneramic© product, that will be launched in 2015.

Abstract Emission regulations for ships are forcing ship-owners and shipyards to drastically reduce harmful species in the exhaust gases. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) promise improvements towards efficiency and emission. SOFC systems are seen as most efficient and clean alternative to conventional Diesel engines, where a more comprehensive and expensive exhaust gas treatment will be required in the near future. In this context, the project SchIBZ has been initiated to develop a fuel cell based generator set for seagoing ships. A consortium of industrial and academic partners have been joined to develop a Diesel based SOFC APU with a rated power of 500 kW. Adiabatic prereforming of Diesel is one of the most efficient type of fuel processing for SOFC systems. The feasibility of adiabatic prereforming, operating without any deep desulfurization technologies and at atmospheric pressure has successfully been demonstrated with one RI +DOGRU 7RSVRH¶V catalyst for more than 3000 h. A 100 kW demonstrator is developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the process and the robustness of the SOFC. It consists of 4 submodules supplying above 100 kW gross power in sum. Different process concepts are investigated by steady state and dynamic simulations to optimize the process towards part load and at end of life conditions. Particular attention is paid to design a process concept with a minimum pressure difference between the anode and the cathode gas. Different anode offgas recirculation concepts are compared in this context to keep the efficiency in the range of 55% to 60% in maximum. The submodules are developed by Sunfire, whereas the first module has successfully been tested for 370 h so far.

Figure 1: Small scale manufacturing of eneramic© systems (left), LPG-based power supply for a mobile set of traffic lights in a laboratory test (right). Company & Major groups development Status II & III: Worldwide

Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 - 3/13

Company & Major groups development Status II & III: Worldwide

Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 - 4/13

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A0604

A0605

System Development Activities at sunfire

Robust, Low-Cost, Efficient Steel Cell Stack Development at Ceres Power

Oliver Posdziech, Michael Pruggmayer and Markus Kunkis sunfire GmbH Gasanstaltstraße 2 D-01237 Dresden / Germany Tel.: +49 (0) 351-896-797-965 Fax: +49 (0) 351-896-797-843 [email protected]

Tel.: +44-1403 273463 Fax: +44-1403 367860 [email protected]

Abstract sunfire is currently developing 1 to 100 kW el solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems in cooperation with various partners in the fields of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) as well as off-grid and vehicle power generation. Both steam reforming (SR) and catalytic partial oxidation (CPOx) are used for the purpose of fuel processing depending on the respective requirements in terms of electrical efficiency, robustness, maintenance intervals and cost targets. The systems use stack modules of various sizes and consisting of sunfire stacks based on ESC technology. The stack modules are integrated into system hotboxes destined for system integrators. All critical components have been designed and manufactured by sunfire. The objective is to enable customers to design and manufacture SOFC systems for end-user applications. This paper describes requirements in potential markets, the resultant specifications and the implementation thereof in a system prototype. It also presents operational results for CPOx and SR-based systems with a power output of 1 and 3.5 kW net respectively. One further developmental step is the combination of CPOx and SR stages to deliver a water-free system characterized by high electrical efficiency. This concept is currently being evaluated within the framework of the European project STAGE-SOFC.

Company & Major groups development Status II & III: Worldwide

Robert Leah, Adam Bone, Ahmet Selcuk, Mike Lankin, Robin Pierce, Lee Rees, Andrew Clare, Stephen Hill, Carl Matthews, Subhasish Mukerjee and Mark Selby Ceres Power Ltd. Viking House, Foundry Lane Horsham, RH13 5PX, UK

Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 - 5/13

Abstract Ceres Power has developed low-temperature SOFC cells and stacks based on its unique metal-VXSSRUWHG µ6WHHO &HOO¶ WHFKQRORJ\ &HUHV FHOOV DUH EDVHG RQ D SHUIRUDWHG IHUULWLF stainless-steel substrate coated with thick-film active ceramic layers. The active ceramics in Ceres Steel Cells are predominantly Ceria-based, enabling low temperature operation in the 500-620°C range. This low temperature of operation enables the majority of the cell and stack mass to be made of widely available ferritic stainless steel foils and avoids the use of fragile seal technologies, resulting in a low stack material cost and extremely robust sealing through the use of welding and compressive gaskets. In addition, all the main ceramic layers in the cell can be deposited by screen-printing and other high-volume processes, facilitating an inherently low-cost volume-scalable manufacturing process. The standard Ceres Power Steel Cell stack platform is suitable for integration into a wide range of product types. Ceres Power is working with systems integrators and the developers of consumer products to incorporate Steel Cell technology into their products for multiple applications. In this paper data will be presented showing the latest developments of the technology, in particular, demonstrating good volumetric power density, reliability and outstanding robustness to thermal and REDOX cycling at both short and kW-class stack level. In addition durability and efficiency are shown to be consistent with other fuel-cell technologies, and initial results from the next generation of Steel Cell design will be presented, which offer further advantages in robustness and manufacturability.

Company & Major groups development Status II & III: Worldwide

Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 - 6/13

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A0606

A0607

State of the Art in Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (mSOFCs)

SOFC Kit for Teaching, Training and Demonstration Ulf Bossel

Michaela Kendall and Kevin Kendall Adelan 10 Weekin Works, 112-116 Park Hill Road, Birmingham, UK B17 9HD Tel.: +44-121-427 8033 [email protected]

ALMUS AG Morgenacherstrasse 2F CH-5452 Oberrohrdorf / Switzerland Tel.: +41-56-496-7292 [email protected]

Abstract Abstract Political, market and materials advances have led to a new surge in commercial activity in the fuel cell sector, resulting in varied niche market products, reduced production costs, and commercial sales. One maturing technology, microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (mSOFCs) follows this trend, moving from lab invention 20 years ago towards the market, and several companies are now selling systems into the market testing their commercial viability. Perhaps surprisingly, mSOFCs are increasingly appearing in demonstrations of portable or mobile system, previously a dismissed commercial application for many fuel cell types, and especially for SOFCs. Often running on hydrocarbon fuels as a stepping stone towards the hydrogen economy, mSOFCs are finding traction in a number of market sectors requiring small-scale power, often as a portable/mobile or remotely located device. Geographically, development activity centres in Asia ± particularly in Japan and Korea ± but several key players in North America continue to invest in this technology and Europe has a growing number of demonstration activities.

Company & Major groups development Status II & III: Worldwide

Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 - 7/13

The introduction of new technologies is always difficult. People want to understand first before they buy. This is also true for fuel cells. However, polymer fuel cells are frequently used for demonstrations. Simple cells and stacks are easy to operate and therefore offered by many companies for school experiments and shows. Not so for solid oxide fuel cells. Mainly because of the high operating temperatures table-top demonstrations are difficult. Interested people are invited to laboratory tours. They see furnaces and containers inside of which a solid oxide fuel cell is said to be operating. One can also see and touch single cells and bipolar plates in the cold state, but the question remains: does it really work and if so, how? An experimental tool appears to be needed for the table-top demonstration of solid oxide fuel cell in class rooms, lecture halls and at exhibitions. Such a tool has been developed by ALMUS AG and will be presented at the 11th European SOFC Forum. All components needed for the demonstration of the SOFC technology come in a trolley case. The 16 cell stack is electrically heated and will reach an operating temperature of 600°C in about 20 minutes. All essential features of an SOFC such as start-up heating, temperature dependence of power output, system response to changes of air and fuel flow rates can be demonstrated. A small hydrogen supply is provided with the SOFC demonstration kit. The unit can also be operated with reformates from hydrocarbons and alcohols. Also, the unit can be used for a wide range of qualitative experimental investigations. The system will be explained and demonstrated at the conference.

Company & Major groups development Status II & III: Worldwide

Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 - 8/13

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A0801

A0802

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Development at Versa Power Systems

Saint-*REDLQ¶V$OO&HUDPLF62)&6WDFN$UFKLWHFWXUH and Performance

Brian Borglum, Eric Tang, Michael Pastula Versa Power Systems 4852 ± 52nd Street SE Calgary, Alberta, T2B 3R2 / Canada

Craig Adams, Robin Barabasz, Emma Dutton, Guangyong Lin, Aravind Mohanram, Yeshwanth Narendar, John Pietras, Chunming Qi, Zachary Patterson, Sophie Poizeau, Ayhan Sarikaya, and Morteza Zandi Saint-Gobain Corporation 9 Goddard Road Northborough, MA 01532

Tel.: +1-403-204-6110 Fax: +1-403-204 6101 [email protected]

Tel.: +1-508-351-7594 Fax: +1-508-351-7540 [email protected]

Abstract Versa Power Systems (VPS) is a developer of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) for clean power generation and is a wholly owned subsidiary of FuelCell Energy (FCE). FCE is the global leader in the design, manufacture and distribution of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) power plants. From an economic perspective, MCFCs scale-up very well and as D UHVXOW )&(¶V 0&)& SURGXFWV DUH LQ WKH PXOW-megawatt size range. SOFCs are complementary because they scale-down well and hence are well suited to sub-megawatt DSSOLFDWLRQV7KLVSDSHUKLJKOLJKWVWKHVWDWXVRI936DQG)&(¶V62)&WHFKQRORJ\ in the areas of cell and stack development.

Company & Major groups development Status II & III: Worldwide

Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 - 9/13

Abstract Energy generation through solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is a long-term strategic project for Saint-Gobain, a global leader in ceramic materials and components. Our unique all ceramic SOFC stacks are designed to meet the reliability and cost targets for residential and small commercial distributed generation markets. Significant operational reliability improvement and manufacturing cost reduction is achieved with the combination of ultrathin ceramic interconnects, simplified stack-supported design and multi-cell co-firing. Design of stack modules with integrated current collection and gas delivery manifolds is presented along with avenues for future performance improvements. This paper reports updates to the proven performance of Saint-GoEDLQ¶V VWDFNV LQcluding stable operation over 12,000 hours. Saint-*REDLQ¶VVWDFNLVVKRZQWR ZLWKVWDQGWKHUPDOF\FOHVRYHUORQJterm operation, hundreds of power cycles and realistic redox cycling. The stack response to high fuel utilizations is reported, as well as initial tests with fuels simulating internal and external reforming. Work is underway to further increase operational voltage and power density under these conditions.

Company & Major groups development Status II & III: Worldwide

Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 - 10/13

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A0803

A0804

The EN 500 P ± a compact and highly efficient SOFC module for various off-grid markets

SOEC Development Status at sunfire

Matthias Boltze, Gregor Holstermann, Arne Sommerfeld, Alexander Herzog new enerday GmbH Lindenstraße 45 D-17033 Neubrandenburg/Germany Tel.: +49-395-37999-202 Fax: +49-395-37999-203 [email protected]

Danilo Schimanke and Christian Walter sunfire GmbH Gasanstaltstraße 2, D-01237 Dresden, Germany Tel.: +49-351-896-797-0 Fax: +49-351-896-797-831 [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract Abstract The company new enerday GmbH develops and produces very compact and highly efficient SOFC systems for various off-grid power solutions in the power range of up to 1 kW electric. SOFC, especially planar type technology, today is worldwide in the focus for residential and stationary power applications with electric powers of 1 kW up to megawatt scale systems. However smaller systems applying liquid hydrocarbon fuels can be an interesting alternative to conventional generators or PEM type fuel cell systems in the power range of up to 1000 W, because of their simplicity, high efficiency, robustness and thus reliability and cost efficiency. Two years ago new enerday presented in Lucerne the first results of the product development of a compact and highly efficient SOFC-system in the below 1000 W class operated with propane. Meanwhile several systems of this concept were produced and tested in-house and in different real world field applications, e.g. as a range extender in a fork lift truck and in an electric golf-kart or as an independent power source for battery charging and power grid supply on a luxury house boat in Germany.

Since 2012 sunfire (formerly staxera) is developing SOEC (solid oxide electrolysis cell) technology for a future use in Power-to-Liquid and Power-to-Gas applications. Together with 7 German partners and the support of the federal ministry of research (BMBF), the following research fields are addressed: Development of solid oxide electrolysis cells, stacks and system components, Electrolysis system modules under pressure (first prototype 10 kW at 15 bar; parameters chosen according to industrial requirements), Power-to-Liquid process based on Fischer-Tropsch-process (first test plant for one barrel per day). The steam electrolyser development has shown significant progress with respect to a lowered degradation to values close to those needed for practical applications. Results of long-term testing over up to 8000 h of electrolyte supported cells (6Sc1Ce and 10Sc1Ce doped Zirconia) with LSCF oxygen electrode and Ni-GDC hydrogen electrode will be presented as well as 2000 h stack testing including dynamic operation tests. Furthermore, the engineering status of the first pressurized SOEC module will be presented.

Interesting aspects as well as results of component tests and system operation in these applications will be presented.

The EN 500 P installed on a 12 meter house boat in Germany

Company & Major groups development Status II & III: Worldwide

Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 - 11/13

Company & Major groups development Status II & III: Worldwide

Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 - 12/13

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A0807 Status of Elcogen unit cell and stack development

Next EFCF Conferences:

Matti Noponen*, Aleksander Temmo, Andre Koit, Pauli Torri, Jukka Göös, Paul Hallanoro, Enn Õunpuu Elcogen *Niittyvillankuja 4 02150 Espoo Finland Tel.: +358-10-732-9696 [email protected]

Abstract Elcogen is a manufacturing company of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and solid oxide electrolysis (SOE) unit cells and stacks. The competitive advance of Elcogen unit cells is their performance characteristics at reduced temperatures. The unit cells are based on anode supported structure with standard material system from anode to cathode corresponding to NiO/YSZ ± YSZ ± GDC ± LSC. The cell performance at 700 °C has been measured to be 1.0 V at 0.4 A.cm-2 corresponding to an area specific resistance of 0.17 .cm2. Unit cell durability has been evaluated over 6000 hours at 700°C and 0.4 A.cm-2 resulting in less than 0.2 %.kh-1 voltage based degradation. Elcogen stacks are based on its high performance unit cells. The stacks are optimized for stationary applications with 1 kW electrical power output. The stack performance at 700 °Chas been measured to be 0.9 V at 0.4 A.cm-2 corresponding to an area specific resistance of 0.37 .cm2. Stack durability based on Elcogen ASC-10 cell type has been evaluated over 2000 hours at 700°C and 0.25 A.cm-2 without showing any additional degradation resulting from the stack structures.

5th European PEFC and H2 Forum 30 June - 3 July 2015 12th European SOFC and SOE Forum 5 July - 8 July 2016

www.EFCF.com in Lucerne, Switzerland

Company & Major groups development Status II & III: Worldwide

Chapter 04 - Sessions A06/A08 - 13/13

On pages like this also your advertisement or other useful information could be placed.

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A0901

Chapter 05 - Session A09 Cell and stack design - State of the Art

High-performance SOFC stacks tested under different reformate compositions Content

Page A09 - ..

A0901 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 High-performance SOFC stacks tested under different reformate compositions 2 A0902 ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Fuel flow distribution in SOFC stacks revealed by impedance spectroscopy 3 A0903 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 4 Thermomechanical optimisation of a SOFC stack: A new product design and its operation 4 A0904 ..................................................................................................................................... 5 How SOFC stack performance depends on the interaction of MIC design and cathode material 5 A0905 ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Short stack and full system test using a ceramic A-site deficient strontium titanate anode 6 A0906 ..................................................................................................................................... 7 SOFC stack performance under high current densities and fuel utilizations 7 A0907 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Dynamic SOFC Temperature Estimation with Designed Experiments and TimeSeries Model Identification 8 A0911 ..................................................................................................................................... 9 High Efficiency Operation of Ceres Steel Cell Stacks: a Cost Effective Solution for Stationary Power Generation 9 A0912 ................................................................................................................................... 10 Operating characteristics of an anode-supported planar SOFC stack with postoperation three-dimensional reconstruction of the electrodes microstructure 10 A0913 ................................................................................................................................... 11 Issues on Stack Development for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 11 A0914 ................................................................................................................................... 12 Influences of the gas pressures and flow rates on the maximal power of SOFC by using the Design of Experiment methodology 12 A0915 ................................................................................................................................... 13 Short-stack testing of novel anode-supported 13 SOFC ± 2R-Cell 13

Cell and stack design - State of the Art

Chapter 05 - Session A09 - 1/13

Z. Wuillemin1, S. Ceschini2, Y. Antonetti1, C. Beetschen1, S. Modena2, D. Montinaro2, T. Cornu3, O. Bucheli1, M. Bertoldi2 1 HTceramix SA - SOFCpower 26 av. des Bains CH-1400 Yverdon-les-Bains Tel.: +41-24-426-10-91 Fax: +41-24-426-10-91 [email protected] 2 SOFCpower S.p.A. I-38017 Mezzolombardo 3 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne

Abstract In the past years HTceramix SA - SOFCpower has developed with its partners an innovative stack design optimized for high electrical efficiencies and low manufacturing costs. Using CFD models coupled with an optimizer based on Monte-Carlo methods, the quality of different fuel flow distribution systems was tested ab initio, allowing developing a design having an excellent distribution of gases compatible with the manufacturing tolerances of low-cost, mass-production fabrication methods. Testing short stacks, electrical efficiencies as high as 74% (LHV) have been demonstrated using steam-reformed methane as fuel, while converting more than 90% of the fuel in a single-pass. With hydrogen, efficiencies slightly above 60% (LHV) have been attained at 94% of fuel utilization, almost reaching the theoretical maximum efficiency for single-pass flows. Not only short stacks, but also complete units have been shown to operate at over 90% of fuel utilization for an electrical power of 1 kW, hence proving the quality of the internal gas distribution and the validity of the concept. In this paper, performance maps are presented for this new family of stacks, for different fuels, reformate compositions, and pre-reforming ratios.

Cell and stack design - State of the Art

Chapter 05 - Session A09 - 2/13

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A0902

A0903 (Abstract only)

Fuel flow distribution in SOFC stacks revealed by impedance spectroscopy

Thermomechanical optimisation of a SOFC stack: A new product design and its operation

R. R. Mosbæk (1), J. Hjelm (1), R. Barfod (2), and P. V. Hendriksen (1) (1) DTU Energy Conversion, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Denmark (2) Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S, Nymøllevej 66, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark

Murat Peksen, Ali Al-Masri, Ro. Peters, Ludger Blum and Detlef Stolten Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK), Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-3),

Tel.: +45-2365-2319 Fax: +45-4677-5858 [email protected]

Tel.: +49-2461 61 8732 Fax: +49-2461 61 6695 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

As SOFC technology is moving closer to a commercial break through, methods to PHDVXUHWKH³VWDWH-of-KHDOWK´RIRSHUDWLQJVWDFNVDUHEHFRPLQJRILQFUHDVLQJLQterest. This requires application of advanced methods for detailed electrical and electrochemical characterization during operation. An operating stack is subject to compositional gradients in the gaseous reactant streams, and temperature gradients across each cell and across the stack, which complicates detailed analysis. An experimental stack with low ohmic resistance from Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S was characterized using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The stack measurement geometry was optimized for EIS by careful selection of the placement of current feeds and voltage probes in order to minimize measurement errors. It was demonstrated that with the improved placement of current feeds and voltage probes it is possible to separate the loss contributions in an ohmic and a polarization part and that the low frequency response is useful in detecting mass transfer limitations. This methodology can be used to detect possible minor changes in the supply of gas to the individual cells, which is important when going to high fuel utilizations. The fuel flow distribution provides important information about the operating limits of the stack when high electrical efficiency is required.

Thermomechanically induced stress in SOFCs has been a challenging issue that impedes the hermeticity of fuel cell stacks and the incorporation of the technology in the global energy sector. The effort to increase the thermomechanical reliability of the stacks requires a robust structural stack design. The present study introduces a new stack design (1) with optimised thermomechanical behaviour. The developed design has been compared to the currently used standard Jülich F-design. Experience from our previous 3D Coupled multiphysics modelling studies has been used to aid in the optimisation of the developed design and for comparison purposes (2-6). The used 3D short stack models comprise the interconnector plates, cell, wire-mesh and the glass-ceramic sealant materials. The coupled CFD-FEM analyses show favourable results for the developed design with significant improvement in the thermomechanically induced stress. The developed design is currently tested. The test results after 8000h testing period, including various fuel utilisations of H2 and CH4, over 30 thermal cycles with different heating rates and leakage tests show that the stack is still tight and running without any reservation.

Cell and stack design - State of the Art

Cell and stack design - State of the Art

Chapter 05 - Session A09 - 3/13

(1) Peksen, M. European, German Patent File, Fuel Cell/Brenstoffzellen Modul, 11858PT. (2) Peksen, M. (2013) 3D thermomechanical behaviour of solid oxide fuel cells operating in different environments, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 30, pp. 13408-13418. (3) Peksen, M., Al- Masri, A., Blum, L., Stolten, (2012) D 3D Transient Thermomechanical Behaviour of a Full Scale SOFC Short Stack, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 10, pp. 4099-4107. (4) Peksen, M. (2011) A Coupled 3D Thermofluid ± Thermomechanical Analysis of a Planar Type Production Scale SOFC Stack. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 18, pp. 11914-11928. (5) Peksen, M., Peters, Ro., Blum, L., Stolten, D. (2011) Hierarchical 3D Multiphysics Modelling in the Design and Optimisation of SOFC System Components. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, pp. 4400-4408. (6) Blum, Groß, S., Malzbender, J., Pabst, U., Peksen, M. et al. (2011) Investigation of solid oxide fuel cell sealing behavior under stack relevant conditions at Forschungszentrum Jülich. Journal of Power Sources, 196, 17, pp. 7175-7181.

Chapter 05 - Session A09 - 4/13

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A0904

A0905

How SOFC stack performance depends on the interaction of MIC design and cathode material

Short stack and full system test using a ceramic A-site deficient strontium titanate anode

H. Geisler1, A. Kromp1, A. Weber1 and E. Ivers-Tiffée1 1 Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Adenauerring 20b, D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany

Maarten C. Verbraeken (1), Boris Iwanschitz (2), Elena Stefan (1), Mark Cassidy (1), Ueli Weissen (2), Andreas Mai (2) and John T.S. Irvine (1) 1) University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, KY16 9ST, St Andrews, UK 2) Hexis AG, Zum Park 5, P.O. 3068, CH-8404 Winterthur, Switzerland

Tel.: +41-56-987-1234 Fax: +41-56-987-1235 [email protected]

Tel.: +44(0)1334 463844 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract It is known for long, that high performing anode-supported cells (ASC) undergo a significant power reduction when contacted by a metal interconnector (MIC) with a specific design for flow field and contact ribs [1]. The performance limiting factors of the MIC design have been quantified recently by combining an extensive set of experimental data and a straight forward FEM model [2]. In the meantime, we have extended the model further and developed a 2D SOFC stack layer FEM model [3,4], incorporating the physical processes i) gas diffusion in the porous electrodes, ii) electric /ionic conduction in the electrodes and electrolyte as well as iii) the electrochemical electrode reactions. All implemented material parameters are determined by in-house experiments. The model has been validated over the whole technical relevant range of operating conditions with the help of current/voltage-characteristics measured on state of the art planar ASCs. Hence in this work the 2D SOFC stack layer FEM model is used to investigate systematically how cathode material parameters and MIC-design influence stack performance. The results will show i) the interaction of MIC design and cathode material on performance and ii) the importance of a well-chosen cathode thickness for the total stack power output.

Cell and stack design - State of the Art

Chapter 05 - Session A09 - 5/13

Doped strontium titanates have been widely studied as potential anode materials in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The high n-type conductivity that can be achieved in these materials makes them well suited for use as the electronically conductive component in SOFC anodes. This makes them a potential alternative to nickel, the presence of which is a major cause of degradation due to coking, sulphur poisoning and low tolerance to redox cycling. As the electrocatalytic activity of strontium titanates tends to be low, impregnation with oxidation catalysts, such as ceria and nickel is often required to obtain anode performances that can compete with Ni-YSZ cermets. Here the stability issues due to nickel should be reduced due to the small loadings and its non-structural function. In this study, a lanthanum and calcium co-doped A-site deficient strontium titanate (LSCTA-) was used as the anode material in cells with an active area of 100 cm 2. Cell performance was tested in both short (5 cell) stack configuration, as well as a full HEXIS Galileo system (nominally 1 kW AC). Various impregnates, such as nickel and ceria, were used in this approach with promising results. The system test initially produced 70% of the QRPLQDORXWSXWSRZHUDQGLVWRWKHDXWKRUV¶NQRZOHGJHWKHILUVWDOO-oxide SOFC test on this scale. The strontium titanate backbone provides sufficient electronic conductivity to ensure acceptable ohmic losses. Power densities up to 200 mA/cm 2 could be obtained at 900°C, which compares well with Ni-cermet based anodes. Degradation is however severe at 900°C, due to impregnate coarsening, but operation at 850°C minimises this effect. Short stacks could be stably operated for 1600 hours with an output power of 100 mA/cm 2. Stacks are redox stable, but sulphur tolerance is determined by the electrocatalysts.

Cell and stack design - State of the Art

Chapter 05 - Session A09 - 6/13

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A0906

A0907

SOFC stack performance under high current densities and fuel utilizations

Dynamic SOFC Temperature Estimation with Designed Experiments and Time-Series Model Identification

Qingping Fang, Ludger Blum, Roland Peters, Detlef Stolten Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-3) Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße D-52428 Jülich / Germany

Antti Pohjoranta, Matias Halinen, Jari Pennanen and Jari Kiviaho Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT, Fuel cells Biologinkuja 5 P.O.Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT / Finland Tel.: +358-20-722-5290 Fax: +358-20-722-7048 [email protected]

Tel.: +49-2461-611573 Fax: +49-2461-616695 [email protected]

Abstract Abstract Forschungszentrum Jülich has demonstrated reproducible stable performance of the F10and F20-design stacks. The current density and fuel utilization were mostly kept at 0.5 Acm-2 and 40%, respectively. In order to investigate the stack performance under high current densities and high fuel utilizations, two short stacks (one F20- and one F10-design) were tested. The F20-design stack was still operated with relative mild current densities ” Acm-2), but high fuel utilizations up to 90% with 10% pre-reformed liquefied natural gas (LNG). The F10-design stack was operated with 20% humidified H2, but with high fuel utilizations up to 90% and high current densities up to 1.5 Acm-2. Preliminary analysis shows that both F10- and F20-design stacks can be operated smoothly at the fuel utilization of ~85% in the temperature range of 750~800 °C, although the increase of concentration polarization can be already noticed at the fuel utilization of ~80%. Operation with fuel utilization of 90% is possible for both stacks, but with largely increased concentration polarization. The influence of the current densities seems to be quite small under current testing conditions. The possible effects of the temperature, gas flow rate and gas distribution inside stacks during the measurement are also discussed.

This paper presents the development of ARX-type (autoregressive with extra input) timeseries models for the dynamic estimation and prediction of the SOFC stack maximum temperature. Experiment design aspects, model identification as well as filtering are discussed, and practical results obtained on a 10 kW SOFC system are presented (e.g. Fig. 1). Data-based time-series models, whose parameters are identified directly from system measurements provide an alternative modeling approach compared to models based on physical first principles. Although physical models are very useful during the system design, they often become nonlinear and complex by structure, meaning that their application to control development or in embedded system software can be impractical. Often at least significant model simplification is required. Time-series models can be directly created as linear discrete-time models, which means that their utilization in control design as well as deployment into a modern embedded computational environment is straightforward. Stack Tmax 820

The Authors did not wish to publish their full contribution in these proceedings and possibly have published it in a journal. Please contact the authors directly for further Information. T (°C)

810 800 790

Measurement Filtered estimate 12h-prediction

780 160

220 240 260 280 t (h) Figure 1 ± The measured SOFC stack maximum temperature (blue, solid), the corresponding estimate (red, dash-dot) obtained with an ARX-model coupled with Kalman filtering and the temperature predicted forward by a fixed 12-hour time interval (cyan, dotted).

Cell and stack design - State of the Art

Chapter 05 - Session A09 - 7/13

180

200

Cell and stack design - State of the Art

Chapter 05 - Session A09 - 8/13

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A0911

A0912

High Efficiency Operation of Ceres Steel Cell Stacks: a Cost Effective Solution for Stationary Power Generation

Operating characteristics of an anode-supported planar SOFC stack with post-operation three-dimensional reconstruction of the electrodes microstructure

Robert Leah, Mark Selby, Adam Bone, Alexander McNicol, Lee Rees and Subhasish Mukerjee Ceres Power Ltd. Viking House, Foundry Lane Horsham, RH13 5PX, UK Tel.: +44-1403 273463 Fax: +44-1403 367860 [email protected]

Grzegorz Brusa,b,*, Tetsushi Isomotoa, Hiroshi Iwaia, Motohiro Saitoa, Hideo Yoshidaa, Yosuke Komatsuc, Remigiusz Nowakb and Janusz S. Szmydb aKyoto University, Kyoto, Japan b AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland c Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan *Tel/Fax.: +81-075-383-3652 [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

Ceres Power has developed low-temperature SOFC cells and stacks based on a unique metal-VXSSRUWHG µ6WHHO &HOO¶ WHFKQRORJ\ &HUHV FHOOV DUH EDVHG RQ D SHUIRUDWHG IHUULWLF stainless-steel substrate coated with thick-film active ceramic layers. The active ceramics in Ceres Steel Cells are predominantly Ceria-based, enabling low temperature operation in the 500-620°C range. The low operation temperature allows the majority of the cell and stack mass to be made of widely available ferritic stainless steel foils, resulting in a very low stack material cost and extremely robust sealing through the use of welding and compressive gaskets. In addition, all the main ceramic layers in the cell can be deposited by screen-printing and sintering, facilitating an inherently low-cost volume-scalable manufacturing process. This paper will present analysis and experimental data to demonstrate Steel Cell stacks operating on steam-reformed natural gas with gross DC electrical efficiencies of greater than 55%LHV leading to high efficiency electrical generation applications. This high efficiency, coupled with the inherently low stack cost means Ceres Steel Cell technology is an attractive technology platform for stationary power applications where electrical efficiency is critically important.

Cell and stack design - State of the Art

Chapter 05 - Session A09 - 9/13

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has a complex composite structure for both the anode and the cathode. The electrode microstructure is an important factor determining electrochemical performance of the entire cell and consequently the entire stack of cells. The most precise information about a cell microstructure can be derived from real structural analysis. A method such as combination of Focused Ion Beam and Scanning Electron Microscope (FIB-SEM) can provide very detailed information about the electrodes microstructure. In this study the static characteristics of a planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack with a standard power output of 100W has been investigated. After power generation experiment the microstructure parameters of the tested cell were quantified. The presented research can be used as a benchmark for increasing number of stack numerical simulations.

Cell and stack design - State of the Art

Chapter 05 - Session A09 - 10/13

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A0913

A0914

Issues on Stack Development for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Influences of the gas pressures and flow rates on the maximal power of SOFC by using the Design of Experiment methodology

Wei Wu, Wanbing Guan, Le Jin, Huijuan Zhai, Wei Guo Wang Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering 519 Zhuangshi Road, Zhenhai District 315201 Ningbo / PR China Tel.: +86-574-87911363 Fax: +86-574-87910728 [email protected]

Salim Daoudi and Bouzid Chebbah University of BBA, Faculty of the Sciences and Technology Ain Tessara 34037 Bordj Bou Arreridj, ALGERIA [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

The development of SOFC stack is important for planar SOFC commercialization. In this work, 30-cell stack modules were obtained through thermal and pressurized treatment. The electrical performance of these modules was than evaluated. Several issues during stack assembly and testing were discussed experimentally. These issues include cell crack and voltage gaps. In addition, the optimal operating voltage of 0.75 V was determined through theoretical calculation and analysis. At this operating voltage, the stack power loss was less than 10%.

In the next decades, hydrogen could be required to take a larger place in the energy field, alongside electricity, in response to environmental problems (global warming) and also to deal with the question of energy independence inherent in the growth of global energy demand. It is certain that we will see in the next future the emergence of hydrogen technology in our daily lives as an energetic vector. Different types of fuel cells exist; they transform the chemical energy contained in hydrogen into electrical energy and heat. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) debit the largest electric power due to solid electrolyte which allows the cell to function at very high temperature, thus accelerating the reaction kinetics. The fuel cell performance strongly depends on the operating conditions; these performances are related to changes in controllable parameters (e.g. pressures, the compositions of the gas, temperatures, current densities, factors using reagents ...) and other less controllable factors talcum impurities, service life.... More, several physical parameters involved in the steering system of the fuel cell. Therefore, it is not simple to establish relationships between the causes that may have an influence on the system and measurable effects, or see if there are interactions between factors. In this context, we will study the influence of flows rates and pressures of the reactant gases (hydrogen and air) on maximum power and performance of the SOFC by using the Design of Experiment methodology, which achieves a better knowledge of behavior of the SOFC system in the face of different factors that are likely to change and that, a minimum testing and with maximum precision.

30-cell planar anode-supported SOFC stack modules

Cell and stack design - State of the Art

Chapter 05 - Session A09 - 11/13

Cell and stack design - State of the Art

Chapter 05 - Session A09 - 12/13

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A0915 Short-stack testing of novel anode-supported SOFC ± 2R-Cell

1

Next EFCF Conferences:

Crina S. Ilea1, Raphael Ihringer2, Ivar Warnhus1 Prototech AS, Fantoftveien 38, 5072 Bergen, Norway 2 Fiaxell, PSE A,1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Tel.: +47-911-57-913 Fax: +47-555-74-110 [email protected]

Abstract The current generation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) referred to as electrolytesupported cells (ESC) are robust and reliable, but do not deliver power unless the temperature of operation is high, typically maximum temperatures of 820 to 850 oC. The other alternative of SOFC based on anode-supported cells (ASC) can produce much higher power densities at lower temperature, 600-750oC. However, these systems present one major issue ± robustness. Fiaxell, Switzerland developed and manufactured a new generation of ASC, namely the 2R-Cells. The preliminary tests [1,2] showed that they possesses properties that will greatly improve the robustness of SOFC systems. The present abstract presents the results obtained by Prototech AS, Norway from building and testing a short-stack using the novel 2R-Cells. The aim was to test the short-stack at 800oC with less than 1% degradation after 1000h. The following were used to build the short-stack: two 2R-Cells (80x80mm2), ceramic interconnect plates (LaCaCrO3), mica paper as sealant material. The 2R-Cells have LaSrCoO3 as active cathode, yttriastabilized zirconia (YSZ) as electrolyte and Nickel Zirconia cermet as active anode. The test was performed at 800oC for 1150h using fuel (H2/CO2 mixture of 60/40) and air. The calculated open cell voltage (OCV) was 0.9363 V and the cells presented the following OCVs: 0.927 V and 0.930 V, respectively. The area specific resistance (ASR) was 0.55 Ÿ cm2 DIWHUK%UHDNGRZQRIWKH$65JDYHXVWKHIROORZLQJYDOXHVŸ cm2 from LQWHUFRQQHFWV  Ÿ cm2 IURPIXHO XWLOL]DWLRQ DQG  Ÿ cm2 from membrane-electrode assembly. The 2R-Cell short-stack shows excellent performance regarding both low ASR and low degradation; actually, the cell performance was still improving after 1000h.

5th European PEFC and H2 Forum 30 June - 3 July 2015 12th European SOFC and SOE Forum 5 July - 8 July 2016

www.EFCF.com in Lucerne, Switzerland

Cell and stack design - State of the Art

Chapter 05 - Session A09 - 13/13

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A1101

Chapter 06 - Session A11 Manufacturing

Content

Page A11 - ..

A1101 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Towards large-scale/industrial Fabrication of Anode-Supported Cells ± Detailed Performance Study of Different Coating Techniques for Anode and Electrolyte 2 A1102 ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Co-fired SOFC Roll Support with Impregnated Catalysts Produced by Sequential Tape Casting 3 A1103 ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Co-extrusion of Multi-layer Ceramic Hollow Fibers for Micro-tubular SOFC 4 A1104 ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Effects of sintering temperature on composition, microstructure and electrochemical performance of spray pyrolysed LSC thin film cathodes 5 A1109 ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Combustion synthesis of LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 perovskite as cathode contact material for IT-SOFCs 6 A1110 ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Novel Anode Fabrication of Ni/Ag/GDC for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 7 A1111 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 colloidal nanocrystals derived nanostructured NiO/GDC composites for an anode material of low-temperature SOFC 8 A1112 ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Recovery of Metals and Rare Earths from Spent Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Stacks 9 A1114 ................................................................................................................................... 10 Fabrication of Graded Anode-Supported Microtubular SOFCs via Aqueous Gelcasting and Electrospinning 10 A1115 ................................................................................................................................... 11 Controlled Porosity of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrodes by Colloidal Processing and Aqueous Tape Casting 11 A1116 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 12 The Effect of Sintering Conditions on the Oxygen Ionic Conduction Property of Composite SOFCs Cathode 12 A1117 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 13 Synthesis and mechanical properties of a glass matrix-YSZ nanoparticles composite for SOFCs applications 13 A1119 ................................................................................................................................... 14 Development of Plasma Sprayed Mo-Mo2C/ZrO2 Anode Layer for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 14 A1122 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 16 Influence of Starch Content on Electrochemical Performance of Fuel-Supported Aqueous Tapes 16 A1123 ................................................................................................................................... 17 Surface control of materials for SOFC applications, tape casting manufacturing and electrical characterization 17 A1124 ................................................................................................................................... 18 Quantitative Evaluation of Sintering Process in NiO-YSZ Composite Powder 18

Manufacturing

1 - 4 July 2014, Lucerne/Switzerland

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 1/18

Towards large-scale/industrial Fabrication of AnodeSupported Cells ± Detailed Performance Study of Different Coating Techniques for Anode and Electrolyte

1

J. Szász1, D. Klotz1, N. H. Menzler2 and E. Ivers-Tiffée1 Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20b, D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany 2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK), D-52425 Jülich/ Germany Tel.: +49-721-608-48796 Fax: +49-721-608-48148 [email protected]

Abstract Anode-supported cells (ASC) developed by Forschungszentrum Jülich for fuel cell and electrolysis operation have attracted a lot of attention during the last 10 years because of their superior performance and long-term stability. Vacuum slip casting (VSC) was used as a successful coating technique for functional layers anode (NiO/8YSZ) and electrolyte (8YSZ) to achieve smooth interfaces with enhanced adhesion characteristics, even though they were coated on the coarse NiO/8YSZ support. However, VSC is an impracticable method in terms of industrial standards for large-scale cell production. A standard manufacturing route in contrast to VSC is screen printing (SP) which is easily applicable for large-scale production. In this study we compare 4 differently manufactured batches of cells, each with different combination of VSC and SP coating technique for anode and electrolyte layers, in terms of their electrochemical performance and microstructural characteristics. The cell testing involves electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and current/voltage (C/V) measurements at different temperatures and fuel humidification. Equal performance of all cells is observed for various operating conditions from the measurements with less than 3% deviation. In the post-test analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the microstructure of all cells show good adhesion of the functional layers, which strongly supports that there is no distinct difference of mechanical properties between the coating techniques. In summary this work proves that anode-supported cells by Forschungszentrum Jülich can be produced on a larger scale with no performance constraints.

Manufacturing

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 2/18

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A1102

A1103

Co-fired SOFC Roll Support with Impregnated Catalysts Produced by Sequential Tape Casting

Co-extrusion of Multi-layer Ceramic Hollow Fibers for Micro-tubular SOFC

Mark Cassidy, Marina MacHado, Paul Connor, Julie Nairn, Chengsheng Ni and John Irvine University of St Andrews School of Chemistry KY16 9ST, St Andrews United Kingdom

Tao Li, Zhentao Wu and Kang Li Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London SW7 2AZ, UK Tel.: +44 2075945676 Fax: +44 2075945629 [email protected]

Tel.: +44(0)1334 463844 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cells are based on multi-layered ceramics relying on close control of the microstructures in each layer for optimal performance. This requires a number of separate firings to optimise the separate microstructural needs, however mass manufacturing and cost reduction drives towards a single cofiring step. This compromises the optimal firing temperatures for individual materials in the cell, leading to non-optimal microstructures, reduced dimensional control and reduced performance. Infiltration of catalyst onto supporting scaffolds has proven to be a promising route to separate support and catalyst functions. This creates potential to form engineered cell scaffolds from a single material where the firing can be tailored for structural and dimensional needs, with catalytic function being introduced during later infiltration.

Micro-tubular SOFC has received an increasing level of interest due to the advantages such as high volumetric power density, rapid start-up/shut-down and superior thermal shock resistance[1]. However, there still exist several challenges, such as a lack of costeffective manufacturing route and inefficient current collection, which dramatically slow down the process from lab-scale development to commercially viable products.

SOFCs with more complex geometries can offer several advantages over planar cells in specific applications, such as remote power, where robustness and rapid start up are key. One such potential geometry is the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Roll (SOFCRoll), based on a double spiral, it combines structural advantages of tubular geometries with processing advantages of thick film techniques used in planar systems. In this paper we report on current work to integrate impregnated catalysts to the SOFCRoll concept. Recent trials have investigated support structures fabricated by sequential tape casting of different slurries, each designed to result in either dense electrolyte or open porous support skeletons. This rHVXOWVLQD³WULSOHFDVW´VWUXFWXUHZKLFKVDQGZLFKHVDGHQVH electrolyte between two porous scaffolds and avoids lamination processes. Appropriate mixtures of nitrate solutions were then introduced to both porous supports before being dried and heat treated to form the desired catalyst phases in-situ. It was found that close control of the slurry composition is vital to ensure the cast tapes bond well, have the target layer thicknesses and correct microstructural morphology. This work has shown that the selection of pore former and casting sequence has significant effects on the tape cast layers in particular the effects of graphitic pore former on the surface wetting chatacteristics of over cast layers. This interaction prevented use of these pore formers in multiple cast systems with the resulting non-optimised microstrcutures negatively impacting catalyst infiltration levels infiltration and therefore subsequent fuel cell performance. Mitigation of these effects and future directions for development are also discussed.

Manufacturing

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 3/18

(a)

(b)

Fig.1. Pictures of: (a) quadruple-orifice spinneret; (b) triple-layer precursor fibers. The technical feasibility of fabricating multi-layer hollow fibers via a single-step process has been well demonstrated in our recent studies [2]. In this study, two different triple-layer designs have been developed. The first design involves an anodic functional layer (AFL) between exterior electrolyte and interior asymmetric anode, via a phase-inversion assisted co-extrusion technique. AFL, which has been considered helpful in increasing triple-phase boundary (TPB) length, is further utilized for a better matched co-sintering of triple-layer hollow fibers, after being co-extruded through a quadruple-orifice spinneret (Figure 1). The effect of AFL thickness on electrochemical performances has also been studied (600°C and pure H2), with an increment of 30% in power density (0.89W/cm2 to 1.21W/cm2) compared to the dual-layer counterpart (without an AFL). The second design consists of anode, electrolyte and an anodic current collector formed in one step. The inner current collector layer has been deliberately designed with a mesh-like structure, in order for negligible gas diffusion resistance and improved electrical conductivity of anode [3]. Full electrochemical characterizations of this design are in progress.

Manufacturing

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 4/18

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A1104

A1109

Effects of sintering temperature on composition, microstructure and electrochemical performance of spray pyrolysed LSC thin film cathodes

Combustion synthesis of LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 perovskite as cathode contact material for IT-SOFCs

Omar Pecho1,2 Lorenz Holzer1, Zhèn Yáng2, Julia Martynczuk2, Thomas Hocker1, Robert J. Flatt3 and Michel Prestat1,2 1. Institute of Computational Physics, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) Wildbachstrasse 21, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland 2. Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland 3. Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland Tel.: +41-58- 934-7790 [email protected]

K. Vidal (1), A. Morán-Ruiz (1), A. Larrañaga (1), M. A. Laguna-Bercero (2), J. M. Porras-Vázquez (3), P. R. Slater (3) and M. I. Arriortua (1) (1) Universidad del País Vasco/ Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU). Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain (2) Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza. Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain (3) University of Birmingham, School of Chemistry, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK Tel.: +34-94-601-5984 Fax: +34-94-601-3500 [email protected]

Abstract Thin nanoporous LSC (La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-į) cathodes are deposited by spray pyrolysis onto gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) electrolyte substrates, followed by sintering at 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C. The investigation includes quantitative microstructure analysis, electrochemical characterization and application of Adler-Lane-Steele (ALS) model in order to extract intrinsic material properties and to explain the effects of variation in sintering temperature. A secondary gray phase (SGP) is detected, which consists of Sr and O and has a contrast in backscatter imaging intermediate between the pores and the LSC. SGP fills 66% of the mesopores in LSC sintered at 600 °C. With increasing sintering temperature the amount of SGP decreases until it disappears at 1000 °C. In this investigation we intend to understand the effect of SGP formation. For this purpose the influence of microstructural changes (i.e. active surface area) and variation of intrinsic material properties (exchange flux density) associated with SGP formation need to be quantified. The area specific resistance (ASR) of symmetrical LSC/GDC/LSC cells is measured EHWZHHQDQGƒ&E\LPSHGDQFHVSHFWURVFRS\$65YDOXHVDVORZDVȍycm2 are obtained for samples sintered at 600°C, and 80 times higher for samples sintered at 1000 °C. These results indicate that the SGP is not blocking gas diffusion of O2 in the pores and therefore surface oxygen reduction reaction may take place over the entire LSC surface. Hence at low sintering temperatures a high specific surface area is obtained and the results indicate that formation of SGP does not bring a negative effect neither on the oxygen transport in 1-ȝPWKLQHOHFWURGHVQRURQWKHR[\JHQUHGXFWLRQNLQHWLFVRI/6&$Q inverse correlation between the measured ASR values and the LSC-surface is obtained. The exchange neutral flux density, r0, is calculated using the ALS model, which results in r0-values in the range between 10-8 (600°C) and 10-9 mol/cm2/s (1000°C). Considering the formation of a secondary SrO-phase in a mass-balance for the entire sample also leads to the conclusion that there must be an increase of A-site deficiency and oxygen vacancies in LSC. In summary, it can be concluded that the variation of the ASR between LSC sintered at 600°C and 1000 °C is more strongly related to the difference in intrinsic material property, (r0 varies by a factor of 40) than the difference in surface area, (a varies by a factor of 2). For a controlled optimization of cathode performance it is necessary to consider all these different aspects (non-stoichiometric compositions, microstructure, secondary phase formation, intrinsic properties, sintering temperature).

Manufacturing

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 5/18

Abstract A perovskite sample of composition LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 has been prepared by the glycinenitrate route using different amounts of glycine fuel (G/N= 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5), in order to study the sample preparation influence on the structural, morphological and electrical properties in the context of their possible use as cathode contact material for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The obtained materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) and electrical conductivity measurements. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) shows that all of the compounds have rhombohedral symmetry (space group: R-3c). All of the samples obtained using different amounts of glycine fuel have a porous microstructure with fine grain sizes. The data obtained by bulk conductivity showed that the sample obtained at the glycine/nitrate ratio 1.0 presents more suitable conductivity values for application as SOFC contact material.

Manufacturing

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 6/18

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A1110

A1111

Novel Anode Fabrication of Ni/Ag/GDC for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 colloidal nanocrystals derived nanostructured NiO/GDC composites for an anode material of low-temperature SOFC

Zadariana Jamil (1,2), Enrique Ruiz-Trejo (1), Paul Boldrin (1), Nigel P Brandon (1) (1) Department of Earth Science and Engineering Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK (2) Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang 26400 Bandar Pusat Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia

Manami Arai1, Kazuyoshi Sato1, Jean-Christophe Valmalette2, 3 1. Division of Environmental Engineering Science, Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515 Japan Tel.: +81-27-730-1452 Fax: +81-27-730-1452 [email protected]

Tel.: +44 (0) 7512202200 [email protected]

2. Université du Sud Toulon Var, BP 20132, F-83957 La Garde Cedex, France 3. CNRS, IM2NP (UMR 7334), BP 20132, F-83957 La Garde Cedex, France

Abstract A novel fabrication method for SOFC anodes is presented. First a Ce 0.9Gd0.1O2-x (GDC) scaffold is deposited on a YSZ thin electrolyte by screen printing and then sintered. The VFDIIROG LV WKHQ PHWDOOLVHG ZLWK VLOYHU 7ROOHQV¶ UHDFWLRQ  IROORZHG E\ HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ RI 1LFNHO:DWW¶VEDWK 7KHHOHFWURGHV1L$J*'& ZHUHWHVWHGLQERWKV\PPHWULFDODQGIXHO cells configurations. The electrochemical performance was examined in different concentrations of humidified hydrogen (3% H2O) over a range of temperatures.

Manufacturing

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 7/18

Abstract 20mol% gadolinium-doped CeO2 (Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9; GDC) colloidal nanocrystals were grown to fabricate the nanostructured NiO/GDC composite for a high performance anode material of low temperature solid oxide fuel cells. The colloidal solution was obtained through hydrothermal treatment of an anionic precursor at 100-150 {C for 1- 24h. Nanostructured NiO/GDC composite particles were obtained through a co-precipitation by adding NiCl2 aqueous solution into the colloidal solution, followed by washing, drying and subsequent heat treatment of the precursor above 400 {C. The GDC and NiO/GDC particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry, N2 gas adsorption, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Well dispersed aqueous colloidal solutions of GDC nanocrystals were obtained after the hydrothermal treatment. XRD and TEM revealed that the solution contains well crystallized GDC nanocrystals with the crystalline size in the range of 4-6 nm. EDX and Raman spectroscopy supported the successful doping of 20 mol% of gadolinium into CeO2 lattices. The specific surface area (SSA) of the GDC was in the range of 180-215 m2g-1, corresponding to the particle size in the range of 4-5 nm. Nanostructured NiO/GDC composite particle was successfully obtained after the heat treatment of the co-precipitated precursor. The nano-sized constituent particles in the composite even after the heat treatment at such temperatures can be attributed to the suppressed grain growth due to the retarded volume diffusion of NiO and GDC phases each other by the uniform interposition of the insoluble different phases.

Manufacturing

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 8/18

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A1112

A1114

Recovery of Metals and Rare Earths from Spent Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Stacks

Fabrication of Graded Anode-Supported Microtubular SOFCs via Aqueous Gel-casting and Electrospinning

Dario Montinaroa, Anna Dalvita, Claudia Contrinib, Roberto Dal Maschiob (a) SOFCpower SpA, 115/117 viale Trento, 38017 Mezzolombardo, Italy

E. Xuriguera1,2, M. Morales1,*, M. Niubó1, J.A. Padilla1, A. Cirera2, M. Segarra1 (1) Centre DIOPMA, IN2UB, Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal·lúrgica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. (2) MIND/IN2UB, Electronics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.

Tel.: +39 338 7265895 Fax: +39 0461 1755050 [email protected] (b)

University of Trento, DIMTI, via Mesiano 77, I- 38123 Trento, Italy

Tel.: +34-93-4021316 Fax: +34-93-4035438 [email protected]

Abstract Recycling of SOFC materials at the end of life of SOFC stacks represents a strategic route to reduce the environmental impact of production of SOFC systems. However, while recovery of REEs and metals has been widely investigated in the field of batteries and electronic devices, recycling of SOFC materials has been almost unexplored. The present work focuses on the advantages attainable by the development of recycling processes tailored to the recovery of SOFC materials. REEs, Nickel and Cobalt were selectively separated from ceramic cells dismounted from spent SOFC stacks. The selective extraction of elements was achieved by hydrometallurgical routes based on acid dissolution and selective precipitation In the present work, the extraction of the elements contained in spent solid oxide fuel cells was investigated by dissolution in sulfuric acid solution and selective precipitation by with NaOH solution. The major elements dissolved by the acid solution are represented by Ni, Co, Fe, Ce and La. On the other hand, Zr, Y, Gd and Sr forms unsoluble sulfates which precipitate as a grey powder. Ce and La can be separated, from as a white powder, from the solution, as soon as pH=2 is reached.

Abstract A simple gel-casting method was successfully combined with the electrospinning technique to manufacture graded anode-supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (MT-SOFCs) based on samaria-doped ceria (SDC) as an electrolyte. Microtubular anodes were shaped by a gel-casting method based on a new and simple technique that operates as a syringe. The aqueous slurry formulation of the NiO-SDC substrate using agarose as a gelling agent was optimized. The anode functional layers (AFLs) with 30:70 wt.% and 50:50 wt.% NiO-SDC and SDC electrolyte were deposited by spray-coating method. Furthermore, pre-sintering temperature of anode substrates was systematically studied in order to obtain a dense electrolyte without cracks, after co-sintering process. Afterwards, LSCF as cathode was synthesized by electrospinning method. Despite the high shrinkage of substrate (50-60%), an anode porosity was achieved. MT-SOFCs between 2 and 3 mm of outer diameter, 400 m support, the AFLs, the electrolyte and the cathode thickness between 10 and 20 m were successfully obtained. The use of AFLs allowed to obtain a continuous gradation of composition and porosity in the anode-electrolyte interface.

Keywords: SOFC, recycling, rare earths

Manufacturing

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 9/18

Manufacturing

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 10/18

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A1115

A1116 (Abstract only)

Controlled Porosity of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrodes by Colloidal Processing and Aqueous Tape Casting

The Effect of Sintering Conditions on the Oxygen Ionic Conduction Property of Composite SOFCs Cathode

Johanna Stiernstedt (1,2), Elis Carlström (1) and Bengt-Erik Mellander (2) (1) Swerea IVF AB; PO Box 104; SE-431 22 Mölndal / Sweden (2) Department of Applied Physics; Chalmers University of Technology; SE-412 96 Göteborg / Sweden

Meiling Li, Meng Ni, Geoffrey Q.P. Shen Building Energy Research Group Department of Building and Real Estate The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom / Kowloon / Hong Kong

Tel.: +46-70-780-6034 Fax: +46-31-27-6130 [email protected]

Tel.: +852-34008126 or +852-65276311 Fax: +852-27645131 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

The pore structure of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes is important for the performance of the cell. Volume changes during start-up and operation and external mechanical loads such as vibrations will tend to damage the pore structure and this put demands on the structural integrity of the pores. Fracture mechanics considerations favours a narrow pore size distribution compared to a wider size distribution. Using colloidal processing it is possible to design the pore structure and control the pore size distribution.

The cathode is the key in improving the performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In operation, oxygen molecules and electrons are transported through the pores and electronic particles respectively to the three-phase boundaries (TPBs), where they react to produce oxygen ions. Subsequently, the oxygen ions are conducted from the TPBs to the dense electrolyte through ionic particles. Efficient operation of SOFC cathode thus requires large length of TPB, fast gas transport in pores and efficient conduction of electrons/oxygen ions in the electronic/ionic particles. All the above-mentioned properties heavily depend on the cathode microstructure, which is formed during the sintering process. In our previous study, the variations of TPB length and gas transport properties (porosity and tortuosity) with sintering time at different sintering temperatures have been investigated using the kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) method. Since the cathode ionic conduction is another major voltage loss, it is necessary to verify whether the optimal sintering time corresponding to the peak TPB length can also yield a high ionic conductivity or not. In this paper, the effects of sintering conditions on oxygen ionic conductivity of a composite SOFC cathode are analyzed by a 3D morphological dilation method with controlling different contact angles between two types of particles. The random composite cathode powder compacts are formed by randomly dropping spherical particles into the computational domain. Detailed simulations are conducted under different parameters (particle sizes, particle distribution, porosity, contact angles, electrode materials(oxygen conducting SOFC and proton conducting SOFC)) for investigating whether the optimal TPB length can also yield a high oxygen ionic conductivity and the relationship between best TPB length and cathode porosity. The present study provides fundamental information on the transport properties of the SOFC cathode in the sintering process. The results are very valuable for designing high performance SOFC electrodes.

Deposition of thin layers using particle suspensions followed by drying is influenced by colloidal forces. The smaller the particles the lager influence of the attractive van der Waals forces between particles. Strong flocculation of particles gives a porous material with low mechanical properties and a wide pore size distribution. Flocculation can be controlled by adding dispersants, which also improves the powder packing and gives a dense material. A porous strong material can then be achieved by adding a fugitive phase such as starch. In addition, the binder can be used to influence the deposition process and the pore structure of the deposited layer. In water based processing it is possible to use latex based binders that have much lower viscosity than soluble polymeric binders. One example of pore structure control is using anionic latex binders that exhibit phase separation during drying. These binders tend to create drying channels that form pores perpendicular to the deposited layer.

Schematic picture of pores created by phase separation of anionic latex binder.

Manufacturing

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 11/18

Manufacturing

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 12/18

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A1117 (Abstract only)

A1119

Synthesis and mechanical properties of a glass matrixYSZ nanoparticles composite for SOFCs applications

Development of Plasma Sprayed Mo-Mo2C/ZrO2 Anode Layer for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Zohreh hamnabard1 and Fateme Heydari2and Amir Maghsoudipour2 Laser & Optic research School, North of Kargar, Tehran, Iran

N.H. Faisal(1,2), R. Ahmed(2,3), S.P. Katikaneni(4), S. Souentie(4), M.F.A. Goosen(5) (1) College of Engineering, Alfaisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia (2) School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK (3) School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK (4) Research & Development Centre, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia (5) Office of Research & Graduate Studies, Alfaisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia

Tel:+982182063150 Fax:+982188221082 [email protected]

Materials & Energy Research Center, Meshkindasht, Karaj, Iran Tel:+982636204131 Fax:+982636201888

Abstract In order to improvement of mechanical properties and widen its applications, glass matrix composite seals with YSZ nanoparticles for solid oxide fuel cells synthesized and thermal, mechanical and electrical resistivity of the samples were monitored. Also, XRD and SEM analysis were carried out for identification of created phases and amount of adherence and chemical reaction between sealant and electrolyte interfaces. The selected glass composition was based on SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-BaO system and 10, 15 and 20 vol% of YSZ nanoparticles were added to the glass composition. Thermal properties like CTE,Tg of the glass were 10.36*10-6 and 626oC,respectively. By increasing of YSZ nanoparticles, CTE decreased and Tg increased. Different compositions were sintered in the temperature of 680-870oC with heating rate of 10oC/min with soaking time of 1 hr. Mechanical properties of heat-treated samples in SOFC operating temperature for different times of 1,10,30 and 50 hrs were measured. The results showd that addition of 10vol% YSZ improves mechanical properties and increasing heat-treatment time has similar result on mechanical properties. Electrical resistivity of different samples in temperature range of 600-800oC was 2.31*106 ȍFP LQ oC. Results showed that electrical resistivity is decreased by increasing temperature and zirconia content.

Tel: +44-1224-262438 Fax: +44-1224-262444 [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract Air plasma sprayed (APS) thermal spray coatings provide an ability to deposit a range of novel fuel cell materials at competitive costs. It is known that under certain conditions the carbides of molybdenum are active catalysts for hydrocarbon steam reforming. The aim of this paper therefore is to develop thermally sprayed Mo-Mo2C/ZrO2 coatings on a Hastelloy®X interconnect substrate as an anode layer for potential applications in proton conducting solid oxide fuel cells (PC-SOFC). Commercially available composite feedstock powders Mo-Mo2C (agglomerated and sintered, - ȝP PHVK SRZGHr) and ZrO2 (crushed,  ȝP PHVK SRZGHU  ZHUH XVHG WR IDEULFDWH WKH DQRGH OD\HU ZLWK D PLFURPHWHU structure. The zirconium-modified composition included a weight ratio of MoMo2C:ZrO2::0.8:0.2. Coating compositions were characterized for their microstructure, porosity and composition over a range of plasma spray conditions. We report herein that an optimized anode layer of 250 µm thickness and a porosity as high as 16-18% are controllable by a selection of the APS process parameters with no addition of a sacrificial pore-forming material. Microstructural evaluations of Mo-Mo2C/ZrO2 coatings included SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry), to determine the distributions of materials in the composites, and nanoindentation to determine the hardness and elastic modulus. Keywords: Solid oxide fuel cells, air plasma spray, molybdenum carbide, zirconia, microstructure, nanoindentation, porosity.

Manufacturing

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Manufacturing

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 14/18

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A1120

A1122 (Abstract only)

SOFC with supported dual-layer Ni-cermet anode produced by combustion synthesis

Influence of Starch Content on Electrochemical Performance of Fuel-Supported Aqueous Tapes

Denis Osinkin1, Nina Bogdanovich1 and Viktor Zhuravlev2 Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of RAS. Academicheskaya, 20, Yekaterinburg, 620990, Russia 2 Institute of Solid State Chemistry, Ural Branch of RAS. Pervomayskaya, 91, Yekaterinburg, 620990, Russia

Juan Zhou, Qinglin Liu, Siew Hwa Chan Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 / Singapore

1

Tel.: +65-67904192 Fax: +65-67905591 [email protected]

[email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

The dual-layer design of supported SOFC anodes (substrate and functional layers) is a conventional electrode configuration matching high electrical conductivity, mechanical strength and porosity of the substrate with high electrochemical activity and optimal TEC of the function layer. NiO - Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) composites are widely used materials for SOFC anodes, as they effectively satisfy the majority of necessary requirements. There are many different techniques to produce highly dispersed composite powders based on NiO and YSZ, however, the majority of them are difficult to employ and/or require specialized equipment. The simplest and most prospective method to produce highly dispersed weakly agglomerated powders is combustion synthesis, i.e. the combustion reaction between nitrate solutions and organic compounds such as glycine, urea, polyvinyl alcohol, or other components functioning as a fuel or complexing substances is used. Simple and complex oxides as well as composites may be obtained using this method. High transformation rate and abundant gas emission at combustion prevent the growth of particles and thus facilitate the formation of submicron and nanocrystalline materials. Due to high chemical activity and dispersion, the powders obtained by this method can be used for making SOFC components. In this work the combustion synthesis (C.S.) was applied for the synthesis of the Zr0.8Y0.2O1.9 (YSZ), 56 mass.% NiO + 44 mass.% Zr0.8Ce0.01Sc0.19O1.9 (NiO-CeSSZ), powders and YSZ particles covered with NiO in the ratio of 61 mass.% NiO to 39 mass.% of YSZ (NiO-YSZ) [1]. A fubricated button type SOFC consisted of 1mm thick anode substrate prepared from NiO-YSZ powder with addition of 10 wt.% of pore agent (high dispersed graphite), 30 micron thick NiO-CeSSZ anode functional layer, 30 micron thick electrolyte layer (SSZ) and thin porous Pt cathode. Both the conductivity and porosity of the reduced anode substrate were sufficiently high (1.5 kS/cm at 900°C and 53%, respectively), and the polarization resistance of the function layer was sufficiently low (0.9 Ohm*sqcm at 900°C in wet H2). At 900°C the produced button-type SOFC generated about 1.2 W/sqcm at 0.5 V.

For the fuel-electrode supported Solid Oxide Cell by aqueous tapes casting, the performance of fuel electURGH KDV D VLJQLILFDQW LQIOXHQFH RI WKH ZKROH FHOOV¶ 'XULQJ WKH aqueous tape casting process, the fuel electrode porosity mostly come from pore former, so the pore former of starch play a key role of the final fuel electrode microstructure. The different content of starch was added in fuel electrode slurries, and the volume ratios are 6.8, 9.1, 11.3, 13.6 and 15.9%, respectively. When the starch content is 11.3%, the cells give a best performance.

This worNLVSDUWO\VXSSRUWHGE\5)%5JUDQWʋ-08-31030 DQGWKH3URJUDPRI8%5$6SURMHFWʋ-I-3-2048

Manufacturing

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Manufacturing

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A1123

A1124

Surface control of materials for SOFC applications, tape casting manufacturing and electrical characterization

Quantitative Evaluation of Sintering Process in NiO-YSZ Composite Powder

Fernández-González R.1,2, Molina T.3, Savvin S.1, Moreno R.3, Makradi A.2, Núñez P.1 1 Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain 2 Centre de Recherche Public Henri Tudor, 29, avenue John F. Kennedy, L-1855 Luxembourg-Kirchberg, Luxembourg 3 Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, ICV-CSIC, Calle Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain

Akihiro Ohi, Shotaro Hara, Zhenjun Jiao and Naoki Shikaono Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo Komaba4-6-1 Meguro-ku, Tokyo/Japan

[email protected]

Tel.: +81-3-5452-6777 Fax: +81-3-5452-6777 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

This work deals with the preparation and characterization of well dispersed suspensions of ceramic powders (LSCF and YSZ) for tape casting and further manufacturing of tapes to be used as ion transport membranes, cathodes or electrolytes for SOFCs. The influence of some parameters, such as pH or deflocculant content, on the rheological behavior was studied for both materials. In the case of LSCF material, the sinterability of the tapes was investigated in the temperature range 800ºC-1400ºC. An XRD analysis was also performed in order to study the solid state reactivity and the microstructural evolution of the LSCF tapes. Three different YSZ commercial powders were used to prepare and electrochemically characterize the tapes.

Composite sintering is one of the critical fabrication processes deeply related with an initial performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). However, the quantitative understanding of composite sintering is still lacking due to its inherent complexities linking with multiple mechanisms. In this study, NiO-8YSZ composite were sintered at different heating rates of 10, 40 and 100 ºC /min, and their densification behaviors were analyzed by applying a master sintering curve (MSC) concept. The composite NiO-YSZ sintering process was well characterized by MSC, and the activation energy of 710 kJ/mol was obtained. Besides, the microstructural trajectories during the composite sintering were quantitatively measured utilizing three dimensional reconstruction approach based on focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) technique (Fig. 1). This approach allows us to estimate the change of grain size and tortuosity factor of two phases as a function of relative density. The critical transition of grain growth is observed around the relative density of 0.9, in accordance with the pore network change (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1 Three-dimensional NiO-YSZ microstructures Fig. 2 Grain size growth of each (red:NiO, blue:YSZ) with the relative density of (a) phase =0.629 and (b) =0.989.

Manufacturing

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 17/18

Manufacturing

Chapter 06 - Session A11 - 18/18

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Chapter 07 - Session A12 SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Content

Page A12 - ..

A1201 ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Simulation of a small scale propane-driven SOFC system with anode off-gas recycling 3 A1202 ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Thermodynamic system study of a natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) plant with direct internal reforming (DIR)-solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) for flexible hydrogen and power production 4 A1203 ..................................................................................................................................... 5 DESTA: SOFC APUs for Heavy Duty Truck Idling ± a Progress Report 5 A1204 ..................................................................................................................................... 6 SOFCOM Project: analysis of the SOFC DEMO plants in Torino (biogas) 6 A1205 ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Operating Results of the SOFC20 Stationary SOFC CHP System using a CFYStack Platform 7 A1206 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Experience with a 20 kW SOFC System 8 A1207 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 9 Exploitation of biogas potential in the EU-context via solid oxide fuel cell multigeneration plants 9 A1208 ................................................................................................................................... 10 BioZEG ± Highly Efficient Standalone Green Production of Hydrogen and Electricity 10 A1209 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 11 Tailoring the electrocatalytic activity of Pt(111) for hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions with atomic layers of Cu 11 A1210 ................................................................................................................................... 12 Development of a SOFC/Battery-Hybrid System for Distributed Power Generation in India 12 A1211 ................................................................................................................................... 13 Multiple innovations on a portable propane driven 300 We SOFC system 13 A1212 ................................................................................................................................... 14 Experimental Investigation of Anode/Cathode Differential Pressures for a SOFC/Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Plant 14 A1213 ................................................................................................................................... 15 Coupling of SOFC and Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System (VARS) for truck applications 15 A1215 ................................................................................................................................... 17 Operation of a SOFC ± Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Plant with Different Fuels 17 A1216 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 18 Numerical bifurcation and stability analysis of steady states during start-up of a HT-Fuel cell 18 A1217 ................................................................................................................................... 19 Efficiency comparison of SOFC systems with diesel reformers 19 A1218 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 20 SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 1/30

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Comparison between different biofuels for SOFC-GT systems for aircraft application 20 A1219 ................................................................................................................................... 21 Thermal Integration of an SOFC with A High Performance Metal Hydride Storage System: A Systems Approach 21 A1220 ................................................................................................................................... 22 Feasibility study of a power generator system based on micro-SOFCs for portable applications 22 A1221 ................................................................................................................................... 23 MCFC-products for CHP-and H2-applications in Europe 23 A1222 ................................................................................................................................... 24 Thermodynamic Modeling and Parametric Study of an Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle (IGFC) 24 A1223 ................................................................................................................................... 25 Computational Modelling of a Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 25 A1224 ................................................................................................................................... 26 System performance comparison employing either partial oxidation or anode offgas recirculation as reforming methods within a biogas SOFC system 26 A1225 ................................................................................................................................... 27 Validation System Performance Tests for a Kilowatt Grade SOFC System 27 A1226 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 28 Anode off-gas recirculation for methane fed solid oxide fuel cells 28 A1227 ................................................................................................................................... 29 Improvement of SOFC-mCHP system integration and demonstration in SICCAS 29 A1228 ................................................................................................................................... 30 Operation of a Tubular Direct Carbon Fuel Cell 30 with a Dry Carbon Gasifier 30

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 2/30

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A1201

A1202

Simulation of a small scale propane-driven SOFC system with anode off-gas recycling

Thermodynamic system study of a natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) plant with direct internal reforming (DIR)-solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) for flexible hydrogen and power production

Shaofei Chen (1) and Reinhard Leithner (2) (1) TLK-Thermo GmbH, Hans-Sommer-Str. 5, D-38106 Braunschweig (2) Institute for Energy and Process Systems Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35, D-38106 Braunschweig Tel.: +49-0531 390 76232 Fax: +49-0531 390 7629 [email protected]

Aditya Thallam Thattai, Theo Woudstra, P. V. Aravind Section Energy Technology, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of 3mE, TU Delft Leeghwaterstraat 39 2628CB, Delft, The Netherlands Tel.: +31-15-27-86662 [email protected]

Abstract In this contribution, the modeling and validation of a small scale propane-driven solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system (electrical power of about 350 W) are presented and discussed. The system concept aims at both improving overall efficiency and reducing system complexity. The system efficiency is improved by integrating the waste heat through an endothermic reforming step and by recycling the unused fuel gas (H 2 und CO) within the anode off-gas back into the SOFC. The system complexity is reduced by the use of an innovative reformer-burner-unit and an injector for the anode off-gas recycling. The reformer can carry out both propane partial oxidation (POX) for the startup and steam-dryreformation for nominal operating mode, thus reducing the auxiliary components like hydrogen storage or water evaporator. To prognosticate the steady state operation and transient startup of the system, a mathematical model was created in Matlab/Simulink and validated using the experimental data of a test rig, which was driven in an electrically heated furnace. Preliminary study [1] [2] has shown the high efficiency of the system at the design point and the feasibility of the proposed startup procedure with the POX mode. The O/C Ref ratio of more than 2.5 was used as criterion to avoid soot formation. In this paper, further simulation results are presented about the shut-down operation and the partial load performance. Furthermore, we show the relations between the key variables: fuel utilization, cell voltage and recycle ratio to fulfill the required O/CRef ratio of 2.5. Key words: SOFC, anode off-gas reforming (AOGR), POX, O/C ratio, H2- und COoxidation, startup, shut-down, partial load, validation

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 3/30

Abstract Retrofitting existing natural gas fired power plants with SOFCs can be attractive and flexible power production systems owing to their high efficiency. The implications on plant performance due to retrofitting needs to be investigated for optimum performance of these systems. A three step approach is presented in this paper with ASPEN Plus system models to show the influence of retrofitting a NG based power plant with a DIR-SOFC stack. The three models include a reference case natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) without a SOFC stack, a gas turbine cycle (GT) retrofitted with a direct internal reforming (DIR)-SOFC stack and a third model with an addition of a steam cycle to the DIR-SOFCGT system. Input data for the GT and steam cycles are based on the European Benchmark Task Force (EBTF) document, which defines overall performance criterions and compositions for an NGCC plant. Performance parameters and criteria for the GT are maintained the same for retrofitting SOFCs. Input data for the DIR-SOFC stack model has been obtained from literature. The models have been developed with the ASPEN Plus process simulation software and no external subroutines/programs. An iterative procedure is used to calculate key parameters like voltage and current with a fixed power output from the fuel cell stack. The reference case NGCC model (without SOFC) gives a net efficiency (LHV) of about 57.8% with a GT power output of about 285 MW. The retrofitted DIRSOFC-GT model gives a high net efficiency (LHV) of about 66% with the SOFC stack output of about 200MW, giving an indication that retrofitting is highly advantageous. With the addition of a steam cycle, it is seen that the steam cycle reduces in size (low power output) by a large extent with the slight increase in efficiency. It is concluded that retrofitting GT with DIR-SOFCs is more advantageous than retrofitting combined cycle plants. A brief description is also given about H2 production from such systems and an exergy (2nd Law) analysis has also been presented showing exergy losses in the system.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 4/30

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A1203

A1204

DESTA: SOFC APUs for Heavy Duty Truck Idling ± a Progress Report

SOFCOM Project: analysis of the SOFC DEMO plants in Torino (biogas)

Juergen Rechberger (1), Andreas Kaupert (2), Christoffer Greisen (3), Roy Johansson (4), Ludger Blum (5) (1) AVL List GmbH Hans List Platz 1, 8020 Graz, Austria

M. Santarellia, J. Kiviahob, R. Singhc, L. Meuccid, L. Vegae, V. Chiodof, J. Jevulskig, S. Herrmannh

Tel.: +43-316787-3426 [email protected]

(2)Eberspächer Climate Control Systems GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (3) Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S, Denmark (4)Volvo Group Trucks Technology, Sweden (5)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany

Abstract Within the EU (FCH JU) funded project DESTA the partners AVL, Eberspächer, Topsoe Fuel Cell, Volvo and Forschungszentrum Jülich are collaborating since January 2012 to demonstrate the first European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit (SOFC APU) on a heavy duty truck. The SOFC technology offers the main advantage of compatibility with conventional fuels. The DESTA SOFC APU systems are operated with conventional road diesel fuel. Within the APU system the diesel fuel is reformed to a hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing synthesis gas. Another benefit of SOFC technology is that, alongside hydrogen also carbon monoxide can be directly converted into electricity. The system technology is developed by AVL and Eberspächer. Both companies have developed this technology over the last 5 years into prototype systems. Within the project DESTA 6 APU systems, 3 from each partner, are tested in the laboratory. After 6 months of testing the superior features of both systems will be merged to an optimized DESTA SOFC APU, which will go into the vehicle demonstration in 2014. The test results of the 6 APU systems will be shown and discussed in detail. Within the first 2 project years both APU systems reached the net power target of 3kW, around 30% efficiency and significant improvements towards packaging size to enable the truck demonstration. Both systems are equipped with SOFC stacks from Topsoe Fuel Cell. Topsoe Fuel Cell is mainly working on the optimization of the fuel cell stacks towards diesel fuel compatibility (especially sulfur tolerance), thermal cycle ability and re-oxidation stability. The actual development status and latest test results will be shown. Volvo is responsible for the vehicle demonstration on a US type class 8 heavy duty truck. All interfaces have to be defined and prepared for the integration of the SOFC APU. Volvo is also in charge to develop a customized DC/DC converter to step down the stack voltage into the 12V vehicle electrical grid. Also the latest results from the preparation of the vehicle integration will be presented.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 5/30

a

b

Energy Department, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy, Technologian Tutkimuskeskus VTT, Espoo c d 02044, Finland, Topsoe Fuel Cells, Nymøllevej 66, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Società Metropolitana e Acque Torino, 10152 Torino, Italy, MATGAS 2000 A.I.E., Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain, f g Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-ITAE, 00185 Roma, Italy, Instytut Energetyki, 01330 Warszawa, h Poland, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Muenchen, Germany *[email protected]

Abstract SOFCOM is an applied research project (FCH JU Grant agreement no: 278798) devoted to demonstrate the technical feasibility, the efficiency and environmental advantages of CHP systems based on SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell technology) fed by different typologies of biogenous primary fuels (biogas and bio-syngas, locally produced) integrated by a process for the CO2 separation from the exhaust gases and Carbon reutilization. The main general objective of SOFCOM is to demonstrate the high interest of electrochemical systems based on high temperature fuel cells to operate as the core of future energy systems with renewable fuels and multi-product configuration, with particular care on CO2 management through C re-utilization in different processes (electrochemical, chemical, or biological as in SOFCOM). SOFCOM foresees two final demonstration of complete biogenous fuel-fed SOFC systems. The paper will deal with the DEMO 1 Torino (IT), field demonstration: the proofof-concept SOFC system is able to operate with biogas produced in an industrial waste water treatment unit (WWTU). The plant will be in operation as CHP plant, with heat recovery from the exhaust for the production of hot services (hot water). Also, the plant will be completed with a CO2 separation from the anode exhaust and with a section of CO2 recovery for Carbon reutilization in a photo-bio-reactor for C storage in form of algae (CO2 sink).

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 6/30

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A1205

A1206

Operating Results of the SOFC20 Stationary SOFC CHP System using a CFY-Stack Platform

Experience with a 20 kW SOFC System

Martin Hauth1), Jürgen Rechberger1), Stefan Megel2), Mihails Kusnezoff2) 1) AVL List GmbH, Hans-List-Platz 1, A-8020 Graz, Austria Tel.: +46 316 787 2770, [email protected] 2)

Fraunhofer IKTS, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany Tel.: +49 351 2553 505, [email protected]

Abstract

Tel.: +49-2461-614664 Fax: +49-2461-616695 [email protected]

Abstract

Operating results of the stationary SOFC CHP system jointly developed within the project ³62)&´E\Plansee, IKTS, FZJ, Schott and AVL will be shown. The system is based on a CFY-stack platform with chromium based (CFY) interconnects and electrolyte supported cells. The successful development of all stack components i.e.: interconnect (Plansee), cells (IKTS), glass sealing (IKTS and Schott), protection- and contact layer (IKTS) enables robust, redox stable stacks with a low degradation rate. The stacks were arranged to modules of eight 30-cell stacks and were electrically connected in series. Uniform gas and air distribution were simulated with CFD tools and reproduced in tests. The stack module was tested at a test rig at IKTS and showed good results. Stationary power points were measured to compare the behavior of the stack module to the system test at AVL. For an optimized start of the system a procedure for a start of the stack module with CH 4 containing reformate was determined. After shipping the stack module was tested in the system at AVL in Graz and showed comparable results. AVL as the system integrator operated the system at 3 - 6 kWel for more than 1000 h at an efficiency of ~56 %DC. The system was operated at ~830 °C up to a current output of 36 A. During this testing period the stack module has shown no observable degradation. The natural gas driven system is equipped with an anode gas recirculation cycle using a hot anode gas blower to enable steam reforming during load operation without an external steam supply. The blowers use hydrodynamic bearings and were successfully operated at 600 °C gas temperature with a significant amount of start/stop cycles showing no degradation. By controlling the rotor speed of the blower the recirculation ratio could be adjusted in a wide range. An exhaust gas heated steam reformer was used to control the reforming temperature and thus influence the methane content at the stack inlet. The results of operation of the stack module under lab conditions and in the real system are in a good agreement. The module performance in terms of cell voltages, stack temperature distribution and fuel utilization under methane reformate fuel will be shown.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Roland Peters, Ludger Blum, Robert Deja, Ingo Hoven, Wilfried Tiedemann, Stefan Küpper, Detlef Stolten Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK) Leo-Brandt-Straße D-52425 Jülich/Germany

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 7/30

Systems based on planar SOFC stacks have a great potential to become compact high efficient power plants. At Forschungszentrum Jülich system technology is under development aiming at a 20 kW demonstration plant. An important challenge is to realize a compact and efficient system. To achieve this, Jülich has invented an integrated stack module, which incorporates all hot parts (means above 400°C) of the system. Having developed and tested all these hot plant components in special test equipment, several 1000 hours of dummy testing with a complete system followed to optimize the operation strategy and the control system. Simultaneously the stack technology had to be improved to handle the harsh requirements concerning thermomechanical robustness imposed by system operation. After a few years of development four stacks with a nominal power of 5 kW could be assembled and characterized with proper quality. After integration into the system operation has been started and 21.3 kW gross power were achieved. Because of a leakage in one integrated module the test had to be interrupted after 550 hours of operation under load. After restart with 2 modules the system is in operation under load for more than 5,300 hours up to now.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 8/30

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A1207 (Abstract only)

A1208

Exploitation of biogas potential in the EU-context via solid oxide fuel cell multi-generation plants

BioZEG ± Highly Efficient Standalone Green Production of Hydrogen and Electricity

M. Gandiglio, A. Lanzini*, M. Santarelli Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129, Torino, Italy

Arnstein Norheim (1), Bjørg Andresen (1), Øystein Ulleberg (2), Ivar Wærnhus (3) and Arild Vik (3) (1) ZEG Power AS, c/o IFE P.O. Box 40 NO-2007 Kjeller

*[email protected]

Tel.: +47-92-40-27-93 [email protected]

Abstract Biogas conversion in electricity and heat with carbon emission reductions via carbon capture and utilization/sequestration (CCU and CCS, respectively) is addressed in this work. As several organic waste substrates can be transformed to a useful fuel via anaerobic digestion (AD), different plant sizes are potentially feasible according to local biogas availability and thus substrates considered for AD. We focus in this study on a 1 MWe plant coupled with a waste-water treatment plant (WWTP) capable of producing over 1 million of Nm3/h yearly. The reference case is the WWTP of SMAT Spa in Torino (IT). Biogas is exploited in a combined heat and power (CHP) high-temperature fuel cell system based on solid oxide fuel technology specifically designed for C-PDQDJHPHQWDWWKHSODQW¶V exhaust. A thorough techno-economic assessment is provided where both energy and economic performance of the integrated biogas SOFC plant are calculated according to a baseline plant configuration as well as modifications of the same concerning the way oxygen is produced. CO2 capture is most efficiently achieved through oxy-combustion of anode-off gas, followed by cooling plus H2O condensation. Such process enables a relatively pure CO2 stream than can be either sequestered or re-used for either industrial or energyrelated processes. Concerning the economic part, the impact of subsidies, carbon-constraining legislation is included for the final evaluation of plant profitability. Notably, solid oxide generators fed with biogas and capturing CO2 can still achieve efficiencies higher than 50% (based on biogas LHV) while producing economic profit in modeled scenarios.

(2) Institute for Energy Technology, P.O. Box 40, NO-2007 Kjeller (3) CMR Prototech, P.O. Box 6034 Postterminalen, NO-5892 Bergen

Abstract A prototype plant that demonstrates the ZEG-technology (Zero Emission Gas technology), that is highly efficient co-production of hydrogen and electricity with CO2-capture has been built and installed at Hynor Lillestrøm, located at the Akershus EnergyPark, just north of Oslo in Norway. The system consists of a 30 kW H2 Sorption Enhanced Reforming (SER) reactor system, a 20 kW el Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) module, and a high temperature heat exchange section, for close thermal integration between the SER and SOFC. The goal with the BioZEG-plant is to demonstrate conversion of biomethane to hydrogen and electricity at an overall system efficiency of 70%. The BioZEG-demonstration is a significant first step towards the realisation of the ZEG-technology, which aims to achieve an overall system efficiency of 80% in larger MW installations with integrated CO2 capture. The 20 kW el SOFC-module which was custom-made for the BioZEG-plant by CMR Prototech (NO), was built using CFY-stacks delivered by a European consortium led by Plansee (AT) and Fraunhofer IKTS (DE). A dual stack configuration was chosen as the baseline for the SOFC module, which consists of 12 blocks with 2 stacks each. The concept can easily be extended for further up-scaling. High temperature gas-to-gas heat exchangers, an integrated afterburner/pre-reformer, and other core components have also been developed within the project. The heat exchangers are essential for the close thermal integration between the SOFC module and the SER reactor system, making it possible to reach the targeted system efficiency. The testing of the system was initiated in January 2014, and will continue throughout 2015. The purpose with this paper is to present the BioZEG-plant and the obtained initial results.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 9/30

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 10/30

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A1209 (Abstract only)

A1210

Tailoring the electrocatalytic activity of Pt(111) for hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions with atomic layers of Cu

Development of a SOFC/Battery-Hybrid System for Distributed Power Generation in India

1

Jakub Tymoczko,1,2 Wolfgang Schuhmann,1,2 Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka1 Center for Electrochemical Sciences - CES, 2Analytische Chemie - Elektroanalytik & Sensorik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum/Germany Tel: ++49 234 3224198 Fax: ++49 234 3214683 [email protected]

Tel.: +49-351-2553-7822 Fax: +49-351-2554-302 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract The catalytic activity of Pt(111) electrodes towards the hydrogen evolution and hydrogen oxidation reactions can be efficiently optimized with monolayer and sub-monolayer amounts of Cu. The resulting activity depends drastically on the position of copper atoms relative to the topmost surface layer. Preferential positioning of approximately 2/3 monolayer of Cu into the second atomic layer of platinum weaken the surface binding of the adsorbed hydrogen and increases the Pt(111)-electrode activity for hydrogen evolution and hydrogen oxidation reactions. The activity of related nanostructured material is among the most active (if not the best) model electrocatalysts presently known for both reactions under comparable conditions1.

Fig. 1: A current-time curves for the HER under potentiostatic conditions (E = 0.06 V) for the CuPt(111) NSA and unmodified Pt(111) electrodes. The inset shows the position of the Cu-Pt(111) NSA at the tip of the volcano plot.

1

Thomas Pfeifer, Markus Barthel, Christian Dosch, Stefan Megel, Matthias Scholz and Christian Wunderlich Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstraße 28 D-01277 Dresden / Germany

In recent years India faces demanding challenges in covering an aggressively increasing electricity consumption through economic growth and progressive consumer requirements. Renewable sources and small distributed power generators have been identified as one of the options to establish a diversified power supply infrastructure. The present situation RIIHUV SURPLVLQJ RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU IXHO FHOO V\VWHPV DV ³JULG-SDULW\´ LV QRW WKH FRPmon measure of competitiveness, but rather the installation speed and availability of reliable power sources. Contracted by the company Mayur REnergy Solutions Pvt. Ltd. based in Pune, India, Fraunhofer IKTS is currently developing a 1 kW(el) SOFC power generator during a three-year system engineering and technology transfer project. The fuel cell system is based on CFY stack technology by Plansee SE and IKTS, incorporating state-of-the-art ESC with Scandia-doped Zirconia electrolytes. CFY-stacks have proven to be robust and reliable, showing power degradation rates below 0.6 % per 1.000 hours during endurance operation over 18.000 hours and a power decay of 5 % per 50 near-system cycles under full RedOx-conditions. For the SOFC power generator a 50-cell CFY stack is integrated with a pre-reformer, a tail-gas oxidizer and heat exchangers into a HotBox-module following a novel concept for least-space-demanding reactor integration and flow distribution. Aside from compactness, a simple and robust, yet highly efficient system concept is set as the primary development goal for the project. To meet this requirements, two major design decisions have been introduced in the process layout, i.e. a rated fuel utilization in the stack of 85 % as well as the recycling of exhaust gases and waste heat for the fuel pre-treatment. This approach leads to a waterless SOFC system with an estimated net electrical efficiency above 40 %. The HotBox-concept was validated in a pre-test by the end of April, 2014. In the next project phase two stand-alone prototype systems will be assembled and commissioned at IKTS until October 2014. A second, optimized prototype generation, capable of fully automated, unattended operation is scheduled to be available by mid of 2015. Based on the provided SOFC prototype systems and technology platform the product development and commercialization will be initiated by Mayur REnergy Solutions in India.

J. Tymoczko, W. Schuhmann, A. S. Bandarenka, (2013) submitted

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 11/30

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 12/30

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A1211

A1212

Multiple innovations on a portable propane driven 300 We SOFC system

Experimental Investigation of Anode/Cathode Differential Pressures for a SOFC/Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Plant

Ralph-Uwe Dietrich1, Christian Szepanski1, Andreas Lindermeir1, Sebastian Stenger2, Reinhard Leithner2, Jens Hamje3, Richard Deichmann4, Lars Dörrer4 1 Clausthaler Umwelttechnik-Institut GmbH Leibnizstraße 21+23 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Tel.: + 49(0)5323 / 933-209 Fax: + 49(0)5323 / 933-100 [email protected] 2

TU Braunschweig, Institut für Energie und Systemverfahrenstechnik (InES), Franz-Liszt Straße 35, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany 3 TU Clausthal, Institut für Schweißtechnik und Trennende Fertigungsverfahren (ISAF), Agricolastr. 2, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany 4 TU Clausthal, Institut für Metallurgie (IMET), Robert-Koch-Str. 42, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany

Abstract A Lower Saxony SOFC Research Cluster bundled all local industrial and research activities on SOFC technology for an innovative stand-alone power supply demonstrator with the following features: Net system electrical power of 300 W, High net efficiency of >35 %, Compact mass and volume (less than 40 liters and 40 kg), Time to full load in less than 4 hours. Its intention was to demonstrate multiple innovations to improve system characteristics like: Stacked, planar design of its main components to reduce thermal losses and permit a compact set-up, Stack compression system across the whole hotbox, observed and controlled force, different automated modes Endothermic propane reforming using anode off-gas recycle to increase electrical efficiency without complex water treatment, Operation management with reduced sensor hardware to decrease internal energy consumption, System and component design suited for a subsequent transfer towards an industrial prototype development, Based on the Mk200 stack technology of sunfire GmbH, Dresden, including ESC4 cells of H.C. Starck.

Christian Schnegelberger, Mike Steilen, Moritz Henke, Caroline Willich, Peter-Kalle Hartleif, Josef Kallo, K. Andreas Friedrich German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Technical Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Tel.: +49-711-6862-532 Fax: +49-711-6862-747 [email protected]

Abstract Providing electrical energy with a reduced CO2 footprint and in a sustainable way is a significant challenge for the future. Therefore the research community is intensively studying more effective ways to provide electricity to consumers. In this respect a hybrid power plant, a combination of SOFC and gas turbine, is highly attractive and a research prototype is being developed at the German Aerospace Center [1]. The hybrid power plant consists of a pressurized solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and a small gas turbine. It has the possibility to provide electrical energy with high electrical efficiencies. In the hybrid power plant the SOFC will be operated at elevated pressure which enhances the electrical power output of the SOFC [2]. The increased SOFC cathode pressure is maintained by the gas turbine compressor. Pressure differences between the two electrode volumes lead to mechanical stresses and may lead to failure of the SOFC. The durability of the SOFC stack related to pressure differences between anode and cathode compartment was investigated with a planar two layer SOFC stack at operating temperature of 850 °C. The tests were carried out with stationary pressure changes to determine operational limits and potential reasons for failure. The testing procedure and the results will be explained and discussed.

Dynamic process simulation provided input for the control and monitoring system. Improved hardware components, compact interconnection with minimized piping and innovative operating regime including safety concept will be described in detail.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 13/30

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 14/30

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11 European SOFC & SOE Forum

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A1213

A1214

Coupling of SOFC and Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System (VARS) for truck applications

SOFC stack feeding with biogas from dry anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste

Vikrant Venkataraman*, Andrzej Pacek and Robert Steinberger-Wilckens Centre for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Tel.: +44 (0)121 414 7044 * [email protected]

Abstract

Tel*.: +39-340-2351692 [email protected]

Modelling studies have been carried out to investigate coupling of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) stack with a Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System (VARS) for a truck application. The heat available from the SOFC is utilised to drive the VARS and the electrical power is used to run all electrical loads (classified as hotel loads) onboard the truck. In a hybrid configuration, the electrical power can also be employed for traction purposes. As this novel strategy utilizes both heat & power from the SOFC it leads to overall increased SOFC system efficiency and reduced load on the main internal combustion engine. The main engine is then solely used for traction. The thermal energy available and the volume flow rate of exhaust (cathode & anode) from a 1 kW & 5 kW SOFC stack was calculated and found to be sufficient to drive the VARS unit. Steady state modelling of the VARS unit has been carried out using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) to identify the energy flows & mass flows required for the system. The thermal power available from the SOFC stack is obtained from a MATLAB code which shows the variation of thermal energy with current density. As the refrigeration system is powered solely by the fuel cell, the following advantages can be achieved: 1) Quieter operation of refrigerated trucks inside city limits 2) Main engine can be turned off during idling periods, resulting in reduced wear and tear of the engine and higher overall efficiency. 3) Reduced pollution levels from refrigerated trucks.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Davide Papurello*(1),(2), Lorenzo Tognana(3), Andrea Lanzini(1), Stefano Modena(3), Silvia Silvestri(2) and Massimo Santarelli(1) (1) Energy Department (DENERG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 (TO), Turin 10129. (2) Fondazione Edmund Mach, Biomass bioenergy Unit, 9LD(0DFK6DQ0LFKHOHDOO¶D$ (TN) 38010, (3) SOFCpower spa, V.le Trento 115/117, Mezzolombardo (TN) 38017.

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 15/30

Abstract Biogas production from dry anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) represents a suitable and advantageous solution to produce a valuable renewable fuel and a good quality fertilizer instead of generating air and soil pollution. Among energy generation systems, SOFC technology shows the highest electrical efficiency values. In this work, results are presented for a pilot plant in which an anaerobic digester was connected to a gas cleaning, compression and storage unit to feed with biogas a 500 We SOFC stack. The digester was fed with domestic waste collected from the local municipalities. During the stationary fermentation phase a volumetric flow of around 1m3/h of biogas with a suitable composition to feed a SOFC (55-65% mol. of CH4) was produced at an outlet pressure above 4 mbar(g). Such a low biogas outlet pressure required a blower to feed the gas clean-up section consisting of an adsorber filled with activated carbons. A compression unit finally raised the biogas pressure from ~80 mbar to 11 bar in order to fill a 640 L storage tank used as buffer to compensate production fluctuations and to feed the SOFC stack. A commercial 500 We SOFC stack (from Sofcpower, Italy) with 40 Ni-anode supported cells was employed. The content of biogas trace compounds was monitored using a Proton Transfer Reaction ± Mass Spectrometer mass spectrometry instrument before and after the gas cleaning section. Aside from sulfur compounds, aromatic and terpenes compounds were detected. The principal pollutant compound was however H2S, with concentration ranging from 30 to 100 ppm(v). The SOFC stack was directly fed with biogas using a stack integrated stack/c-POx reformer unit and operated with no degradation for more than 400 h. Maximum performance were achieved working in potentiostatic mode at 54% FU with an electrical efficiency above 35% (LHV of biogas) and electrical power above 500 We.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 16/30

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A1215

A1216 (Abstract only)

Operation of a SOFC ± Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Plant with Different Fuels

Numerical bifurcation and stability analysis of steady states during start-up of a HT-Fuel cell

Moritz Henke, Caroline Willich, Mike Steilen, Christian Schnegelberger, K. Andreas Friedrich, Josef Kallo German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Technical Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany

Sumant Gopal Yaji, David Diarra OWI ± Oel Waerme Institut GmbH Kaiserstrasse 100 D-52134 Herzogenrath

Tel.: +49-711-6862795 [email protected]

Tel.: +49-2407-9518-180 Fax: +49-2407-9518-118 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

Hybrid power plants consisting of a SOFC coupled with a gas turbine convert chemically bound energy into electrical energy. They can be operated at very high electrical efficiencies within a wide range of installed power. Hybrid power plants can generally be operated with a variety of gases including hydrogen, natural gas and other hydrocarbons. An operating strategy for a hybrid power plant was developed aiming at high electrical efficiency over a wide power range. The strategy was tested with a system model which is based on separately validated models of SOFC [2] and gas turbine [1]. Simulation results showed that an electrical efficiency above 60% (based on HHV) is possible for an electrical power output between 350 and 700 kW for a power plant operated with natural gas [3]. In renewable energy systems, power plants can be fuelled with renewable gases like hydrogen or biogases. In this paper, the operation of the hybrid power plant with various fuels is analyzed. Results are compared with the operation with natural gas. Power range, electrical efficiency and operating conditions of the SOFC are studied. Results show that operation with hydrogen rich gases result in a significant increase in SOFC temperature compared to the operation with natural gas. This effect is due to a lack of endothermic reforming reactions. These results show that the power range of a hybrid power plant strongly depends on the fuel type if no additional measures are taken for temperature control.

Fuel cell systems are considered as one of the most promising technologies for energy production DV$38¶VLQPRELOHDSSOLFDWLRQVZLWKPLQLPDOSROOXWDQWV. A fuel cell however due to exothermic reactions is extremely sensitive in its operating temperature range. A definite change in input temperature facilitates chemical reactions which releases significant amount of heat. This is mainly observed during the start±up stage and also during changes in operating conditions. The technical limitation like thermal inertia of fuel cell mass and also limitations in the controller makes it difficult to maintain thermal stability during operation. One of the main challenges is to obtain an effective operation during these inevitable conditions which would otherwise damage the material of the fuel cell. In this work, a mathematical model is developed to investigate the stable states and modes of instability of HT-fuel cell. During start-up, parameters like the amount of air being supplied, the amount of fuel gas being supplied, amount of electrical load being drawn, the amount of heat loss etc. collectively influence the operating temperature of the fuel cell. Since these parameters are mutually dependent, the process of controlling these parameters may lead to thermodynamic instability in the fuel cell. In this analysis the sensitivity of each of these operating parameters on fuel cell stability is studied. With the help of a bifurcation analysis stable operating points for each parameter at each start-up condition are determined. These points are then plotted in the corresponding state-space. The state space represents multiple stable and unstable operating points. These points then serve as an input to the controller in order to achieve an effective and stable start-up operation. A brief overview of model development with the emphasis on approach for determining the possibility of operating a fuel cell at different operating conditions will be shown.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 17/30

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 18/30

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A1217

A1218 (Abstract only)

Efficiency comparison of SOFC systems with diesel reformers

Comparison between different biofuels for SOFC-GT systems for aircraft application

Sangho Lee, Minseok Bae, Joongmyeon Bae and Sai P. Katikaneni Dept. of Mechanical Eng., KAIST. 291 daehak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Álvaro Fernandes, Theo Woudstra and P.V. Aravind Department of Process and Energy, TU Delft Leeghwaterstraat, 44 NL-2628 CA Delft, The Netherlands

Tel.: +82-10-8626-8739 Fax: +82-42-350-8207 [email protected]

Tel.: +31-15-278-3688 Fax: +31-15-278-2460 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

In this study, the efficiencies of diesel driven SOFC systems are calculated with autothermal reforming and pre-reforming. Reformer plays important role in SOFC system efficiency. High reforming efficiency is required to increase SOFC system efficiency. Autothermal reforming (ATR) and pre-reforming are compared as diesel reforming methods. Micro-reactor test has two limitations on the comparison of ATR and pre-reforming. First, the amount of heat from electric furnace is hard to measure. Therefore, the heat is excluded in the calculation of reformer efficiency. This makes reformer efficiency higher than 100% when steam reforming and pre-reforming are used. Second, waste heat can be used as the external heat sources. Especially, anode off gas contains H2 and CO, which is burned in after burner. The SOFC efficiency can be increased using the waste heat for reforming. Therefore, ATR and pre-reforming should be compared with respected to system efficiency. In this study, SOFC systems are designed to produce 1kW e from diesel. 7.98 ml/min and 5.79 ml/min of fuel are consumed by ATR and pre-reforming, respectively. Low H2 and CO concentration of ATR leads to decrease SOFC power density. As the result of low power density, ATR requires more SOFC single cells than pre-reforming to produce 1kWe. In the other word, the system cost can be increased by SOFC single cells when ATR is integrated. In pre-reformer, 1.95 ml/min of fuel was burned for the reaction heat. Eventually, 23.07 % and 31.81% of SOFC system efficiency were calculated for ATR and pre-reforming, respectively.

The limited lifespan of fossil fuels has lead researchers to investigate other fuels as substitute for transportation. Although hydrogen is the best candidate due to its high energy density per weight, it has the lowest energy per volume. As volume is an important variable in aircraft design, other fuels stored at liquid state may be adequate to avoid bulk storage systems. In addition, to evaluate fuel feasibility, the efficiency of production should be considered. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been showing higher efficiencies than conventional propulsion systems and when internal reforming is employed and/or when coupled with gas turbines (GT) the efficiency is significantly improved up to 70%. ³:HOO-to-:KHHO´ DQDO\VLV LV D VWXG\ SHUIRUPHG WR DQDO\]H SRZHU FKDLQV RI IXHOV IRU Dn application giving significant indicators for fuel options and efficient technologies and improvements. In this study the power chains of DME and liquid H2 produced through biomass gasification and fuelled in a SOFC-GT propulsion system for a specified aircraft are compared. In first stage, a fuel production system is modeled that includes the production of syngas using a gasifier, gas cleaning, gas processing and storage systems. Those systems are modeled in Aspen Plus as tool due to be suitable for thermo-chemical analysis. In second stage, SOFC-GT system is designed and sized for a specified aircraft in-house software CycleTempo generated to analyze thermodynamic process. Moreover, the software includes a fuel cell block making the software suitable for modeling SOFC systems. The aircraft used as reference in a concept of NASA. The volume available in both nacelles and total gross weight of aircraft is fixed and hence the SOFC-GT power required for all fuels studied are similar. As conclusion, although the efficiencies of SOFC-GT systems for both fuels are almost similar, the efficiency of DME power chain is higher due to its production efficiency. The production efficiency of liquid hydrogen is mainly compromised by the high energy intensity required for liquefying hydrogen.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 19/30

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 20/30

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11 European SOFC & SOE Forum

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A1219

A1220

Thermal Integration of an SOFC with A High Performance Metal Hydride Storage System: A Systems Approach

Feasibility study of a power generator system based on micro-SOFCs for portable applications

Arvin Mossadegh Pour, Aman Dhir And Robert Steinberger-Wilckens Centre for Hydrogen & Fuel Cells. University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK Tel.: +44-121-414-7044 [email protected]

D. Pla1, M. Salleras2, A. Morata1, I. Garbayo1,2, A. Sánchez1, A.Tarancón1 1. Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Department of Advanced Materials for Energy Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 2nd floor 08930-Sant Adriá del Besòs, Barcelona /Spain Tel.: +34 933 562 615 [email protected]

2. IMB-CNM (CSIC), Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona, National Center of Microelectronics, CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona/ Spain

Abstract Fuel cells are currently attracting interest because of their potential in power supply in stationary, portable and transport applications. In many applications, metal hydride tanks offer an interesting method of storing hydrogen as an alternative to compressed or liquefied hydrogen due to the low pressure requirements and high volumetric capacity. 1D, 2D and 3D models using Matlab & Comsol have been created to study the coupling of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and high temperature metal hydride. This enables complete understanding of the systems behaviour during the heating-up process and aids in the design of the metal hydride & auxiliary hydrogen tank. Thermal integration of the metal hydride tank with an SOFC system should allow the recovery of heat needed for hydrogen desorption and can be considered in the market of Auxiliary Power Units (APU) for trains and trucks. A design for a metal hydride tank optimized for coupling with SOFC exhaust heat is presented along with simulation calculations of the start-up and continuous operation operational modes.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 21/30

Abstract The exponential use of portable electronic applications year by year has led to an opportunity gap in the power generator market beyond Li-ion batteries. The development of novel miniaturized power generators able to operate in continuous (by using a fuel), more efficiently and off-grid is receiving much attention. Among promising alternatives, the micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (micro-SOFC) are presented as one of the most suitable candidates because provides fuel flexibility and has higher specific power densities than other electric power generation systems [1]. Although proof-of-concept micro-SOFC technology has been demonstrated, there is still a long way to go to achieve a feasible and reliable micro-SOFC system as power generator in a short term. Numerous issues must still be solved, such as the thermal management. In this work, a three-dimensional thermofluidic finite element model based on a novel micro-SOFC system with 1We output and fuelled with ethanol liquid has been set up. A proper balance between a thermally selfsustaining and a rapid start-up operations is presented.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 22/30

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A1221

A1222

MCFC-products for CHP-and H2-applications in Europe

Thermodynamic Modeling and Parametric Study of an Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle (IGFC)

Dipl.-Ing. Stefan Peterhans FuelCell Energy Solutions GmbH Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden/ Germany Tel.: +49 89 139 28 30 40 Fax: +49 89 139 28 30 70 [email protected]

Abstract FuelCell Energy Solutions GmbH (FCES) is a Joint Venture between Fraunhofer IKTS, Dresden and Fuel Cell Energy Ltd., Danbury, Connecticut, USA. It was founded in mid of 2012 and is operational since then. The product portfolio of FCES consists of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Power plants with sizes ranging between 250 kW el up to 2,8 MW el. The products are available in modular sizes ± DFC®250 EU, DFC®300 EU, DFC®400 EU, DFC®1500 EU and DFC®3000 EU. As this technology can be arranged very modular, there are no limits in terms of size. This results in a power plant up to 60 MW electrical power which is operation in South Korea right now. These power plants can be operated on Natural gas as well as on many different bio gases. The exhaust heat can be utilized for heating purposes and the production of steam as well as fed directly to adsorption cooling systems. One additional new add on is the production of Hydrogen which can be separated from the Anode exhaust and provided for different demands like automotive applications. The systems with 250/400 kW el power output have been developed in Germany over the last years. Operating several field trials systems a lot of experience was gained and led towards a redesign incorporating lessons learned and also improving other expectations from customer side. The original approved recycled system approach was not changed but rearranged inside the stack module. The motivation for switching from a tubular to a rectangular module design mostly was driven by a bigger potential for cost reduction and increasing the overall efficiency. Besides that, a modular design which can take 300 up to 600 cells per module was achieved. The new setup also allows much easier maintenance of the module at site and incorporates more robust sub components like the manifolds including their dielectric system. A first of its kind DFC®-H2 system has been installed and is in operation since 2011. It is located in the Orange County Sanitation District, Fountain Valley, CA and produces up to 115 kg of H2 per day out of sewage bio gas produced on site. The Hydrogen is stored at 500 bar and supplied through a H2-filling station for use in Hydrogen fuelled cars. FCES stands for continuous supply of large MCFC CHP Power Plants in Europe with the background of FCE, USA the worldwide largest Fuel Cell manufacturer. The power plants are commercially available and fulfill the need for continuous, clean, highly efficient and sustainable electrical energy. SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 23/30

Taufiq Bin Nur (1), Takayoshi Ishimoto (2), Yasunori Kikuchi (3,4), Kuniaki Honda (4) and Michihisa Koyama (1,2,4) (1) Department of Hydrogen Energy Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University / 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan (2) INAMORI Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University / 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan (3) Presidential Endowed Chair for ³Platinum Society´, The University of Tokyo / 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (4) International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University / 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan Tel.: +81-92-802-6969 Fax: +81-92-802-6969 [email protected]

Abstract The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is recognized as a high efficiency energy device with low environmental effects for a sustainable future. SOFC also delivers heat at sufficient temperatures, which can be certainly recovered as heat sources to produce mechanical energy in turbines in a combined cycle power plant. Taking into account the fuel flexibility, SOFC is suitable for direct use of synthesis gas (syngas) from a coal gasification plant. The application of integrated SOFC in coal gasification based power plants, such as integrated gasification fuel cell combined cycle (IGFC) could be a key technology for high efficiency and very low emission fossil power plants in the future. However, most of IGFC system design performance efforts to-date simply replace the power block of the conventional gasification combined cycle with SOFC block without taking into consideration the various polarization mechanisms and safe operation of SOFC. These designs cannot provide an optimum interaction between SOFC and gasifier because integrating an SOFC with a gasifier is different from combining a turbine with a gasifier due to the characteristics of SOFC. As an electrochemical energy conversion device, the performance and safe operation of SOFC are also significantly affected by the species concentrations and the main operating conditions such as fuel utilization rate, current density, steam to carbon ratio, and air utilization rate. In this work, detailed thermodynamic analysis is carried out to develop systematic process integration strategies of gasifier, SOFC, steam turbine and other balance of plant components as realistically as possible. The plant layout is also carefully designed to best exploit the heat generated in all the processes, polarization modes in the SOFC and simulated in Aspen Plus to improve heat recovery and energy efficiency. A parametric study is used to determine the most viable system designs based on maximizing total system efficiency.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

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A1223

A1224

Computational Modelling of a Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

System performance comparison employing either partial oxidation or anode offgas recirculation as reforming methods within a biogas SOFC system

Bostjan Hari (1), Jan Peter Brouwer (2), Antony Meadowcroft (1), Aman Dhir (1) and Robert Steinberger-Wilckens (1) (1) University of Birmingham, School of Chemical Engineering, Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham / United Kingdom Tel.: +44-121-414-5080 Fax: +44-121-414-5324 [email protected]

(2) HyGear Fuel Cell Systems B.V., P.O. Box 5280 6802 EG Arnhem / The Netherlands Tel.: +31-88-9494-329 Fax: +31-88-9494-399 [email protected]

Abstract Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (microtubular SOFC) possess many advantages compared to conventional tubular and planar SOFC such as rapid start-up, thermal shock resistance, improved cycling performance and simple fabrication by extrusion. Microtubular SOFC can utilise conventional hydrocarbon fuels or hydrogen to produce electricity for auxiliary and portable power devices or propulsion energy for small-scale transport and unmanned aerial vehicles. The aim of this work is to design and develop a microtubular SOFC stack for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. A computational microtubular SOFC stack model is used to design, optimise and build the stack prototype, fuelled by propane reformate coming from a catalytic partial oxidation fuel reformer. The stack will be built and tested to determine the suitability of the SOFC system to power an UAV. The results will be fed back into the model for validation and refinement purposes, allowing more rapid development of future stacks and systems.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 25/30

M. P. Heddrich (1), E. Reichelt (2), T. Albrecht (1), C. Greß (1), M. Jahn (1), R. Näke (1) (1) Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems, IKTS Winterbergstraße 28; 01277 Dresden/Germany (2) Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Tel.: +49-351-2553-7506 Fax: +49-351-2554-336 [email protected]

Abstract Recirculation of system or anode offgas is essential to the system concepts of many recent SOFC systems. Numerous system concepts are possible and have been theoretically analyzed. Few concepts were actually built, tested and reported about using either blowers or ejectors which have to be specifically designed for high temperature operation and dimensioned according to system concept and power range. Recirculation may permit independence from external reforming agents like air or water. In the case of a system with partial oxidation (POx) as reforming method anode offgas recirculation (AOGR) additionally leads to a significant increase in efficiency. The Fraunhofer IKTS biogas SOFC system was operated with real and synthetic biogas. A laboratory pump and a recuperator were utilized for AOGR. Experimental results of nonAOGR operation with varying methane content within the biogas will be presented. Furthermore transient and stationary experimental results of both POx and AOGR operation will be shown. POx operation was successfully confirmed for methane concentrations of xCH4 = « Furthermore the transition from POx to air-free AOGR could be demonstrated under real biogas operation.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 26/30

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A1225

A1226 (Abstract only)

Validation System Performance Tests for a Kilowatt Grade SOFC System

Anode off-gas recirculation for methane fed solid oxide fuel cells

Shih-Kun Lo1, Cheng-Nan Huang1, Hsueh-I Tan1, Ching-Han Lin1, Wen-Tang Hong1, and Ruey-Yi, Lee1* Chun-Da Chen2, Ying Tsou2, Chun-Hsiu Wang2, Hsun-Yu Lin2 1: Institute of Nuclear Energy Research No. 1000 Wenhua Road Longtan Township / Taiwan (R.O.C.) 2: China Steel Corporation No. 1 Chung-Kang Road Siaogang District / Taiwan (R.O.C.)

Tsang-I Tsai*, Shangfeng Du, Aman Dhir and Robert Steinberger-Wilckens School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

*Tel.: +886-3-471-1400 Ext. 7356 Fax: +886-3-471-1408 [email protected]

The high operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) provides high flexibility in their fuel selection. Hydrocarbon fuel such as methane is a popular choice, as it can be directly reformed inside the SOFCs. However, carbon deposition on the anode could deactivate the catalytic nickel and block the porous anode thus lowering the system performance and shorting the operational life.

Abstract An experimental investigation is carried out to evaluate the performance and operating characteristics of a prototype Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system. The current investigation is a collaborative work between the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) and the China Steel Cooperation (CSC). The performance of the SOFC stack and major balance of plant (BOP) components is evaluated for both the warm-up and the normal operation stages for a SOFC system. The experimental results show that under nominal operating conditions, the fuel concentration of hydrogen and carbon monoxide from the reformer reaches to 75.7 %. Furthermore, the output power of the stack performance is around 824 W, while the fuel utilization efficiency and overall electrical efficiency are equal to 65.34 % and 34.30 %, respectively. After 500 hours normal operation, the system power is around 730 W, and the electrical efficiency is 30.13 %.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 27/30

Tel.: +44-21-414-5283 [email protected]

Abstract

The typical solution is to mix the fuel with steam at the inlet to initiate methane steam reforming and avoid the formation of solid carbon. Nevertheless, the issues of water purity and temperature gradient cause complexity and instability to the system. Additionally, the added steam dilutes the fuel concentration and lowers the cell performance. In this study, the modelling work was introduced based on the thermodynamic equilibrium methods to find the minimised anode off-gas recirculation rate to recycle the steam required for preventing carbon formation. The results show that a higher recycling rate is required when the cell is operating at a lower current density whilst high current densities require lower recycling rates.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 28/30

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A1227

A1228

Improvement of SOFC-mCHP system integration and demonstration in SICCAS

Operation of a Tubular Direct Carbon Fuel Cell with a Dry Carbon Gasifier

Xiaofeng Ye, Youpeng Chen, Zhongliang Zhan and Shaorong Wang Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SICCAS). 588 Heshuo Road Shanghai / P.R. China

Tak-Hyoung Lim, Jong-Won Lee, Seung-Bok Lee, Seok-Joo Park, Rak-Hyun Song Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER)

Tel.: +86-21-6990-6389 Fax: +86-21-6990-6389 [email protected]

Tel.: +82-42-860-3608 Fax: +82-42-860-3297 [email protected]

Abstract Abstract High temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) offer high electricity efficiency, superior environmental performance, combined heat and power (CHP), and fuel and size flexibility. Major benefits of distributed generation systems are savings in losses over the long transmission and distribution lines, reduced installation cost, local voltage regulation, and the flexibility during peak load conditions. A possible solution would be to establish an optimized decentralized micro-CHP network, in which SOFC can play an important role due to its fuel flexibility and high efficiency. SOFC group at SICCAS works on the development of materials, cells and stacks since the late 90s, and we have built a pilot line of single cells fabrication and stacks integration. We can produce single cells with size from 10*10cm2 to 25*25cm2. The production capacity of our standard cell (13*13cm2) can reach 3000 pieces per year. Modular assembly technology has been applied to integrate large stacks. Our standard stack module generates 250 W output, and negligible degradation can been seen in 30 thermal cycles. Now we are focusing on the m-CHP system integration and demonstration. 1kW and 5kW system have been developed in our group, which have been demonstrated using pipeline natural gas. The system can be started in 7 hours, and the temperature of BOP component and stack in the system can be controlled uniformly. The 1kW system has run for more than 600 hours totally and more than 100 hours in one thermal cycle. The pressure drop of the stack should be decreased to improve the system efficiency in the future.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 29/30

A carbon gasified direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) was fabricated and investigated for generating effective carbon fuel cell reactions. Anode-supported tubular DCFC cells with a 45 cm2 active electrode area were used to manufacture the DCFC, which was coupled with a dry gasifier induced by a reverse Boudouard reaction. Activated carbon (BET area 1800 m2/g) powder was mixed with K2CO3 powder (5 wt.%) and used to fill a dry gasifier as a solid carbon fuel, and pure CO2 gas was supplied to the gasifier. The CO fuel generated by the reverse Boudouard reaction in the dry gasifier increased the performance of the DCFC. The tubular DCFC single cell showed a maximum power of 6.95 W at 750 oC. The results indicate that the fabricated tubular DCFC is a promising power generation system candidate for many practical applications, such as residential power generation (RPG) and stationary power systems.

SOFC System design, integration and optimisation

Chapter 07 - Session A12 - 30/30

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Chapter 08 - Session A14 Interconnect, sealing and coating

A1401 Multilayered PVD Coating for Interconnector Steel

Content

Page A14 - ..

A1401 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Multilayered PVD Coating for Interconnector Steel 2 A1402 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 3 Effect of Composition, Microstructure and Service Environment on the Long Term Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Interconnect Steels 3 A1403 ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Oxide (Cr2O3) scale growth on metallic interconnects and its impact on ohmic resistance: Combined study of image analysis and modeling 4 A1404 ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Development and Testing of Sealing Glasses for SOFCs based on CFYInterconnects 5 A1405 ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Chromium evaporation from mechanically deformed pre-coated Crofer 22 APU 6 A1406 ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Coating developments for Metal-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 7 A1409 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Aging Behavior of Reactive Air Brazed Seals for SOFC 8 A1410 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 9 Post-Test Characterization of Metallic Interconnect after Long Term Service in SOFC-Stacks 9 A1411 ................................................................................................................................... 10 Feasibility of using LNF-coated Crofer22APU mesh as cathode contact material for SOFC 10 A1412 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 11 Oxidation-Resistant Manganese and Cobalt Diffusion Coatings for Interconnect Materials in SOFCs 11 A1413 ................................................................................................................................... 12 Mechanical properties of sealants and cells 12 A1414 ................................................................................................................................... 13 Effect of Ceramic Filler Particles on the Sealing Capability of a SrO-CaO-based Glass-Ceramic Sealant 13 A1415 ................................................................................................................................... 14 Development of Cu-rich Spinels as Coatings for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 14 A1416 ................................................................................................................................... 15 Behavior of commercial ferritic stainless steel during the starting process of intermediate temperature SOFC stacks 15 A1417 ................................................................................................................................... 16 Mechanical properties of interconnects, sealants and gas distribution layers for planar solid oxide fuel cell stacks. Part I: interconnects and gas distribution layers 16 A1418 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 17 Barium aluminosilicate glass modified with B2O3 for sealing application 17 A1419 ................................................................................................................................... 18 Glass Ceramic Seal for Electrochemical Devices 18 Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 1/18

Mats W Lundberg, Robert Berger and Jörgen Westlinder AB Sandvik Materials Technology SFFLY (4371) SE-811 81 Sandviken / Sweden Tel.: +46-26-266364 [email protected]

Abstract Sandvik Materials Technology develops thin PVD coatings for SOFC stainless steel interconnects. In this study of a novel multilayered coating has been made. Cyclic oxidation for more than 15,000 hours at 800°C, chromium volatilization and area specific resistance studies has been conducted on three different coatings and compared with the uncoated steel, in this case AISI441 (EN 1.4509). In this work we have shown that precoated AISI 441 show very promising results for SOFC interconnectors at 800°C. We have studied and compared state of the art CeCo coating with a new four layered coating that shows slightly higher cumulative chromium volatilization, similar ASR values and reduced mass gain in the cyclic oxidation experiments. From these studies it shows that focusing solely on one parameter will not give a fuller understanding on interconnector behavior.

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 2/18

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A1402 (Abstract only)

A1403

Effect of Composition, Microstructure and Service Environment on the Long Term Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic Interconnect Steels

Oxide (Cr2O3) scale growth on metallic interconnects and its impact on ohmic resistance: Combined study of image analysis and modeling

Leszek Niewolak, Heike Hattendorf 1), Egbert Wessel, Willem Joseph Quadakkers Forschungszentrum Jülich Institute of Energy Research (IEK-2), 52425 Jülich, FRG 1) OUTOKUMPU/VDM, Werdohl, FRG

Markus Linder (1,2), Thomas Hocker (1), Lorenz Holzer (1), K. Andreas Friedrich (2), Boris Iwanschitz (3), Andreas Mai (3), J. Andreas Schuler (3) (1) Institute of Computational Physics (ICP), ZHAW; Winterthur, Switzerland (2) DLR; Stuttgart, Germany (3) Hexis AG; Winterthur, Switzerland

Tel.: +49-24-6161-2817 Fax: +49-24-6161-3699 [email protected]

Tel.: +41-58-934-7717 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

The oxidation behavior of four commercially available ferritic steels (Crofer 22 APU, Crofer 22 H, ITM and Sanergy HT) during exposure up to 10000 hours under SOFC relevant conditions was compared. Aim of the study was to evaluate the suitability of the mentioned VWHHOVDVFRQVWUXFWLRQPDWHULDOVIRULQWHUFRQQHFWVLQ62)&¶VRSHUDWLQJDWWHPSHUDWXUHV between 650 and 900°C.

Oxide formation on metallic interconnects (MIC) represents a major source of SOFC stack degradation. Studies of scale growth mechanisms and their relationship with power degradation thus attract major attention in the context of lifetime improvements. MIC degradation is evaluated here by comparing the oxide scale thickness and microstructure evolution with the corresponding ohmic losses, and finite-element- (FE)modeling is used to explain differences between the rates of scale growth and the resistivity increase. The growth of the oxide scales and the simultaneous increase of area specific resistance (ASR) are generally described by a parabolic rate law (i.e. exponent n = 0.5). However, the Cr2O3 scale growth measured by image analysis and as well as the experimentally determined ASR evolution exhibit evident deviations, which are consistently sub-parabolic (i. e. n < 0.5) for oxide growth and over-parabolic (i. e. n > 0.5), for the ASR evolution. Such deviations become particularly pronounced for investigations > 5000 hours. In order to explain the difference for these two time-dependent behaviors, FE-modeling is performed on electron microscopy images. The distribution of current densities within oxide layers of real samples is simulated and generates ASR values for specific time steps. Deviations between scale growth and ASR evolution are explained by the influence of scale morphology, which is a time-dependent factor. This morphology factor (M) has a high impact during short-terms (< 2000 h) ZKHUH ³EULGJHV´ ZLWK KLJK FXUUHQW GHQVLWLHV determine the behavior of initially thin scales. At longer time-scales (> 5000 h) the scale morphology loses its impact on ASR increase because higher scale thicknesses preclude WKHµEULGJLQJ-HIIHFW¶. Errors are thus generated when ASR evolutions are predicted only based on growth rates of (measured) average oxide scale thickness. Consequently, for reliable predictions of the ASR evolution based on scale thickness growth, a time dependent morphology factor has to be considered.

The oxidation performance was studied during isothermal as well as cyclic short and long term exposures. The oxidation mechanisms were evaluated using Thermogravimetry in combination with a variety of analysis techniques such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy and wave length dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, secondary neutrals mass spectrometry, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. Relative differences in behavior between air and simulated anode gas (SAG) were found to be different for the steels tested and could be attributed to different types and amounts of minor alloying additions. It is shown that formation of an outer Cr/Mn spinel layer over the inner chromia scale is a time and atmosphere dependent process. Formation of the Cr/Mn spinel layer increases the scaling rate during air exposure, however, it also decreases the Cr-loss from the oxide scale by formation of volatile species. Contrary to manganese, addition of reactive elements such as Y and La effectively reduce the scaling rate of the chromia base surface scale but apparently do not substantially affect the Crrelease from the oxide scale surface. Long term oxidation behavior of the steels, especially when prevailing in thin components, is obtained by increasing Cr-content. However, high Cr-phase, especially at relatively low SOFC operation temperatures around 650°C.

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 3/18

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 4/18

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A1404

A1405

Development and Testing of Sealing Glasses for SOFCs based on CFY-Interconnects

Chromium evaporation from mechanically deformed pre-coated Crofer 22 APU

Axel Rost1, Jochen Schilm1, Jens Suffner2, Mihails Kusnezoff1, Alexander Michaelis1 1: Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems Winterbergstr. 28 01277 Dresden, Germany 2: SCHOTT AG ± BU Electronic Packaging Christoph-Dorner-Str. 29 84028 Landshut, Germany

Hannes Falk Windisch, Jan-Erik Svensson and Jan Froitzheim Chalmers University of Technology, Energy and Materials Kemivägen10 SE-41296 Göteborg/Sweden Tel.: +46-31-772 2850 [email protected]

Tel.: +49-351-2553-7701 Fax: +49-351-2554-214 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract For a reliable and safe operation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), gastight sealings with high long-term stability are required. Due to stringent demands to the sealing materials resulting from working temperatures up to 900 °C, harsh atmospheres and the need of electrical insulation, only few materials are suitable for this application. Among the different sealing concepts, still the most common used is to apply sealings with glasses or glass ceramics. Glass sealings are related to rigid joints forming chemical bonds with joined components. Therefor the thermo-physical properties of sealing material have to be adapted to these materials. This was realized by a glass forming system of BaO-SiO2Al2O3 with additional oxides for controlling crystallization of disilicate-type phases. They are needed to adjust the coefficient of thermal expansion, the viscosity for sealing and reactivity during operation. The general aim was to develop partial crystallizing glass ceramics with residual glassy phases maintained during stack operation for relaxation of mechanical stresses. This study presents the development of sealing glasses for SOFCstacks based on CFY-interconnects (Cr, Fe, Y) produced by PLANSEE SE. It is shown that relevant properties of the CFY-alloy such as thermal expansion and chemical compatibility are matched by adjusting the composition of the glasses. With respect to the high Cr-content of CFY the chemical compatibility of the glasses was investigated with a unique setup for in-situ measurements of the resistivity of sandwich type samples at high temperatures in a dual atmosphere under applied voltage up to 5 V. SEM investigations of interfacial reaction layers of tested samples gave valuable information for the optimization of the glass compositions. Special interest was paid to the formation of chromate-type oxides which are known to have detrimental effect on the adhesion of the sealing glasses on metallic substrates. As a consequence sealing glasses with minimized BaO-contents leading to a controlled crystallization behavior have been created. Further testing of selected BaO-containing and BaO-free glasses was performed in SOFC stacks to characterize the joining behavior under realistic conditions. Results obtained from testing of model samples and from sealed and operated CFY-stacks were in good agreement showing possibility to apply the developed methodology for exsitu glass material development.

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 5/18

Ferritic stainless steels have become the most popular choice of interconnect material in planar solid oxide fuel cells during the last decade. However, one of the largest issues associated with ferritic stainless steels is the volatilization of chromium species such as CrO2(OH)2 at the cathode side, known to poison the cathode. Poisoning of the cathode is known to be detrimental to stack performance and must therefore be inhibited. This can be done by applying a coating to the steel. Several different coating techniques such as spray drying, screen printing, plasma spraying, electroplating or physical vapor deposition (PVD) etc. can be utilized. The great advantage using thin metallic PVD coatings is that steel coils can be pre-coated enabling high volume production, without the need for an extra post-coating step after the deformation process. The influence of Cr-vaporization and high temperature oxidation on deformed Co-coated steels was studied in this work. Crofer 22 APU was coated with 600 nm Co and formed into real interconnect shape and exposed up to 336 h in air-3% H2O at 850 °C. As references were uncoated (undeformed), coated (undeformed) as well as deformed and post coated steel foils exposed. Microscopic investigation showed that when the pre-coated steel was deformed, large cracks were formed in some areas. However, upon exposure those cracks did heal forming a continues surface oxide rich in Co and Mn. Volatilization measurements further proved the healing effect since no significant difference in Cr-volatilization compared to the coated reference material could be observed.

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 6/18

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A1406

A1409

Coating developments for Metal-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Aging Behavior of Reactive Air Brazed Seals for SOFC

M. Stangea, C. Denonvillea, Y.Larringa, C. Haavika, A. Brevetb, A. Montanib, O. Sicardyb J. Mouginb, P.O. Larssonc a SINTEF, Forskningsveien 1, 0373 Oslo, Norway Tel.: +47-990-24-433 Fax: +47-220-67-350 [email protected] b

Andreas Pönicke, Jochen Schilm, Mihails Kusnezoff, and Alexander Michaelis Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS Winterbergstrasse 28 D-01277 Dresden/Germany Tel.: +49-351-2553-7966 Fax: +49-351-2554-215 [email protected]

CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France c HÖGANÄS AB, SE-263 83 Höganäs, Sweden

Abstract The development of a protective coating for porous metal supports is critical for sufficient life time for the fuel cells; enabling improved oxidation resistance, reduced chromium evaporation, and increased conductivity of the protective oxide scale. The oxidation of coated and non-coated substrates have been compared, and shows that it is possible to increase the oxidation resistance at 600°C in air by a factor of 10 and in wet hydrogen by a factor of 1000. Cr evaporation is also lowered by a factor of 10 in air. These experiments on pre-coated porous metal supports verify that the coating is well suited for use for metal supported fuel cells aiming at a low temperature fabrication route (below 1100°C). A different coating procedure more suitable for post-coating after deposition and co-sintering of the fuel cell component using a high temperature fabrication route has also been investigated. The results showed that post-coatings is better than the pre-coating approach for the high temperature fabrication route after 500 h in air and after 100 h in wet hydrogen due to the detrimental effect of the cell sintering step.

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 7/18

Abstract The mechanical integrity of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and the long-term stability under operating conditions are basic requirements for a reliable operation of SOFC stacks. In this respect the use of metallic brazes as sealing material is considered to have advantages in comparison to the widely used brittle glasses or glass ceramics. In this study the mechanical properties of reactive air brazed YSZ-steel joints and their long-term stability at high temperatures in air and dual atmospheres are investigated. Silver-based braze compositions like Ag-4CuO are used for reactive air brazing of gas tightness samples. During aging in air at 850°C for 800 h the thickness of the interfacial oxide layers increases with time, while the bending strength decreases. Microstructural analysis reveals the formation of voids within the brazing zone and the development of multilayered reaction layers. In contrast, the aging in dual atmospheres at 850°C causes strong degradation and the total loss of gas tightness. However, the addition of small amounts of TiH2 to the braze compositions enhances the dual atmosphere tolerance of the reactive air brazed seals.

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 8/18

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A1410 (Abstract only)

A1411

Post-Test Characterization of Metallic Interconnect after Long Term Service in SOFC-Stacks

Feasibility of using LNF-coated Crofer22APU mesh as cathode contact material for SOFC

Vladimir Shemet, Daniel Grüner, Christian Geipel*, Anton Chyrkin, Qingping Fang, and W. Joe Quadakkers Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Leo-Brand Straße 1 D-52428 Jülich/ Germany

A. Morán-Ruiz (1), K. Vidal (1), A. Larrañaga (1), M.A. Laguna-Bercero (2), J.M. Porras-Vazquez (3), P.R. Slater (3), M.I. Arriortua (1) (1) Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU). Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa (Vizcaya), Spain. (2) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA). Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. (3) University of Birmingham, School of Chemistry. Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.

Tel.: +49-2461-615560 Fax: +49-2461-613699 [email protected]

Tel.: +34-94-601-5984 Fax: +34-94-601-3500 [email protected]

Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are considered to be a promising future electricity-generation technology due to their high electrical efficiency. Nevertheless, their development still faces various problems concerning construction materials, cost-efficiency, manufacturing processes and optimized plant design. Introduction of improved ferritic steels and new contacting methods for interconnects as well as high performance ceramic cells has in recent years resulted in reduced degradation rates of SOFC-stacks which is a prerequisite for the commercialization of SOFCs. The present paper presents recent results obtained for the high temperature behavior of metallic interconnects Crofer 22 APU (Outokumpu VDM) and ITM (Plansee GmbH) during long-term SOFC-operation at 750-850°C. The post test characterization after 30.000 h of stack operation revealed that the interconnect surface on the anode side compartment was mainly covered by MnO and Si/Mn-spinel crystals as well as by a surface layer consisting of Cr/Mn-spinel and chromia, i.e. the phases typically found as corrosion products on high chromium ferritic steels with Mn additions. SEM/WDX analyses revealed that a protective MnCo2O4 coating applied on the interconnect by APS prior to stack manufacturing had as result that hardly any chromium was present in the contact layer. The APS spinel coating appears to be very efficient for improving the surface stability and contact resistance of the interconnect and also prevents chromia evaporation from the steel surface. Nickel diffusing from the Ni-mesh (electrical contact on anode side) into the ferritic steel interconnects led to local formation of austenitic grains adjacent to the contact area. The metallographic cross-sections after electrochemical etching also show the formation of phase formation beneath the austenitic grains in case of Mo-containing alloys. DICTRA simulations of interdiffusion between Ni and ferritic steels confirm the formation of austenitic and -phases in the electrical contact area on the anode side.

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 9/18

Abstract The key-requirements to achieve high performance on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are related to effective contact area between interconnect and cell cathode. In this work, the contact layer comprises a current collecting layer at the cathode side formed by LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3- (LNF) perovskite-coated Crofer22APU ferritic stainless steel mesh. In order to determinate the feasibility of using this composite as a contact material, it was directly adhered to the channeled metallic interconnect and sintered at 1050 ºC for 2h in air. The contact evaluation of the system composed of {composite contact material/channeled interconnect} is carried out by the ASR measurements using the dc four-point method. The obtained signal is stable near  ȍÂFP2 at 800 ºC in air. The system was treated at 800 ºC for 1000 h to study long term compatibility between the metallic substrate and the composite. X-Ray Micro-Diffraction, performed at the rib and channel of the interconnect, revealed that LNF material is acting as a protective layer for metallic interconnect. However, EDX analysis carried out on the composite direct contacted (the rib) and indirect contacted (channel) with interconnect present similar La, Ni, Fe and Cr distributions. Taking into account the obtained contact resistance and chemical compatibility of the studied system, LNF dip coated on Fe-Cr mesh would offer promising opportunities as a high conductive composite contact material.

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 10/18

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A1412 (Abstract only)

A1413

Oxidation-Resistant Manganese and Cobalt Diffusion Coatings for Interconnect Materials in SOFCs

Mechanical properties of sealants and cells

Diana Schmidt, Xabier Montero, Mathias C. Galetz and Michael Schütze DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt/ Main, Germany

Jianping Wei, Goran Peüanac, Jürgen Malzbender Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IEK-2 Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich, Germany Tel.: +49-2461-61-9399 Fax: +49-2461-61-3699 [email protected]

Tel.: +49-69-7564-479 Fax: +49-69-7564-388 [email protected]

Abstract Abstract Modern solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operate in the temperature range from 600-800°C, which allows the application of ferritic steels for use as interconnect materials. The main drawback for application of these alloys LQ62)&¶VLVWKHLUUHDFWLYLW\ZLWKWKHDQRGe and cathode side service environments at the operating temperatures. At the cathode side chromium can evaporate from the surface of the interconnect steel due to the high temperatures leading to poisoning of the cathode and rapid degradation of the electrical properties of an SOFC stack. If the water vapor content of the cathode environment is increased the chromium evaporation becomes even more dramatic. Extensive research on coatings of a cobalt-manganese-spinel on the cathode side of the interconnect confirm that this spinel has a great potential. It was found that it can block outward diffusion of chromium from the steel and, thus, prevent the formation of volatile chromium species. At the same time, this spinel exhibits a well-adapted coefficient of thermal expansion and excellent electrical conductivity, which is an important feature for this particular application. The state-of-the-art of manganese-cobalt spinel coatings are physical vapor deposition or slurry coatings like screen-printing or spraying. This work is focused on the development of an alternative method to apply metallic cobalt and manganese in the metal subsurface regions of ferritic steels as reservoir for manganese-cobalt spinel formation by oxidation using the pack cementation method, which affords diffusion coatings with very good adherence and high homogeneity. The pack cementation method offers different advantages in comparison to the state-of-the-art methods. Component geometries of any kind can be deposited with a homogenous diffusion zone. Metallic Co and Mn are enriched in the metal subsurface region forming a reservoir phase. During oxidation a thin spinel can form and for longer exposure times the oxide can grow due to the reservoir of Mn and Co. At this time the focus of the work is the diffusion coating development and the formation of the spinel phase during oxidation. In the future the electrical and mechanical properties of coated samples will be investigated. Two types of ferritic steels were used for the study: K41 with 18% Cr and Crofer22APU with 22% Cr. Short-term tests for 100 hours at high temperatures (800°C) in water vapor containing environments were conducted to evaluate the coating. These results were compared to state-of-the-art manganese-cobalt spinel coatings on the same materials produced by screen printing. The coatings and oxide scales were characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis.

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 11/18

The reliable long-term operation of solid oxide fuel cell stacks depends critically on the robustness of sealants and cells. The current work focuses on selected room and elevated temperature properties of these materials, in particular fracture strength, fracture toughness and creep properties. Available mechanical testing methodologies are improved and new tests are developed. Different mechanical testing methods are compared by means of advantages and disadvantages and assessment of mechanical parameters. The fracture and elevated temperature deformation results need to be supported by advanced microstructural characterizations along with fractography to gain insight into the relationship of properties and microstructure and failure origins.

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 12/18

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A1414

A1415

Effect of Ceramic Filler Particles on the Sealing Capability of a SrO-CaO-based Glass-Ceramic Sealant

Development of Cu-rich Spinels as Coatings for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Hae-June Je, Hyo-Jin Kim, Kyung-Joong Yoon, Ji-Won Son, Jong-Ho Lee, Byung-Kook Kim, Hae-Won Lee High-Temperature Energy Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science & Technology Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 / Korea

Roberto Spotorno (1,2), Simone Valente (1), Paolo Piccardo (1,2), Massimo Viviani (2), Francesco Perrozzi (2), Dennis Soysal (3), Asif Ansar (3) (1) Universitá degli Studi di Genova ± Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Via Dodecaneso, 31 I-16146 Genoa / Italy (2) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ± Istituto per l´Energetica e le Interfasi Via De Marini, 6 I-16149 Genoa / Italy

Tel.: +82-2-958-5514 Fax: +82-2-958-5449 [email protected]

Tel.: +39-010-353-6145 Fax: +39-010-353-6148 [email protected]

Abstract

(3) German Aerspace Center (DLR) Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart

Oxide glasses and glass-ceramics have been commonly used for SOFC sealing but often suffered from uncontrolled deformation and structural instability during normal and thermal cycle operations. Generally, ceramic filler particles are added into the sealing glass in order to improve glass retention as well as mechanical toughness and strength. However, ceramic filler particles are apt to devitrify the sealing glass. In this study, the effect of devitrification of a SrO-CaO-ZrO2-B2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic system induced by ceramic filler particles on the sealing capability is investigated. SiO2, MgO and YSZ powders were used as filler particles. In order to investigate the sealing capability of glass-matrix composites, the leak rate was measured using sealing tapes and Crofer22APU metal interconnector. The initial leak rates of the sintered glass without fillers and SiO2 composite were as low as 1 10-4~1 10-5 sccm/cm but MgO and YSZ composites showed substantially higher values under the same conditions. While the leak rates of SiO2 composite at 800 oC and RT remained below 1 10-4 sccm/cm after 10 thermal cycles, that of the sintered glass increased rapidly during thermal cycling operation, and the sealing of YSZ composites permanently failed after only 1 thermal cycle. The exellent sealing capability of SiO2 composite can be attributed to the increased its CTE with increasing heat treating time and sealing failure of YSZ composite is due to the decreased CTE which increases thermal mismatch between Crofer22APU and sealing tape. Less corrosion was observed from Crofer22APU in contact with the sintered glass compared to that reacted with the glass-matrix composites, but the sealing tape of the sintered glass spread more than those of the glass-matrix composites after leak test. Added ceramic fillers evidently induce the devitrification of a glass-ceramic that affects the thermal properties and interfacial reaction with Crofer22APU interconnector. Nevertheless, in order to efficiently use a glass-ceramic as SOFC sealing material, it is desirable to add ceramic fillers to adjust CTE and to suppress the spreading of the sealing material.

Ferritic Stainless Steel interconnects for SOFC are often indicated as promising for their ease of manufacturing, conductivity, costs and mechanical compatibility with the cell materials. Nevertheless, they need protection from the aggressive environment of the stack, especially at the cathodic side, in order to keep low the interfacial resistance decreasing the oxidation rate and the formation of insulating phases. They also act as a barrier against the diffusion of chromium and its compounds to the sensitive materials of the cell electrodes which would cause a fast degradation of the overall stack performances. Four different coatings were produced on Crofer 22 APU substrates via plasma spraying: Copper Manganese Oxide (CuxMn3-xO4) in three different stoichiometries and Cobalt Manganese Oxide (CoxMn3-xO4) being a state of the art coating for ferritic stainless steels used as interconnect in SOFC stacks. The achievement of the right composition was checked by X-Ray Diffraction. The coating layers were tested measuring the Area Specific Resistance (ASR) in the temperature range 400-800°C and then characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the thickness and the morphological aspect.

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 13/18

Abstract

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 14/18

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A1416

A1417

Behavior of commercial ferritic stainless steel during the starting process of intermediate temperature SOFC stacks

Mechanical properties of interconnects, sealants and gas distribution layers for planar solid oxide fuel cell stacks. Part I: interconnects and gas distribution layers

Paolo Piccardo(1,2), Simone Anelli(1), Roberto Spotorno(1,2), Francesco Perrozzi(2), Sabrina Presto(2), Massimo Viviani(2), Valeria Bongiorno(1) and Pauline Girardon(3) (1) DCCI - University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, I16146 Genoa, ITALY

Fabio Greco, Arata Nakajo, Jan Van herle FUELMAT Group, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, EPFL Station 9 CH-1015 Lausanne / Switzerland

[email protected]

(2) CNR-IENI Via De Marini 6, I-16149 Genoa, ITALY (3) Aperam, rue Roger Salengro, F-62330 Isbergues, France

Tel.: +41-21-693-7322 Fax: +41-21-693-3502 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

Among the degradation processes of a SOFC stack working at the intermediate temperature range of 600-800°C there are phenomena that start directly at the first steps of the stack manufacturing such as sealing or on site sintering. The usage of commercial stainless steel as structural material (e.g. interconnects) responds to the demanded needs of chemical and mechanical stability and compatibility, and is becoming more and more important to face the market request of reliable and cost effective products. This study aims to investigate the behavior of two commercial stainless steels (K41X, DIN 1.4509, and K44X, DIN 1.4521) during the sealing process (i.e. glass curing) in static air. It was then possible to highlight the influence of the temperature, of the chemical composition of the steel. As final ageing following the sealing step the samples were kept at 600°C for 200h.

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks are vulnerable to mechanical failures in any of their constituents. Failure of the interconnect, sealant or gas diffusion layer can ultimately lead to cell cracking and subsequent definitive or, in the best case, temporary interruption of the operation of the stack. Distinct events during operation or design particularities will modify the sequence leading to dramatic failure. Therefore, the understanding of the interactions between the different components is crucial to effectively mitigate their possible adverse effects and the knowledge of the mechanical properties of all SOFC components is required for relevant structural analysis. The study aims at compiling data on the mechanical properties of the materials used in the components of planar solid oxide fuel cell stacks: the interconnects, the glass-ceramic sealants or compressive gaskets and gas diffusion layers. Part I focuses on metallic interconnect and on gas diffusion layers and contacting layers (GDL). Part II is dedicated to the mechanical properties of the sealing solutions. Modelling approaches and required measurements are discussed. The paper focuses on the most common and promising material candidates. The reported properties of the materials include thermal expansion, strength, elastic or elasto-plastic and creep behaviour.

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 15/18

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 16/18

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A1418 (Abstract only)

A1419

Barium aluminosilicate glass modified with B2O3 for sealing application

Glass Ceramic Seal for Electrochemical Devices

1

2

1*

Maviael J. Silva , Signo T. Reis and Sonia Mello-Castanho Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN±CNEN/SP, Brazil Av. Lineu Prestes, 2242 05508-000 São Paulo, SP/Brazil Tel. 55 11 31339200 2 Missouri University of Science and Technology- Rolla MO, USA * [email protected]

Matthieu Schwartza and Signo T. Reisb a Saint-Gobain Recherche 39 Quai Lucien Lefranc F-93303 Aubervilliers Tel : +33 1 48 39 55 56 [email protected] b

Saint-Gobain Innovative Materials 9 Goddard road Northborough, MA 01532, USA Tel : + 01 508 351 7289 [email protected]

Abstract The planar design of SOFC requires sealant at the edges of the cell to prevent fuel leakage (H2, CH4, etc.) and air mixing at its working temperature (700 to 900°C). The extreme operation conditions of current cell designs involve both high temperatures and highly corrosive environments. Consequently is necessary a material to seal the chambers of the anode and cathode along each cell unit (the anode-cathode-electrolyte and interconnects). The present work is an attempt to engineering glass compositions based on the BaO-Al2O3-SiO2-B2O3 system chosen due its thermal properties and good glass forming tendency. The glass formation or stability against crystallization ¨7x) and the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) were determined by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and dilatometric analysis, respectively. The corrosion resistance of the glasses determined by polarization curves using the Tafel method extrapolation showed good accordance with the TEC specified for SOFC sealants. The main subject of this work is the development and selection of sealing glasses composition for SOFCs applications and the development of new methodologies for preparation and evaluation of glass ceramics suitable for SOFC seals applications. Key words: SOFC, Sealants, Glass stability, thermo analysis, Tafel extrapolation.

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 17/18

Abstract This paper details the recent progress in the investigation of the long term behavior of selected Saint-Gobain Glass Ceramic Seal under operating conditions that play an important role in the performance of electrochemical devices like solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), high temperature electrolysis (HTE) and ceramic membrane reactors. In addition to gas tightness and electrical resistivity, a seal material must have a set of thermomechanical and chemical properties in order to efficiently seal the SOFC cell components and to maintain performance at elevated temperature over extended operating time. The seal must be stable in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres and withstand thermal cycles between room and the cell typical operating temperature (800 to 900°C). Chemical reaction with the SOFC components should be minimal so as to keep integrity of the seal/cell-interface and prevent degradation in seal reliability over time. In this work, the glass-ceramic seal is discussed for which optimal sintering/crystallization behaviors and thermal stability have been demonstrated. The investigation of the sealant was performed from the point of view of sealing ability and crystallization behavior using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The evolution of the seal Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) has been followed by dilatometric analysis, crystalline phase evolution has been investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the chemical interaction between sealant and cell components has been evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA). The microstructure of the sealing material has been evaluated after aging by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).

Interconnect, sealing and coating

Chapter 08 - Session A14 - 18/18

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A1501

Chapter 09 - Session A15 Cell and stack design - next generation

Planar Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by Conventional Ceramic Processing Routes Content

Page A15 - ..

A1501 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Planar Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by Conventional Ceramic Processing Routes 2 A1502 ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Preparation of Metal-supported SOFC using Low Temperature Ceramic Coating Process 3 A1503 ..................................................................................................................................... 4 New SOFC-stack design with parallel connected cells 4 A1504 ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Operation of SOFC short stacks with integrated planar high temperature heat pipes 5 A1505 ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Development of a Prototype Portable SOFC System Using Commercially Available LPG Cartridge 6 A1506 ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Development of metal foam supported SOFCs 7 A1507 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Connection Optimisation for Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 8 A1508 ..................................................................................................................................... 9 STS-Supported SOFC with thin- or thick-film process 9 A1509 ................................................................................................................................... 10 Design and analysis of a computer experiment of the anode-gas-flow distribution in fuel cells 10 A1510 ................................................................................................................................... 11 Fully ceramic-based micro-SOFC integrated in silicon 11 A1511 ................................................................................................................................... 12 Catalytic hydrogen micro-combustor for SOFC Portable Applications 12 A1512 ................................................................................................................................... 13 Three-in-one: single layer low temperature micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells 13 A1513 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 14 Manufacturing & Electrical Characterization of Intermediate Temperature Micro Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 14 A1514 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 15 All porous solid oxide fuel cells (AP-SOFC): a bridging 15 technology between dual and single chambers for operation in dry hydrocarbons 15 A1515 ................................................................................................................................... 16 Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Materials Development to Single Cell Performance and Durability Tests 16

Cell and stack design - next generation

Chapter 09 - Session A15 - 1/16

Dario Montinaroa, Pradnyesh Satardekarb, Vincenzo M. Sglavob SOFCpower SpA, 115/117 viale Trento, 38017 Mezzolombardo, Italy

(a)

Tel.: +39 338 7265895 Fax: +39 0461 1755050 [email protected] (b)

University of Trento, DIMTI, via Mesiano 77, I- 38123 Trento, Italy

Abstract Metal Supported-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (MS-SOFC) represent a very interesting fuel cell design because of their robustness and tolerance to rapid thermal- and redoxcycling. Moreover, the low cost of metal supports and the reduced amount of ceramic materials required to make thin SOFC layers lead to a substantial reduction of the manufacturing costs with respect to electrode or electrolyte supported cells. However, in order to be very attractive from the industrial point of view, MS-SOFC has to be produced by using very robust and cost-effective processing routes. Within the RAMSES EU project, materials, components and processes have been tailored for MS-SOFC. The present work is focused on the development of planar MS-SOFC, considering Ni/YSZ cermet as anode and 8YSZ electrolyte, by conventional ceramic processing routes such as tape casting an screen printing. The design of the metal support/anode/electrolyte halfcells was optimized by introducing intermediate layers with tailored composition. Green half-cells were then co-sintered at high temperature under slightly reducing atmosphere. However, this approach implicates some major issues like interdiffusion of Ni and Cr and RedOx reactions involving volume changes at the metal/anode interface. Due to these reactions, delamination and cracking of the multilayers is frequently observed at the high sintering temperature required to obtain a full-density electrolyte. These problems were significantly limited by modifying the composition of the anode and electrolyte by reactive elements and sintering aids, respectively. RedOx expansion, which is the main source of delamination, was significantly limited by the use of a small amount of Nickel Aluminate in the anode. In addition, the use of Iron as sintering aid was observed to shift the onset of sintering of 8YSZ from 1190oC (for pure 8YSZ) to 1050oC, allowing the half-cells constrained sintering to be performed at T Ni-YSZ. In butane at a relatively low steam/carbon (S/C) ratio of 0.044, Ni-YSZ anode deteriorated rapidly for 3 h due to a large amount of carbon deposition. The cell using Ni-GDC anode could generate power continuously more than 24 h because of high catalytic activity against reforming of butane and electrochemical oxidation of deposited carbon. We were successful to demonstrate a proto-type portable SOFC system using a commercially available LPG cartridge. It can be heated up to 400 oC within 2 min by burning an external LPG burner, and drive a USB device for 24 h continuously using a LPG cartridge (250 g). This paper also introduces the schematic framework of NEDO project ³Technology Development of Portable Electricity GeneraWRU8VLQJ0LFUR62)&´.

condensation SOFC

wick

liquid ʹ flow

vapour space SOFC

vapour ʹ flow

metal interconnector SOFC

Fig. 1 Schematic design of SOC stacks with integrated planar heat pipe interconnector layers, designated to thermal gradient flattening and heat extraction from the stack

Cell and stack design - next generation

Chapter 09 - Session A15 - 5/16

Cell and stack design - next generation

Chapter 09 - Session A15 - 6/16

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A1506

A1507

Development of metal foam supported SOFCs

Connection Optimisation for Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Feng Han1, Robert Semerad2 and Rémi Costa1 1 German Aerospace Center Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 D-70569 Stuttgart / Germany Tel.: +49-711-6862-8047 Fax: +49-711-6862-1442 [email protected] 2

Ceraco Ceramic Coating GmbH Rote-Kreuz-Str. 8 D-85737 Ismaning / Germany

Abstract A metal foam supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) bi-layer electrolyte is proposed. The prepared cells are supported by NiCrAl metal foam, which has been impregnated with La-substituted SrTiO3 (LST) as electrical conductive material. An LST-GDC anode functional layer was tape cast into green tape and then laminated onto the metal foam support. The measured thickness of the anode functional layer is approximately 20 µm after calcination at 1000 oC. Gas-tight YSZ electrolyte layers were deposited by vacuum plasma spray (VPS). Alternatively, porous YSZ layers were dip-coated with a fine suspension containing YSZ nanoparticles in order to obtain thin-film electrolytes. Successively, a gas-tight GDC electrolyte was deposited by EB-PVD method. The thickness of the gas-tight VPS YSZ electrolyte and the thin film YSZ-GDC bi-layer electrolyte was approximately 100 µm and 3 µm, respectively. The pore size distribution of NiCrAl foam supported substrates was characterized by mercury porosimetry analysis, the microstructure was demonstrated with SEM and the gas-tightness of the half cells was evaluated.

Cell and stack design - next generation

Chapter 09 - Session A15 - 7/16

A.D. Meadowcroft*, K.S. Howe, A Dhir and R. Steinberger-Wilckens Centre for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Tel.: +44-121-414-5283 [email protected]

Abstract Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) offer a rapid start-up, high efficiency option for portable power generation, however their progress has been marred by issues of lifetime and the complexity of interconnection. Interconnection methods reported in the literature vary widely; including cathodes covered by dense silver wire coils and brazed caps, amongst many other designs. These methods all add to the cost and complexity of the system. For a given power demand, the tube size, and hence power per cell, must be balanced with the complexity of interconnects. Larger tubes mean fewer cells are needed, but the anode and cathode conductivities become more significant as length increases. Various approaches have been tested, with the cathode being the focus of research due to its higher resistivity. A porous silver ink coating on the catKRGH FRXSOHG ZLWK D ³VSLQH´ RI silver wire along its length proved the most effective, with one connection point on each electrode. A power density of 0.59 W/cm2 was obtained in this configuration at 74% utilisation of simulated reformate fuel from cells with a cathode length of 9.5cm at 0.7V.

Cell and stack design - next generation

Chapter 09 - Session A15 - 8/16

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A1508

A1509

STS-Supported SOFC with thin- or thick-film process

Design and analysis of a computer experiment of the anode-gas-flow distribution in fuel cells

Kun Joong Kim, Sun Jae Kim, Byung Hyun Park and Gyeong Man Choi Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Fuel Cell Research Center / Department of Materials Science and Engineering San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang, Republic of Korea Tel.: +82-54-279-2980 Fax: +82-54-279-5099 [email protected]

Thierry M. Cornu, Priscilla Caliandro, Arata Nakajo, Jan Van herle FUELMAT group, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Tel.: +41-21-693-3528 Fax: +41-21-692-3502 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

Metal supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) could provide high mechanical strength and thermal-shock resistance and thus promise stable performance at intermediate temperature. In this study, we have fabricated stainless steel (STS)-supported SOFCs using either thick or thin film process. In the thick film process, electrolyte/anode layers were co-fired with STS with diffusion barrier layer in order to prevent the reaction between anode and STS. The single cell co-fired at 1350oC has shown good performance at 700oC. In the thin film process, micro-SOFC was fabricated without using lithography or etching. The thin film electrolyte layer was deposited on top of micro-porous oxide substrate. Excellent electrochemical performance was shown at 450oC for this micro-SOFC.

1.2

o

A homogeneous flow distribution into the bipolar plates of fuel cells is known to be important for their proper operation. This study investigates the use of techniques for the design and analysis of computer experiments (DACE) in order to carry out a sensitivity analysis and generate a meta-model, whereas optimizing the number of runs needed. Various design variables and operating conditions are considered as factors; namely: (1) topology of manifolds, (2) height of channels, (3) width of manifolds, (4) mole fraction of hydrogen, and (5) electrical current density. A fractional factorial design and a central composite design are chosen in the frame of this study. The responses of interest for which the effect of the factors and their interactions is quantified are (a) flow uniformity and (b) pressure drop. Among the selected factors, the width of the manifolds displays the most significant effect on the flow uniformity.

250

1.0

200

0.8

150

STS-supported o micro-SOFCs @ 450 C

0.6

100

50

0.4

2

Power density (mW/cm )

Cell voltage (V)

STS-supported bulk-SOFCs @ 700 C

0.2

0

Air/ 97% H2 + 3% H2O 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2

Current density (mA/cm )

Figure 2. Conceptual map of the study.

Cell and stack design - next generation

Chapter 09 - Session A15 - 9/16

Cell and stack design - next generation

Chapter 09 - Session A15 - 10/16

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A1510

A1511

Fully ceramic-based micro-SOFC integrated in silicon

Catalytic hydrogen micro-combustor for SOFC Portable Applications

I. Garbayo1,2, D. Pla1, A. Morata1, L. Fonseca2, V. Esposito3, S. Sanna3, N. Sabaté2 and A. Tarancón1 1 Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC) Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 2ª pl. E-08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona (Spain) 2 Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC) Campus UAB, s/n E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona (Spain) 3 Department of Energy Conversion and Storage ± DTU Frederiksborgvej 399 DK-4000 Roskilde (Denmark) Tel.: +34-933-562-615 Fax: +34-933-563-802 [email protected]

Abstract The increasing energy demand of the lastly developed high performance portable devices is limiting their out-of-grid autonomy. Consequently, in the recent years there has been a reactivation of the research in the field of portable power systems. In this sense, the fabrication of micro-SOFCs integrated in silicon has been shown as one of the most promising alternatives to current state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries. By reducing the electrolyte thickness and smart integration into low thermal mass structures, the SOFC technology has overcome the major drawbacks for application in portable devices, i.e. high operating T and long start-up times with high energy consumption.

D. Pla1, L. Almar1, G. Gadea1, A. Morata1 and A. Tarancón1 1. Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Department of Advanced Materials for Energy Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 2nd floor 08930-Sant Adriá del Besòs, Barcelona /Spain Tel.: +34 933 562 615 [email protected]

Abstract The catalytic combustion of hydrogen at low temperature has been widely reported, but information about a micro-combustor which could be directly coupled to small-scale intermediate-temperature micro-SOFC systems is sparse. The present work reports the design, fabrication and performance evaluation results of a compact catalytic bed microcombustor based on a mesoporous ceria support, infiltrated with nickel oxide (NiO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles for the catalytic oxidation of hydrogen. The current design is based on a silicon bed micro-reactor with an overall size of 25 mm x 19 mm x 0.5 mm fabricated with the mainstream micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technologies. The micro-combustor was filled with NiO/CuO-cerium gadolinium oxide mesoporous catalysts by applying a pressure gradient and encapsulated with a glass cover by anodic bonding. The conversion and efficiency of the catalytic reactor were evaluated by gas chromatography (GC) shows the suitability of the here-employed catalyst to oxidative combustion the exhaust gases coming from a micro-SOFC system.

This work presents the fabrication and performance of an all-ceramic micro-SOFC fully integrated in Si, representing the first report on a non-metallic based micro-SOFC. The use of ceramics as electrodes greatly improves the reliability of metal-based devices, strongly affected by de-wetting processes and thus instable already in the intermediate range of temperatures (>400ºC). Dense yttria-stabilized zirconia films are used as electrolyte, porous La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-į as cathode and porous Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9-į as anode. A comprehensive microstructural and electrochemical analysis of the three layers has been SHUIRUPHG $UHD VSHFLILF UHVLVWDQFHV EHORZ  ȍFP2 for the individual components are achieved at temperatures of ca. 700°C. A power density of ca. 100 mW/cm 2 with an open circuit voltage of 1.05V is obtained at 750°C based on a CGO/YSZ/LSC micro-SOFC. The total power achieved per single device was ~2 mW, reached by using a large-area freestanding membrane design previously reported by the authors.

Cell and stack design - next generation

Chapter 09 - Session A15 - 11/16

Cell and stack design - next generation

Chapter 09 - Session A15 - 12/16

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A1512

A1513 (Abstract only)

Three-in-one: single layer low temperature microtubular solid oxide fuel cells

Manufacturing & Electrical Characterization of Intermediate Temperature Micro Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Shangfeng Du (1,*), Tsang-I Tsai (1), Bin Zhu (2), Robert Steinberger-Wilckens (1) (1) School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK (2) Department of Energy Technology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden Tel.: +44-21-414-5081 [email protected]

Ali Murat SOYDAN1* and Ali ATA1 1.Gebze Institute of Technology ,Nano Technology Research Center Istanbul Str 41400 Kocaeli / Turkey Tel.: +90-262-605-1730 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract The high operating temperature and the three-layer construction of the conventional solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) usually cause the mismatch of thermal expansion as well as interdiffusion and interaction between electrolytes and electrodes, bringing serious mechanical and chemical problems. To this end, considerable efforts have been devoted using novel component structures, e.g. adding an interlayer between the electrolyte and the electrode, which would increase the complexity and the fabricating cost at the same time. In this work, for the first time, we demonstrate a novel type of single layer micro-tubular SOFC. With a reported nanocomposite mixture of samarium-doped ceria and nanoparticles of a LiNiCuZn-based oxide acting as ionic conductor and semiconductor phases, respectively, the single layer micro-tube was manufactured by a single one-step extrusion. The final tubes with an inner diameter of 1.6 mm and a wall thickness of 0.4 mm were directly used as single-component SOFCs and tested with hydrogen and air. A power density of 264 mW cm-2 was achieved at 550 oC. However, the stability test showed a fast degradation to the cell performance, and only 41% of the initial power remained after 15 hours. Although a high potential is expected for this technology in practical applications, a further understanding of the exact nature of the underlying processes and the structure-property relationships for this single component device is necessary in our future work.

Cell and stack design - next generation

Chapter 09 - Session A15 - 13/16

With their rapid start up time and elimination of cell sealing, tubular solid oxide fuel cells are expected to be the first prototypes of the fuel cell commercialization. Co extruding the anode and electrolyte double-layers of micro tubular solid oxide fuel cells is a promising manXIDFWXULQJWHFKQLTXHZLWKLW¶VKLJKSURGXFWLRQUDWHDQGORZFRVW3RO\PHUFHUDPLFUDWLR of the extrusion batch, extrusion rate, sintering temperature and raw powder characteristics are found to be highly effective over the mechanical & electrical properties of the final cells. Nano Ceramic Powders obtained by using GNP combustion method and examined with BET, SEM & XRD were mixed with several binding & extrusion polymers such as Poly ethylene glycol, Poly vinyl alcohol and butvar. Layer porosity and layer specific surface area of co extruded green tubes ( composed of a 250 micron thick Ni-GDC Anode and 100 Micron GDC electrolyte with a total diameter of 3.1 mm ), & electrical examinations of the cells were performed by SEM, Empedance spectrometer & fuel cell performance analyzer.

Cell and stack design - next generation

Chapter 09 - Session A15 - 14/16

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A1514 (Abstract only)

A1515

All porous solid oxide fuel cells (AP-SOFC): a bridging technology between dual and single chambers for operation in dry hydrocarbons

Metal Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Materials Development to Single Cell Performance and Durability Tests

Youmin GUO and David FARRUSSENG* Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l¶Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON) CNRS, 2, Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France

Julie Mougina, Aude Breveta, Jean-Claude Grenierb, Richard Laucourneta, Per-Olof Larssonc, Dario Montinarod, Lide M. Rodriguez-Martineze, Mario A. Alvareze, Marit Stangef, Lionel Bonneaug, Enrico Concettonih, Lorenzo Stroppah a CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, FR-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 / France

Tel.: +33-4-72-44-54-86 Fax: +33-4-72-44-53-99 [email protected]; [email protected]

Tel.: +33-438-78-1007 Fax: +33-438-78-4139 [email protected] b

Abstract The anode deactivation by coking for hydrocarbon-feed SOFC is a chief obstacle towards industrialization. All Porous Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (AP-SOFC) is the latest technology allowing the controlled distribution of gaseous O2 at anode side, thus preventing deactivation and generating heat by auto-thermal reforming. The oxygen distribution is controlled by the porosity of a CGO electrolyte. In this AP-SOFC, the oxidative reforming of hydrocarbon streams consequently operate in a similar fashion to single chamber SOFC, but within a safer and better controlled process [1]. In our first electrolyte supported AP-SOFC, the peak power output only reached ~20 mW cm-2 with methane as fuel due to the large thickness of the porous electrolyte (2 mm). In this study, we show a 10-fold peak power output using a second generation AP-SOFC based on anode-supported porous thin-film CGO electrolyte (Fig. 1). In single cell test, stable OCV of 0.82V was obtained over 160 hours (Fig. 2). Moreover, continuous and stable operation in dry 6% propane for more than 120 hours without observable degradation in OCV was obtained, whereas the cell performance degraded almost 35% for dual chamber SOFC with dense CGO electrolyte only after 10 hours [2].

CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 Av. du Dr. Schweitzer, FR-33600 PessacCedex / France c HÖGANÄS AB, SE-263 83 Höganäs / Sweden d SOFCPOWER, 115/117 viale Trento, IT-38017 Mezzolombardo / Italy e IKERLAN, 2 Paseo J.M. Arizmendiarrieta, SP-20500 Mondragon / Spain f SINTEF, Forskningsveien 1, NO-0373 Oslo / Norway g BAIKOWSKI, BP 501, FR-74339 La Balme de Sillingy Cedex / France h LOCCIONI ,16 Via Fiume, IT-60030 Angeli di Rosora / Italy

Abstract Metal supported cells (MSC) are considered as the next generation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells due to their robustness and cost-efficiency. However, improvement of their performances for operation below 700°C is a key point, as well as their durability and their manufacturing route. Within the RAMSES EU project, materials, components and processes have been tailored for MSCs. Thus, a coated metal substrate has been optimized, fulfilling the targets of low-cost, sinterability in low-oxidizing atmosphere and oxidation resistance. A customized electrolyte powder allowed decreasing the sintering temperature of 100°C compared to a reference 8YSZ powder. A modified Ni-8YSZ anode as well as a lanthanide nickelate cathode was found to reach low polarization resistances below 700°C. Tubular metal supported cells including RAMSES materials have been successfully tested, leading to an ASR of 0.42 .cm² at 700°C. Durability over 500 h has been demonstrated, and 500 thermal cycles have been successfully applied for a total operation time of almost 3000 h. Activities for upscaling of these cells have been carried out. Inspection techniques have been developed for on-line detection of defects. Some prototypes of planar MSC have been produced, and electrochemical characterizations have been carried out.

Fig. 1. I-V curves of the anode-supported AP-SOFCFig. 2. The open circuit voltage versus time for anode (NiO+CGO-CGO-BSCF+CGO) at various temperatures supported AP-SOFC operated in 7% CH4-He/air and o under 7%CH4-He/Air atmosphere. 6% C3H8-He/air at 700 C.

[1] Y. Guo, M. Bessaa, S. Aguado, et.al. Energy Environ. Sci, 2013, 6, 2119-2123. [2] F. Chen, S. Zha, M. Liu, Solid State Ionics, 2004, 166, 269-273. Cell and stack design - next generation

Chapter 09 - Session A15 - 15/16

Cell and stack design - next generation

Chapter 09 - Session A15 - 16/16

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Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Content

Page B03/B08 - ..

B0301 ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Solid-gas interactions at the surface of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-G cathodes and their impacts 3 B0302 ..................................................................................................................................... 4 MnFeCrO4 spinel coatings for metal supported solid oxide fuel cells 4 B0303 ..................................................................................................................................... 5 IT SOFC Cathodes Based on Pr Nickelates/Cobaltites: Design and Performance 5 B0304 ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Parameter Identification on Polarization Resistance of SOFC Anode with Magnetically Aligned Ni 6 B0307 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 7 Impregnating porous scaffolds for accelerated development of SOFC anodes 7 B0308 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Thermodynamic Evaluation of LSCF Cathode Stability and Tolerance towards Gas Impurities 8 B0309 ..................................................................................................................................... 9 LSM-GDC cathode improvement through nanocatalyst infiltration 9 B0311 ................................................................................................................................... 10 Novel Ordered Mesoporous Architectures for Highly Stable Electrodes in Solid Oxide Cells 10 B0312 ................................................................................................................................... 11 Fuel-side CO/CO2 Studies of High Performance LSFCr RSOFC Electrodes 11 B0314 ................................................................................................................................... 12 SOFC Cathode Design Optimization using the Finite Element Method 12 B0315 ................................................................................................................................... 13 Influence of ceria buffer layer on redox anode supported cell performance tested with LSC-based cathodes 13 B0801 ................................................................................................................................... 14 Oxygen Surface Exchange Coefficients and SOFC Cathode Performance 14 B0802 ................................................................................................................................... 15 Effect of the current polarisation on the versatility of SrCoO3-G derivatives as electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells and electrolysers 15 B0803 ................................................................................................................................... 16 Cathode Reaction Mechanism of CO2/H2O Co-electrolysis in Solid Oxide Electrolyte Cells 16 B0804 ................................................................................................................................... 17 La0.3Ca0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3-į as a Novel Air Electrode Material for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells 17 B0807 ................................................................................................................................... 18 Influence of Surface Properties on Oxygen Reduction Reaction of MIEC Cathode 18 B0808 ................................................................................................................................... 19 Core-shell Properties of Strontium-Iron Perovskite Cathode 19 B0809 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 20 SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

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Evaluation of LaxSr1-xTi1-yFeyO3 ±YSZ Composite Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 20 B0810 ................................................................................................................................... 21 Advanced cathode materials for metal supported cells: 21 the lanthanide nickelates Ln2NiO4+į (Ln = La, Pr) 21 B0811 ................................................................................................................................... 22 YXZr1-XO2-X/2(YSZ;X=0.06-0.21) colloidal nanocrystals derived nanostructured La(Sr)MnO3/YSZ composites for a cathode material of intermediate-temperature SOFC 22 B0812 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 23 Investigation of the Formation of La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-d Cathode Materials and Their Interaction with Electrolyte Substrates for Potential SOFC Applications 23 B0813 ................................................................................................................................... 24 A comparison of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-į, La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-į and Pr2NiOį cathodes on the performance of anode supported microtubular cells 24 B0814 ................................................................................................................................... 25 Custom Tailoring High-Performance MIEC Cathodes 25 B0815 ................................................................................................................................... 26 Internal Steam Reforming of Iso-Octane on Co-based Anodes in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 26

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 2/26

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B0301

B0302

Solid-gas interactions at the surface of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-G cathodes and their impacts

MnFeCrO4 spinel coatings for metal supported solid oxide fuel cells

Jan Hayd1, Harumi Yokokawa2 and Ellen Ivers-Tiffée1 Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Adenauerring 20b D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany

Elena Stefan (1), Dragos Neagu (1), Peter Blennow Tullmar (2), Åsa Helen Persson (3), David Miller (1), Ming Chen (3) and John Irvine (1) (1) University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry KY16 9ST, St Andrews, United Kingdom

1

Tel.: +49-721-608-47573 Fax: +49-721-608-47492 [email protected] 2

Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo / Japan

Abstract Degradation of SOFC cathodes is the result of microstructural and/or chemical alterations taking place during operation. This contribution will focus on the solid/gas interaction between nanoscaled La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-į (LSC) thin films and the surrounding gas atmosphere in terms of gas composition and partial pressure and discusses the resulting influence on the electrochemical properties. Differently designed experiments and thermodynamic calculations were performed in order to investigate the influence of H2O(g) and CO2 in the surrounding atmosphere and of the oxygen partial pressure on the cathode performance. The latter plays an important role during the cathode fabrication process, as low oxygen partial pressures lead to the formation of a beneficial hetero-interface of (La,Sr)2CoO“į and La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-į.The influence of H2O(g) and CO2 on the electrochemical performance was investigated experimentally in a temSHUDWXUHUDQJHRI«ƒ&. Both gases negatively affect the solid/gas electrochemistry of the cathode. CO2 leads to a reversible poisoning of the cathode. H2O leads to an irreversible and continuously increasing degradation. A detailed analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data disclosed that CO2 mainly affects the surface-exchange reaction, whereas H2O impedes the oxygen ion diffusion within the cathode. The results demonstrate the changeability of the solid-gas electrochemistry of MIEC cathodes. Based on these results, operation strategies in terms of optimal operation temperature and required gas preprocessing can be deduced.

Tel.: +44(0)1334 463844 [email protected]

(2) TOPSOE FUEL CELL A/S, Nymøllevej 66, DK ± 2800, Kgs. Lyngby (3) Technical University of Denmark, Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Frederiksborgvej 399,P.O. Box 49, Bygning 778, 4000 Roskilde

Abstract Metal supported fuel cells show great promise for cost effective scaling-up due to lower potential material costs, increased tolerance to mechanical and thermal stresses and lower operational temperatures. However, the metal particles in the anode layer, and sometimes even in the support may undergo oxidation in realistic operating conditions leading to severe cell degradation. In order to diminish oxidation, protective coatings have to be devised. Previously, we have shown that MnFeCrO4 spinels display higher conductivity as compared to their MnCr2O4 analogues and could even be used as electrode support materials. Here, we attempt to form these spinels in situ as protective coatings on porous metal scaffolds. Our approach consists of scavenging the FeCr oxides formed during a controlled oxidation process into a continuous and well adhered spinel coating.

The content was published elsewhere in: x J. Hayd and E. Ivers-Tiffée, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 160 (11), p. F1197 (2013). x J. Hayd, H. Yokokawa, and E. Ivers-Tiffée, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 160 (11) p. F351 (2013).

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 3/26

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 4/26

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B0303

B0304

IT SOFC Cathodes Based on Pr Nickelates/Cobaltites: Design and Performance

Parameter Identification on Polarization Resistance of SOFC Anode with Magnetically Aligned Ni

Vladislav Sadykov, Nikita Eremeev, Ekaterina Sadovskaya, Aleksei Bobin, Arkady Ishchenko, Vladimir Pelipenko, Yulia Fedorova, Anton Lukashevich, Aleksei Salanov, Tamara Krieger, Vladimir Belyaev, Vladimir Rogov, Vitalii Muzykantov, Zakhar Vinokurov, Aleksandr Shmakov Novosibirsk State University, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis Pr. Lavrentieva, 5 630090 Novosibisk, Russian Federation

Keisuke Nagato (1, 2), Naoki Shikazono (3), Masayuki Nakao (1), Jan Hayd (4), Dino Klotz (3, 4), Ellen Ivers-Tiffée (4) (1) Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo / Japan (2) PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency; 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan (3) Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo; 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-0041 Tokyo / Japan (4) Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Adenauerring 20, D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany

Tel.: +7-383-3308-763, Fax: +7-383-330 8056 [email protected]

Oleg Bobrenok Institute of Thermal Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia Nikolai Uvarov, Yurii Ohlupin, Artem Ulikhin Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanical Activation, Novosibirsk, Russia Josef Mertens, Izaak C. Vinke Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Julich, Julich, Germany Robert Steinberger-Wilckens, James Watton, Aman Dhir, Nikkia McDonalds University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom

Abstract This work presents results of research aimed at design of stable to carbonation Sr-free cathodes for IT SOFC based on Pr nickelates/nickelates-cobaltites with perovskite-like (P) structures and their nanocomposites with Y/Gd-doped ceria with fluorite (F) structure. Nanocrystalline fluorites, perovskites PrNi1-xCoxO3-G (x=0-0.6) and Ruddlesden-Popper oxides Pr2-xNiO4+G (x=0-0.3) were synthesized by Pechini method. Nanocomposites were prepared via ultrasonic dispersion of F and P powders in isopropanol with addition of polyvinyl butyral followed by sintering at temperatures up to 1300 oC in air. Phase composition, morphology, microstructure and elemental composition of domains in P/F oxides and their nanocomposites were characterized by XRD and HRTEM/SEM with EDX. Oxygen mobility and reactivity were characterized by oxygen isotope exchange (including 18O2 SSITKA), weight loss, unit cell and conductivity relaxation studies. Electrochemical characteristics were estimated for cathodes supported on H.C. Starck half-cells (YDC buffer layer/ thin YSZ electrolyte/NiO/YSZ). P and F domains are nanosized and disordered even in dense nanocomposites due to elements redistribution between phases. This microstructure provides fast oxygen diffusion in such domains and along their interfaces with DO and Dchem at ~600 K exceeding those for LSFC-GDC composites by 2-3 order of magnitude. For optimized composition and microstructure of nanocomposite cathodes, a stable performance in the IT range with maximum power density (Wt/cm2) up to 0.3 (600 oC), 0.6 (700 oC) and 1.0 (800 oC) in wet H2/air feeds exceeding best results for LSFC/GDC cathodes on the same substrates was demonstrated.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 5/26

Tel.: +81-3-5841-6362 Fax: +81-3-5800-6997 [email protected]

Abstract In anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), Ni, and pores are distributed, and oxygen ions, electrons, and gases pass in each path. They chemically react at the boundaries (triple phase boundaries, TPBs). In the view point of tortuosity, aligned YSZ and Ni particles and TPB are promising microstructures for a low resistance in terms of transport and the electrochemical reaction. In our report, it is proposed that Ni particles are aligned by a magnetic field during the drying process after screen-printing Ni/YSZ paste. By applying a magnetic field, Ni particles are magnetically polarized, attracted to each other, and align along the magnetic field. In this study, we varied the temperature and gas conditions for a detailed impedance analysis, in order to investigate the contributions of gas diffusion, electrochemical reaction, ionic and electronic conductivities to the polarization resistance of symmetrical anodes with magnetically aligned Ni by calculating the Distribution Relaxation Time (DRT) of the measured impedance spectra.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 6/26

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B0307 (Abstract only)

B0308

Impregnating porous scaffolds for accelerated development of SOFC anodes

Thermodynamic Evaluation of LSCF Cathode Stability and Tolerance towards Gas Impurities

Paul Boldrin (1), Enrique Ruiz-Trejo (1) and Nigel P Brandon (1) (1) Department of Earth Science and Engineering Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK [email protected]

Weiwei Zhang, Ming Chen, Peter Vang Hendriksen and Wolff-Ragnar Kiebach Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399 DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark Tel.: +45 4677-5757 Fax: +45 4677-5858 [email protected]

Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are complex systems with many fabrication and operational parameters which can affect performance. It is highly desirable to explore compositional space to improve electrocatalytic performance and tolerance to common poisons such as H2S and tars, and to be able to systematically explore the effect of microstructure on performance. However, current anode fabrication methods are both time consuming and unable to separate composition and microstructure, i.e. a change in the composition will result in a change in the microstructure and vice versa. Porous scaffolds containing commercial CGO microparticles, CGO nanoparticles produced on a continuous hydrothermal pilot plant and pore formers in different ratios have been produced. These have been impregnated with metal nitrate solutions to deposit the electrocatalysts and introduce the electronic conduction pathways. Separating the deposition of the oxide-conducting ceramic from the deposition of the metallic conductor allows greater independent control over the microstructure and composition of each. Dozens of compositionally and structurally unique anodes can be produced per week in this way. The microstructure of the scaffolds have been characterized by FIB-SEM, CT and USAXS. The anodes have been tested both as symmetrical cells in arrays of up to 10 cells simultaneously, and, for the better performing anodes, in full cell tests looking at performance in syngas and methane. The effects of compositional variables such as use of Ni, Cu, Mo, Ru, Re and microstructural variables such as anode thickness and pore size distribution are discussed.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 7/26

Abstract Strontium and iron co-doped lanthanum cobaltites (La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-į, LSCF) show good oxygen ion and electronic conductivity and fast oxygen surface exchange kinetics at temperatures between 600 and 800 °C, and is considered today one of the most promising class of cathode materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Despite its technological importance, the phase stability of the LSCF perovskite has not yet been fully mapped out and may be critical for the use of the materials during long-term operation. For cells with LSCF or LSCF/CGO (CGO: gadolinia doped ceria) cathodes, partial decomposition of the perovskite phase has been reported as a possible cause of high degradation rates. In addition, the LSCF perovskite is prone to react with gas species, such as CO2 and water vapor, which are present in atmospheric air, or species evaporated from stack components (interconnects and glass seals), such as chromium- or boroncontaining gas species. In this paper, a thermodynamic database for the multicomponent La-Sr-Co-Fe-O system is presented which was established employing the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) methodology. The phase stability of LSCF itself is then discussed as a function of composition, temperature and oxygen partial pressure. The results show that the LSCF perovskite phase will decompose at high Sr or Co content, at elevated temperature, or at reduced oxygen partial pressure. The LSCF reactivity towards gas impurities is further analyzed under realistic SOFC operating conditions.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 8/26

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B0309

B0311

LSM-GDC cathode improvement through nanocatalyst infiltration

Novel Ordered Mesoporous Architectures for Highly Stable Electrodes in Solid Oxide Cells

Laura Navarrete, Cecilia Solís and Jose M. Serra* Instituto de Teconología Química Avda/ Los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia (Spain)

L. Almar (1), T. Andreu (1), A. Morata (1), M. Torrell (1), R. Campana (1,2) and A. Tarancón (1) (1) Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Department of Advanced Materials for Energy Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1 08930 Sant Adriá del Besòs, Barcelona / Spain

Tel.: +34.963879448 Fax: +34.963877809 [email protected]

Abstract

[email protected]

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) have been demonstrated as a good alternative for the energy production. During last years the efforts have been focused on the development and optimization of different materials for the SOFC components. Regarding electrodes, composites have been proposed in order to combine the good properties of two different materials; usually one is an electronic phase whereas the other one is an ionic conductor. The mixture of both phases can improve the performance of the electrode enlarging the triple Phase Boundary (TPB) to the whole electrode. The composite Lanthanum strontium manganate (LSM) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has been widely studied [1]. LSM has good electronic conductivity, in contrast to YSZ with good ionic conductivity. However, YSZ shows appropriate electrochemical performance only at high temperatures [2]. In order to reduce the operating temperatures (700 - 400 ºC), gadolinium doped ceria GDC has studied an alternative [3], due to its superior ionic conductivity. However, this composite electrode does not exhibit sufficient catalytic activity to achieve low polarization resistance. Aiming to solve this problem, we introduced catalytic nanoparticles by infiltration in the electrode to promote the oxygen reduction reaction. Firstly, LSM-GDC composite has been tested by means of the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) on GDC electrolyte in symmetrical cells. Then, different infiltrated catalysts have been tested, i.e., Co, Ce, Pr, Sm, Zr, obtaining polarization resistance 40 WLPHVVPDOOHUŸÂFP2 at 700 ºC) than the same material without infiltration. To check the activity and stability of the different nanoparticles, several tests have been performed, obtaining good stability for relatively long periods of time (more than 150 operation hours) with different temperature cycles. FE-SEM analysis has been employed to study the morphology and dimension of the particles before and after the electrochemical test and it was confirmed that the catalyst particle sizes was maintained below 30 nm.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Tel.: +34 933 562 615

(2) Centro Nacional del Hidrógeno, Prolongación Fernando el Santo s/n, 13500, Puertollano / Spain

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 9/26

Abstract The development of electrode materials with stable microstructures is one of the major drawbacks for a proper optimization of Solid Oxide Cells (SOCs) in the intermediate temperature range (600-800 ºC). Keeping nano-scale materials stable at high temperatures is probably the key issue since nanostructures greatly enhance the performance of SOCs. In our previous study, we presented a counterintuitive and costeffective thermal treatment at intermediate temperatures for stabilizing ordered mesoporous oxides at high temperatures (T ~ 1000 ºC) by means of forcing the self-limited grain growth regime [1]. Here, mesoporous ceria doped scandium (SDC) powder was fabricated by this approach and used as ceramic scaffold for the further infiltration of a catalyst Sm0.5Sc0.5CoO3-į (SSC). Infiltration techniques have been reported as an effective approach to synthesize electrodes for IT-SOFCs. The so-prepared cells were evaluated as cathodes. An extended stability test performed on the symmetrical SSC-SDC/SDC/SSC-SDC cells, shows an exciting improvement of its area specific resistance (ASR) by ~45 %, to an ASR value of 0.07 ȍFP2 during the first 200 hours (T = 700 ºC). Moreover, an electrolyte supported cell based on fully mesoporous electrodes was evaluated: a Ni-CGO mesoporous cermet was used as anode synthesized by the thermal stability approach explained in [2] and the above explained SSC-infiltrated in the SDC mesoporous scaffold was used as cathode. The cell showed a target power peak of 565 mW/cm2 at 750 ºC. It was subjected to a galvanostatic experiment for more than 1000 hours and the impedance spectra recorded showed a decrease of the polarization resistance, which is mainly attributed to the resistance of the electrodes. The novel strategies followed to fabricate highly-stable mesoporous structures demonstrated long-term stability under severe IT-SOFC operational conditions. Furthermore, the strategies are easily reproducible for synthesizing any other cer-cer or cermet materials and thus, can represent a step forward towards the implementation of nanostructures in many applications where high thermal stability is required i.e. solid oxide fuel/electrolysis cells, gas separation membranes or high temperature catalysis.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 10/26

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B0312

B0314

Fuel-side CO/CO2 Studies of High Performance LSFCr RSOFC Electrodes

SOFC Cathode Design Optimization using the Finite Element Method

Paul Addo, Beatriz Molero-Sanchez, Min Chen, Scott Paulson and Viola Birss* Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada

Martin Andersson and Bengt Sundén Lund University, Department of Energy Sciences 221 00, Lund, Sweden

Tel: +1-403-220-5360 Fax:+1-403-220-7040 [email protected]

Tel.: +46-46-222-4908 Fax: +46-46-222-4717 [email protected]

Tingshuai Li University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) School of Energy Science and Engineering Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China

Abstract Our group has been studying the development of a symmetrical SOFC, based on the mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) perovskite, La0.3Sr0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3-į (LSFCr). The perovskite structure of LSFCr is stable in both air and down to a pO2 of 1.9×10-21 atm at 800 oC, which makes it suitable for operation as either an anode or cathode. In fact, LSFCr exhibits excellent electrochemical activity for both fuel oxidation and oxygen reduction. Also, the LSFCr catalyst is stable in CO2 atmospheres. Because of these advantageous characteristics, the electrochemical activity of LSFCr in CO2/CO gas atmosphere has now been examined. In this study, we demonstrate that the symmetrical reversible SOFC (RSOFC), fabricated using the LSFCr perovskite as both the fuel and O2 electrode material, is both high performing and stable towards the reduction of CO2 or the oxidation of CO, as well as for oxygen evolution or reduction. A LSFCr/GDC/YSZ/GDC/LSFCr cell was constructed and evaluated electrochemically using both DC (Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic) and AC (impedance) techniques. The cell was tested at 800 oC using either 90% CO2:10% CO or 70% CO2:30% CO fed to the fuel electrode and air flowing to the O2 electrode. Both the CV and impedance data showed that the cell performance is higher during the electrolysis of CO2 than for the oxidation of CO. Furthermore, the cell showed very stable performance towards CO2 reduction, with only a 0.057 mV/hr potential loss after 133 hrs of -100 mA/cm2 galvanostatic testing in 90 % CO2:10 % CO at 800 oC.

Tel.: +86-182-0023-4059 [email protected]

Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising as an energy producing device, which at this stage of development will require extensive analysis and benefit from numerical modeling at different time- and length scales. A 3D model is developed based on the finite element method (FEM), using COMSOL Multiphysics, of a single SOFC operating at an intermediate temperature range. Ion, electron, heat, gas-phase species and momentum, transport equations are implemented and coupled to the kinetics of the electrochemical and internal reforming reactions. High current density spots were identified in our previous work, at positions where the electron transport distance is short and the oxygen concentration is high. The electron transport especially within the cathode is found to be limiting for the electrochemical reactions at positions far from the channel walls (interconnect). New cathode designs are proposed, for the cathode/air channel interface, to be able to reduce the maximum electron current density (decreasing the ohmic polarization due to electron transport), i.e., to increase the fuel utilization, with constant inlet conditions, compared to a standard approach. The two cases with a modified cathode structure presents 1 % higher average ion current density as well as 1 % higher fuel utilization, keeping the inlet conditions similar. Keywords: SOFC, Modeling, FEM, Porous media, Cathode Design Optimization

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 11/26

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 12/26

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B0315

B0801

Influence of ceria buffer layer on redox anode supported cell performance tested with LSC-based cathodes

Oxygen Surface Exchange Coefficients and SOFC Cathode Performance

a

a

a

a

Pierre Coquoz , Raphaël Obrist , Issam El Bakkali , Carolina Grize , Jesus Ruiz Pascal Brioisb, Alain Billardb and Raphaël Ihringera a Fiaxell Sàrl b IRTES-LERMPS, UTBM, EA7274 and FR FCLab, CNRS 3539, Belfort, France Fiaxell Sàrl, EPFL Science Parc, PSE A, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

a

Tel.: +1-304-285-5437 [email protected]

Tel.: +41-21-647-4838 [email protected]

(2) Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering West Virginia University P.O. Box 6070 Morgantown, WV 26506-6070, USA

Abstract

Tel.: +1-304-293-3339 [email protected]

Fiaxell Sàrl has developed an anode supported half-cell, the 2R-&HOOŒ WKDW SURYLGHV robustness and reliability upon multiple thermo- and redox-cycles. A 1800 hours test has been carried out on a 2R-&HOOŒ ZLWK D /60 FDWKRGH DW ƒ& DW WKH 6ZLVV ,QVWLWXWH RI Technology (EPFL). The cell supported 4 redox cycles and 2 thermal cycles, after 1 redox cycle the voltage drop is 4.6%, then 0.8% per cycle. The OCV remained constant during the whole test. Measurements of 2R-&HOOŒ DW KLJK IXHO XWLOL]DWLRQ DUH DOVR UHSRUWHG ,Q order to use LSC-based cathodes, a layer of GDC (ceria layer) is used as buffer layer to protect the YSZ electrolyte. Significant differences in power density are observed between post-sintered and PVD deposited ceria layer. For instance at 0.8V and 780°C, 690 and 800 mW/cm2 are measured respectively, which represents an improvement factor of 1.2. The anode and cathode potentials are also studied separately by measurement of the potential from a reference electrode 2 mm apart from the cathode. Different deposition methods of the ceria layer (co-sintered, post-sintered and other deposition techniques) are discussed in regards of the electrochemical results. The corresponding electrochemical results are presented. SEM images of the ceria layer are included showing the quality of the thin layer and the interface.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Briggs White, Shiwoo Lee, and Kirk Gerdes (1), Xingbo Liu (2) (1) U.S. DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory Advanced Energy Systems Division 3610 Collins Ferry Road P.O. Box 880 Morgantown, WV 26507-0880, USA

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 13/26

Abstract The development of cathodes with high activity and stable performance is a key pathway to the cost-effective utilization of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell systems and thereby the realization of broader economic and environmental benefits. Therefore, the US Department of (QHUJ\¶V 6(CA Program has maintained a substantial focus on cathode research. Recently, this effort has centered on correlating surface properties (composition, crystallography, electronic structure) with performance attributes (stability and overpotential) with the goal of identifying concepts for rationally designing cathode architectures. In parallel, the oxygen exchange kinetics for cathode materials were measured using a variety of experimental techniques. These results were frequently interpreted using the surface properties mentioned above; however, they were not always correlated with cell performance ± a key step toward making better performing cells. This presentation will compare surface kinetic data and cell performance data for state of the art cathode materials, leveraging the results and insights developed by the many UHVHDUFKHUVIXQGHGE\WKH'2(¶V62)&SURJUDP

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 14/26

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B0802

B0803

Effect of the current polarisation on the versatility of SrCoO3-G derivatives as electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells and electrolysers

Cathode Reaction Mechanism of CO2/H2O Co-electrolysis in Solid Oxide Electrolyte Cells

1

2

3

3

3

D. Pérez-Coll , J. A. Alonso , S. Skinner , J. Kilner , A. Aguadero 1. Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC, Madrid, Spain 2. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, Spain 3. Department of Materials, Imperial College, London, UK [email protected] Tel.: +44-20-759-45174

Jongsup Hong, Hyoungchul Kim, Kyung Joong Yoon, Jong-Ho Lee, Hae-June Je and Byung-Kook Kim High Temperature Energy Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 136-791, South Korea Tel.: +82-2-958-5431 Fax: +82-2-958-5529 [email protected]

Abstract The development of versatile electrode materials to be used in reversible fuel cellelectrolysers, can enormously simplify and reduce the cost of the processing with a huge impact on the commercialisation of these systems. However, the high number of requirements that they must fulfil represent a great materials challenge that is preventing the implementation in the devices. In this work, we are presenting the study of the relationships between composition, crystal structure and physical properties of SrCo1xBxO3-G (B= Sb, Mo) perovskites to understand the complex mechanism affecting the electrochemical performances and practical limitation of these multipurpose electrodes. In particular, SrCoO3- į derivatives were evaluated as air mixed ionic ±electronic electrodes showing a considerable improvement of the electrode performance under anodic polarisation conditions, where the material is catalysing the oxygen evolution reaction. The electrical conductivity in the samples is higher than 100 S˜cm-1 above 500 qC, and the polarization resistances under OCV conditions display values in the range of 0.05 to 0.13 :·cm2 at 750 ºC with a ceria-based electrolyte. The performance of the systems are improved under anodic polarization conditions, reaching overpotential values as low as 28 mV for a current density of 210 mA·cm 2 at 700 ºC, for instance in the case of SrCo0.9Mo0.1O3-G.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 15/26

Abstract Cathode reactions inside solid oxide electrolyte cells (SOEC) for co-electrolysis of steam/CO2 mixtures are examined to elucidate their reduction pathway and enable controlling the syngas yield and selectivity. To investigate important products at various loads, cathode reaction products are analyzed by an online mass spectrometer and gas chromatography. It is shown that the electrochemical reaction pathway is substantially different from that of solid oxide fuel cells. The syngas production rate and product selectivity are highly dependent on gas concentrations, flow rates and electrical loads. It is highlighted that the cathode reaction mechanism is critical to optimize the syngas production rate and product selectivity, and hence the design and operation of coelectrolysis SOEC.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 16/26

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B0804

B0807

La0.3Ca0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3-į as a Novel Air Electrode Material for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells

Influence of Surface Properties on Oxygen Reduction Reaction of MIEC Cathode

Beatriz Molero-Sánchez, Paul Addo, Min Chen, Scott Paulson and Viola Birss* Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada

Keiji Yashiro(1), Hiroki Sato(1), Yuki Gonoi(1), Takashi Nakamura(2), Shin-ichi Hashimoto(3), Yusuke Tamenori (4), Koji Amezawa(2), Tatsuya Kawada(1) (1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan (2) Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University,Japan (3) Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan (4) JASRI, Japan

Tel.: +1-403-220-5360, Fax: +1-403-880-7040 [email protected]

Tel.: +81-22-795-6977 Fax: +81-22-795-4067 [email protected]

Abstract The primary focus of this work has been on the development of a stable mixed ionic and electronic conducting (MIEC) oxide electrode that is catalytic, and yet stable, for application as an air electrode in reversible solid oxide fuel cells (RSOFCs). For this purpose, our recently developed La0.3Sr0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3-į /6)&U  PDWHULDO VKRZQ WR be active as both an anode and cathode material in symmetrical SOFCs, has been modified by replacing the Sr in the A site with Ca, giving La0.3Ca0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3-į (LCFCr). This study was performed employing LCFCr at both electrodes in a symmetrical half-cell configuration operated either in stagnant air and pure oxygen. The 20 µm thick LCFCr electrodes were screen-printed on both sides of a 1 mm thick GDC (gadolinium doped ceria) electrolyte-support layer, followed by firing at 1100 oC in air. The performance of the LCFCr/GDC/LCFCr half cells, operated at 600-800 oC in both the SOFC (ORR) and SOEC (OER) modes, was then investigated. Preliminary results obtained by electrochemical evaluation reveals excellent performance in both the 62)&62(&PRGHVZLWKWKHSRODUL]DWLRQUHVLVWDQFH5S EHLQJTXLWHVPDOOŸFP  at 800 oC, with no interfacial damage is seen by SEM even after 100 hr at a 0.2 V or 0.65 V anode overpotential.

Abstract Lowering operation temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) is indispensable for cost reduction and further penetration into the market. One of the critical issues toward low operation temperature is improvement of cathode performance. It is well known that rate determining step of MIEC cathode is oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at electrode surface. We have reported that the hetero-interface between (La, Sr)2CoO4 on (La, Sr)CoO3 promote surface reaction kinetics of (La, Sr)CoO3 [1]. In addition, implementation of the hetero-interface into porous (La, Sr)CoO3 cathode improve the electrode performance [2]. However, it is still not clear how ORR is improved. This study aims to elucidate the mechanism of surface reaction enhancement at the hetero-interface. Hetero-interface electrodes were fabricated by a pulsed laser deposition method. Electrode performance was examined by electrochemical impedance. Additionally, electronic structure of a specimen was investigated through soft x-ray adsorption spectroscopy (SPring-8, BL27SU). We have observed the following remarkable findings so far. Strontium segregation at the surface deteriorated (La, Sr)CoO3 cathode performance. The results of x-ray adsorption imply that divalent cobalt ions exist at the surface of high performance electrode, while electronic structure of electrode bulk is different. Surface reaction kinetics of cathode seems to depend on surface state of cathode. Authors acknowledge the financial support from JST-PRESTO. [1] Sase et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 155, B793, (2008). [2] Yashiro et al., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 12, B135, (2009).

Remark:

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 17/26

The Authors did not wish to publish their full contribution in these proceedings. The topic of this Abstract will be published in a journal. Please contact the authors directly for further information.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 18/26

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B0808

B0809 (Abstract only)

Core-shell Properties of Strontium-Iron Perovskite Cathode

Evaluation of LaxSr1-xTi1-yFeyO3 ±YSZ Composite Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Horng-Yi Chang1,*, Yao-Ming Wang1, Chia-Ming Chang1, Chia-Hsin Lin2, Ching-Iuan Sheu2 and Ying-Chang Hung2 1 Department of Marine Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, R.O.C. 2 Division of Electronic Materials, Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chutung 31060, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Zhiqun Cao, Zhe Lv*, Yu Sui, Jipeng Miao, Wenhui Su Center for the Condensed Matter Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China Tel/Fax: +86-451-86418420 [email protected]

Tel.: +886-2-24621292 ext 7103 Fax: +886-2-24633765 * [email protected]

Abstract The cobalt-free SrFeO3-G (SF) is one of the most promising cathode materials in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) which are based on oxygen ion-conducting electrolytes. Barium, lanthanum and niobium are used to substitute the A-site and B-site of perovskite SF to increase the structural stability and conductivity. The lanthanum oxide and lanthanum cerium oxide (LC) are coated on barium strontium niobium iron oxide (BSNF), respectively, to form core-shell (BSNF-xLa and BSNF-xLC, x=0~25 mol%) particles using organic alcohol-water coating process. The pure BSNF structure is maintained without second phase below the 5 mol% LC coatings after 800qC-4 h calcination and 1190qC-6 h sintering. The La and LC coatings can suppress the BSNF grain growth slightly. The DC conductivities increase with the amounts of LC coatings but degrade with higher than the 5 mol% LC coatings. The core-shell cathode is cofired on densified lanthanum strontium barium cerium oxide (LSBC) electrolyte to form a half-cell. The AC impedance measurement shows that the diffusion and interface resistances decrease effectively for the half-cells with cathode containing less than 5 mol% LC coatings. The only lanthanum oxide coating on BSNF can also increase the DC conductivity and reduce the AC impedance. However, the LC containing Ce indicates to improve the cell performance more efficiently. The diffusion layer between LC and BSNF plays an important role.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 19/26

Abstract The anode LaxSr1-xTi1-yFeyO3 (LSTFO, x=0, 0.3 and y=0, 0.7) with cubic structure were prepared via solid state reaction. The LSTFO mixed with yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) composite anode materials(LSTFO:YSZ=6:4 weight ratio) were tested in YSZ electrolytesupported cells with (La0.75Sr0.25)0.95MnO3 (LSM) cathodes. This work investigated the effects of La doping on phase structures, stability of anode and electrochemical performances in wet or dry H2. The perovskite anode exhibited good phase stability under a wet reducing atmosphere at 800 oC due to the substitution of La for Sr. The X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the La0.3Sr0.7Ti0.3Fe0.7O3 were more stable than SrTi0.3Fe0.7O3 in dry H2 conditions. With La content increasing, the ability of LSTFO against reaction with YSZ was increasing. The thermal expansion of LSTFO showed the tendency of a decreasing thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) with increasing Ti-substitution for Fe. The maximum power density of La0.3Sr0.7Ti0.3Fe0.7O3-YSZ|YSZ|LSM-YSZ cell could reach ~150 mW˜cmí at 800 oC in wet H2 with a 400µm thick YSZ electrolyte, while the cell using La0.3Sr0.7TiO3 as an anode only has ~10 mW˜cmí. The present results indicated that the La0.3Sr0.7Ti1-xFexO3 is a promising anode candidate for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs).

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 20/26

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B0810

B0811

Advanced cathode materials for metal supported cells: the lanthanide nickelates Ln2NiO4+į (Ln = La, Pr)

YXZr1-XO2-X/2(YSZ;X=0.06-0.21) colloidal nanocrystals derived nanostructured La(Sr)MnO3/YSZ composites for a cathode material of intermediate-temperature SOFC

A. Rougier, A. Flura, C. Nicollet, V. Vibhu, S. Fourcade, J.M. Bassat, J.C. Grenier and A. Brevet1, J. Mougin1 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 Av. Dr Schweitzer, F-33600 Pessac Cedex, France (1) CEA-Grenoble, LITEN/DTBH/LTH 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France

Kazuya Horiguchi and Kazuyoshi Sato Division of Environmental Engineering Science, Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515 Japan Tel.: +81-27-730-1452 Fax: +81-27-730-1452 [email protected]

Tel.: +33 5 40 00 62 63 Fax: +33 5 40 00 27 61 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract The cell manufacturing of Metal Supported Cells (MSC) for IT-SOFC application (typically 600 °C ± 700 °C) requires preparation under non oxidizing conditions at high temperature (typically > 950 °C). A porous metal is used to support the cell, which causes some drawbacks resulting from this architecture: for instance, it is mandatory not to expose the metal support to oxidizing atmosphere at high temperature during the cell manufacturing. It implies to sinter the constitutive elements of the cell under low p(O2) (e.g. under Ar, p(O2) | 10-4 atm), or even under hydrogen. In such conditions, the most sensitive layer appears to be the cathode, which is usually a mixed ionic and electronic oxide. In the scope of the European RAMSES project (1), the behavior of the lanthanide nickelates Ln2NiOį (Ln = La, Pr or Nd) has been studied, i.e. their chemical stability when exposed to temperatures as high as 1300 °C, under p(O2) as low as 10-4 atm. TGA, XRD analyses and Thermal Expansion Coefficients are reported for electrodes sintered at high temperature, under low p(O2), down to 10-4 atm. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurements on Ln2NiOį//GDC//YSZ symmetrical half-cells sintered either in air or under N2 at 1150 °C for 1 hr have been performed in the 500 °C to 800 °C range, in air, at idc = 0 A. The lowest values of the polarization resistance have been obtained for Pr2NiOį (Rp ȍFP2 at 600 °C), either sintered in air or under nitrogen at 1150 °C, then re-oxidized while La2NiOį shows lower polarization resistances when sintered under nitrogen, compared to air. Finally, both cathode materials meet the target requirements (< 0.20 :.cm² at 600-700 °C), which made them potential candidates for an application in MSC of SOFC.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 21/26

YXZr1-XO2-X/2(YSZ;X=0.06-0.21) nanocrystals highly dispersed in aqueous medium were grown and used for the synthesis of nanostructured LaXSr1-XMnO3 (LSM)/YSZ composite particles. The YSZ nanocrystals were grown through a hydrothermal approach of anionic zirconium and yttrium complexes in a basic solution at 150 {C for 1-24h. Then the nanostructured LSM/YSZ composite particles were synthesized through a co-precipitation of YSZ nanocrystals with LSM precursor by adding La3+, Sr2+ and Mn2+ containing solution into the YSZ dispersed solution, followed by heat treatment of the composite precursor at 1000{C for 6h. The YSZ nanocrystals and LSM/YSZ composite particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Well crystallized YSZ nanocrystals with the size of 4-6 nm without forming agglomerates were obtained. The requirements including precise doping of Y3+ into ZrO2 lattices, almost 100 % of product yield, and less agglomeration of the nanocrystals in the solution were satisfied with the hydrothermal treatment at 3 h. The nanostructured LSM/YSZ composite particles and cathode were successfully obtained even after the high temperature heat treatment of the co-precipitated precursor.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 22/26

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B0812 (Abstract only)

B0813

Investigation of the Formation of La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-d Cathode Materials and Their Interaction with Electrolyte Substrates for Potential SOFC Applications

A comparison of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-į, La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-į and Pr2NiOį cathodes on the performance of anode supported microtubular cells

Can SINDIRAÇ and Sedat AKKURT Izmir Institute of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department Gulbahce Campus Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey

M. A. Laguna-Bercero, H. Monzón, J. Silva, M. J. López-Robledo, A. Larrea and V. M. Orera Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza. Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

Tel.: +90-232-750-6789 Fax: +90-232-750-6015 [email protected]

Tel.: +34-876-55-5152 [email protected]

A. Várez, B. Levenfeld Dpto. Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Avda. Universidad 30 28911 Leganés, Spain

Abstract Cathode layers of SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) materials are investigated to find out the reactions leading to the formation of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3 and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 on the surface of either ZrO2 or CGO (Cerium-Gadolinium Oxide) electrolyte substrates. Precursor salt powders were blended, compressed and placed on discs of sintered ceramic electrolytes before being heated in a laboratory furnace at 800oC for 1h. Almost all combinations of LSCF salt mixtures were prepared and analyzed by SEM-EDS, XRD and TGA to see if all solid state reactions are completed and what new phases eventually formed in LSCF combinations. Most of the transformations were complete after 1050 oC heat treatment to yield oxides. La was found to play a significant role to enable the formation of new phases. In the absence of La, other salts had significant difficulty to react to form new phases. Sr tended to swap its chloride with nitrate of other salts in salt mixtures after drying in oven. SEM analysis of the interface between the electrolyte and LSCF showed that there was mutual diffusion of the constituent elements between the cathode layer and the electrolyte. The cathode layer was usually in porous form but was found to spread well over the substrate. Uneven diffusion of La, Sr, Co or Fe into the substrate influenced the stoichiometry of the resulting coating layer in varying degrees. Unlike 6428 samples, it was successful to form stoichiometric LSCF in 6482 samples.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 23/26

Abstract The performance of YSZ-Ni supported microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (mT-SOFCs) with thin YSZ electrolyte and three different cathodes: La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-į (LSM), La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-į (LSCF) and Pr2NiOį (PNO) is compared. The mT-SOFC cells were fabricated using NiO-YSZ support precursors manufactured by Powder Extrusion Moulding (PEM). The YSZ layer was deposited by dip coating. The electrolyte deposition parameters and the sintering parameters were optimized to obtain a dense and thin layer. Three different cathode materials, LSM, LSCF and PNO were then deposited by dip coating. To circumvent reactivity at the sintering temperatures between LSCF and PNO with the YSZ electrolyte, barrier layers were also deposited. Electrochemical characterization under the same fuelling conditions for all the three cells was performed. The results are discussed and compared. As for example, the cell with a LSM-YSZ cathode presented a power density at 0.5V and 850 °C of 0.7 Wcm-2 with an ASR (area specific resistance) at OCV (open circuit voltage) of a ŸFP2. Similar performance was obtained when using LSCF or PNO cathodes at about 750 ºC, allowing for a significant reduction of the operation temperature of these mT-SOFCs.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 24/26

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B0814

B0815

Custom Tailoring High-Performance MIEC Cathodes

Internal Steam Reforming of Iso-Octane on Co-based Anodes in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Andreas Messner, Jochen Joos, Moses Ender, André Weber and Ellen Ivers-Tiffée Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20b, D-76131 Karlsruhe Tel.: +49 721 608-47494 Fax: +49 721 608-47492 [email protected]

Abstract The performance of mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) cathodes strongly depends on material composition and microstructure parameters. We developed a numerical tool which decouples both shares on performance, as this knowledge is a precondition for custom tailoring high-performance cathodes. In a first step, the initial configuration of pore phase and solid phase is stochastically generated within a given volume. The shape of the solid particles is chosen from a Voronoi tessellation [1]. The rearrangement of particles and pores, which represents the sintering process, is simulated using a level-set method [2]. This allows for a physically motivated manipulation of surface area and size distribution of both, solid phase and pore phase. This approach was validated by comparing microstructure parameters of the generated structures with those derived from reconstructed MIEC cathodes using focused ion beam tomography. The calculated parameters (volume fraction, surface area, tortuosity and particle size distribution) can be implemented in homogenized models [3]. Moreover, by using the generated 3-dimensional (3D) data set itself, it is even possible to investigate the interplay between microstructure variation and performance directly. Thereby, targeted variations within the manufacturing process, such as particle size or solid content in the screen printing paste, become accessible. This newly developed numerical tool enables us to analyze microstructure development at different sintering parameters (temperature or time), and provides guidelines for the most important microstructure parameters (e.g., ideal material fraction, ideal cathode thickness, among others).

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 25/26

A. Al-Musa*1, V.Kyriakou2,3, ȃ. Kaklidis4, M. Al-Saleh1, G.E. Marnellos2,4 Water and Energy Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, KACST 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2 Chemical Processes and Energy Resources Institute, CERTH, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece. 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece. 4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100, Kozani, Greece. 1

Tel.: +966 11 481 4316 Fax: +966 11 481 3880 [email protected]

Abstract Liquid hydrocarbons such as gasoline have been recognized as a useful source of hydrogen due to their high energy density. Furthermore, they can be transported via an existing infrastructure of pipelines and a well-equipped hardware. The present work aims to investigate Co-based supported on mixed CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts as anodic composites in a liquid hydrocarbon internal steam reforming solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The fuel used was iso-octane (i-C8H18) which is a common surrogate for gasoline. Initially, a series of 20wt% Co/Ce1-xZrxO2 catalysts were prepared and tested for i-C8H18 steam reforming in a fixed-bed reactor. In all cases, gas mixtures rich in Ǿ2, CO, CO2 and CH4 were produced. Among all samples tested, the 20wt%Co/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 catalyst exhibited the optimum catalytic performance achieving Ǿ2 yields well exceeding 75% at 700 oC. In addition, the excellent durability of this catalyst was proven by long-term (24 h) stability experiments. To this end, it was selected to serve as the anodic electrode in the fuel cell tests. During the SOFC measurements, the power outputs were relatively poor and they were not exceeding 15 mW/cm2. However, this output was up to 80% of that obtained when direct 20% H2 was fed to the cell, thus indicating that 20wt%Co/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 can be considered as a promising anodic composite for direct hydrocarbon fed SOFCs.

SOFC & SOE electrodes I and II

Chapter 10 - Sessions B03/B08 - 26/26

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Chapter 11 - Session B05 New Materials and Processing

Content

Page B05 - ..

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New materials and low temperature sintering processes for PCFCs 19 B0521 ................................................................................................................................... 20 Colloidal Approach for Nanostructured Composite Electrodes of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 20 B0522 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 21 Barium Boron silicate glass as a sealant for use in anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 21

B0501 ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Development of a coking-resistant NiSn anode for direct methane SOFC 3 B0502 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 4 Toward Understanding Electrical Behavior of Proton Conducting Ceramic Oxides4 B0503 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 5 A new route for preparing porous metallic supports for 3G SOFC 5 B0504 ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Fabrication of Ultra-thin Electrolytes for Low Temperature Operation of SOFCs at 600~650 oC 6 B0507 ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Nanoscaling SOFC Electrodes ± Boosting the Performance of Anode Supported Cells 7 B0508 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Coated Stainless Steel 441 as Interconnect Material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Evolution of Electrical Properties 8 B0509 ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Enhanced oxygen surface exchange of La2NiOį by silver deposition 9 B0510 ................................................................................................................................... 10 Progress in the development of Nickel-less SOFCs: status of the EU project EVOLVE 10 B0511 ................................................................................................................................... 11 Lifetime estimates of thin film coated interconnects in SOFC cathode side environments 11 B0512 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 12 Structure and Electrochemical Studies of Modulated LaNb1-xWxO4+d Phases as a New Electrolyte for SOFC 12 B0513 ................................................................................................................................... 13 Partial oxidation of methane in gadolinia-doped ceria-silver composite membranes 13 B0515 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 14 Electrochemical investigation of Ni-Co/CGO composite catalyst as protective layer for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell anode fed with biofuel 14 B0516 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 15 Preparation of Lanthanum Silicate Electrolyte Film with nano sized dispersed particle paste and its application to middle temperature ranged SOFC 15 B0517 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 16 Magnesium Doped Lanthanum Silicate Synthesis with Apatite-type Structure for Use as an Electrolyte in IT-SOFC 16 B0518 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 17 Combinatorial approach on fabrication and characterization of La 0.8Sr0.2MnxCo117 xO3±į thin films B0519 ................................................................................................................................... 18 Decomposition of Carbon-Carbonate Mixture at Elevated Temperature 18 B0520 ................................................................................................................................... 19 New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 1/21

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 2/21

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B0501

B0502 (Abstract only)

Development of a coking-resistant NiSn anode for direct methane SOFC

Toward Understanding Electrical Behavior of Proton Conducting Ceramic Oxides

Nicky Bogolowski and Jean-Francois Drillet DECHEMA Forschungsinstitut; Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25; 60486 Frankfurt a.M. (GER)

Jong-Sook Lee,1 Young-Hun Kim,1 Gye-Rok Kim,1 Dong-Chun Cho,1 Eui-Chol Shin, 1 Dieu Nguyen,1 John G. Fisher,1 Jong-Ho Lee,2 Byung-Kook Kim,2 Ji Haeng Yu3 1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea 2 High-temperature Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea 3 Energy Materials and Convergence Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 305-343, Korea

Tel.: +49-69-7564-476 Fax: +49-69-7564-388 [email protected]

Abstract This work reports on the development of a coking-resistant NiSn-based MEA for internal CH4 reforming in SOFC. Catalyst powder was prepared in a centrifugal casting oven by melting stoichiometric amounts of Ni and Sn under vacuum. The formation of Ni3Sn2 intermetallic phase was confirmed by XRD analysis. Catalytic activity for CH4 reforming and stability of the NiSn powder were first evaluated in a quartz glass reactor for 4 h at 600-1000°C. The reaction products H2, CO and CO2 were detected by gas chromatography while no carbon formation was visible during the experiments. Then, 3YSZ electrolyte-supported MEAs were fabricated with a Ni3Sn2/YSZ anode and LSM/YSZ cathode and characterized under SOFC conditions. The MEA showed an excellent stability under CH4 atmosphere (3% H2O) at 850°C over more than 500 h. No substantial decrease in cell potential was observed during this period.

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 3/21

Tel.: +82-62-530-1701 Fax: +82-62-530-1699 [email protected]

Abstract Most proton conductor oxides so far investigated are acceptor-doped transition metal oxides such as zirconates, cerates, niobates, tantalates, tungstates, etc. Alkaline earth or rare earth elements are either additional cation constituents or the acceptors for generating oxygen vacancies which in turn produce the proton carriers upon water incorporation. In addition to the consequent co-ionic conductivity, the electronic contribution should be understood for the performance of PCFC and other electrochemical devices. The electronic structure of these heavily acceptor-doped transition metal oxides is far from being understood. Most polycrystalline proton conductors indicate the blocking nature of the grain boundaries. Although the blocking effects are usually strong at temperatures much lower than the cell operation temperature, without the origin and mechanism being satisfactorily clarified, their role in the PCFC performance may not be excluded. The deconvolution of the different polarization contributions is non-trivial even for the symmetrical cells, not to speak of the AC response of fuel cells. We performed AC analysis of various proton conductors over a wide temperature range from 1073K to RT on cooling in different oxygen atmosphere and humidity and as-cooled samples from 500K to 200K in a cryostat. The AC conductivity Arrhenius plots and Bode plots of admittance and capacitance provide overviews of the characteristic AC response of different protonic ceramic conductors. The bulk response exhibits well-defined frequency dispersion of power law exponents of 1/3 or 2/3. Different conductivity contributions can be directly identified by AC conductivity Arrhenius plots, while the individual impedance spectra are often strongly overlapped. In zirconates and cerates grain boundary effects appear to be described by the selective blocking of the proton transport with respect to the electronic conduction. Therefrom a cube-root-law dependence of the band gap on the acceptor concentration is revealed. Multiple capacitance components for the grain boundary response are attributed to the transmission line models of the three charge carrier rails. Based on the model, the effects of sintering additives on BZY systems can be systematically investigated. The grain boundary impedance ortho-niobates exhibit almost ideal RC behavior connected by a well-defined CPE response with the bulk response.

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 4/21

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B0503 (Abstract only)

B0504

A new route for preparing porous metallic supports for 3G SOFC

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Electrolytes for Low Temperature Operation of SOFCs at 600~650 oC

Dalya Alkattan, Pascal Lenormand, Patrick Rozier, Florence Ansart CIRIMAT-LCMIE UMR 5585 Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09-France

Jong-Ho Lee, Hae-Ryung Kim, Jongsup Hong, Hyoungchul Kim, Kyung Joong Yoon, Ji-Won Son, Byung-Kook Kim, Hae-June Je, and Hae-Weon Lee High Temperature Energy Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 136-791, Korea

Tel.: +33561556534 Fax: +33561556163 [email protected]

Tel.: +82-2-958-5532 Fax: +82-2-958-5529 [email protected]

Abstract Abstract The third generation of SOFCs corresponds to a porous metal for mechanical support on which are deposited the active materials. The most conventional materials are yttriastabilized zirconia as electrolyte (ZrO2-8% Y2O3), nickel cermet-yttria-stabilized zirconia for the anode (Ni-YSZ) and lanthanum nickelates for the cathode (La2NiO4+ , Pr2NiO4+ ...). One of the major challenges is to assembly the cell by successive deposition and heat treatments steps without damaging the integrity of the porous metal support while ensuring optimal densification of the electrolyte. To do this, we propose in a first step to synthesize by soft chemistry routes the different parts of the cell with the scope to control the microstructure. As a second step, both assembly and densification will be ensured in one step using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) process, well known to densify while maintaining the initial microstructure of the powder materials with specific short sintering durations. The beginning of this work is to develop the porous metal. For this, the synthesis of oxides by sol-gel route and their reductions in pure hydrogen are essential steps. The pellet surface before and after reduction at 800°C-2h are presented (a) and (b). The powders synthesis parameters (nature, concentrations of precursors, heat treatments, purity of the phases...), their shaping by SPS (composition, heat treatment, pressure...) and their reduction by hydrogen (phases obtained after reduction, porosity, reduction time and temperature...) will be described. Their influence on the nature and microstructure of the porous metal support will be presented and discussed in particular with respect to layouts constraints of active cell materials. (a)

In recent years, intensive research efforts have been made to develop ultra-thin film electrolyte in order to lower the operating temperature of SOFCs down to 600~650oC. Although current thin film techniques such as solution or vacuum deposition technique offers numerous advantages over the conventional thick film printing methods to fabricate ultra-thin films below 1 micrometer thick, its practical application for SOFC fabrication have been limited due to the difficulties in controlling the macro-defects, which are frequently generated during the film deposition process. In this study, application of advanced thin film technologies based on pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and chemical solution deposition (CSD) are investigated to safely reduce the operating temperature down to 600~650oC without sacrificing the performance. We optimized the processing conditions for thin film deposition to the way to reduce the microstructural anisotropy and its related macrodefects in deposited electrolyte films. According to the performance analysis, excellent gas-tightness of the thin electrolyte was confirmed from both of the cells produced via CSD and PLD, by showing open circuit voltage close to the theoretical value. The electrochemical performance was also superior to conventional SOFCs in both cases. The presentation will discuss the up-to-date progress of related research activities for the development of advanced SOFC based on thin film technology at KIST.

(b)

Microscopy image FEG-SEM of the surface of a pellet before reduction (a) and after reduction 800°C-2h (b)

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 5/21

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 6/21

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B0507

B0508

Nanoscaling SOFC Electrodes ± Boosting the Performance of Anode Supported Cells

Coated Stainless Steel 441 as Interconnect Material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Evolution of Electrical Properties

D. Klotz1, J. Hayd1, J. Szász1, N. H. Menzler2 and E. Ivers-Tiffée1 Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20b, D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany 2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK), D-52425 Jülich/ Germany Tel.: +49-721-608-47571 Fax: +49-721-608-48148

Jan Gustav Grolig, Jan-Erik Svensson and Jan Froitzheim Environmental Inorganic Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 SE-41296 Göteborg

[email protected]

Tel: +46-772-2828 Fax: +46-772-2853 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

Mixed ionic-electronic conducting cathodes as LSCF and cermet anodes like Ni/8YSZ are well-established electrode materials. Yet polarization losses as well as ohmic loss increase steeply at operating temperatures of 600 °C or below. In this contribution, standard-type anode-supported cells (ASCs) were modified using nanotechnology to significantly improve the solid-gas electrochemistry at both electrodes:

In recent years there has been extensive research about metallic interconnects for SOFCs. Besides chromium based alloys, ferritic stainless steels (FSS) have been commonly suggested for meeting the materials requirements for SOFC applications. Examples of FSS alloys specially developed for this use are Crofer 22 H, ZMG 232 and Sanergy HT. Metallic interconnects face three major material challenges; degradation due to oxidation, evaporation of chromium which poisons the cathode and the degradation of the electrical conductivity because of the growing oxide scale. For a sufficient performance regarding these three issues, protective coatings have to be applied ± this leads to additional costs. For cost savings cheaper base materials such as AISI 441 coated with protective coatings seem to be promising. We investigated AISI 441 coated with a double layer coating of 10 nm cerium (inner layer) and 630 nm cobalt. The material was exposed to a simulated cathode atmosphere of air with 3 % water at 850 °C and the samples were exposed for up to 1500 h. The performance of chromium evaporation, corrosion rate and electrical degradation was monitored. The electrical properties could be linked to the evolving microstructure during the different stages of exposure. Both the degradation of the electric performance and the oxygen uptake (mass gain) followed a similar trend. Chromium evaporation could be decreased by 90 % compared to the uncoated substrate material.

The LSCF cathode was substituted by a nano-scaled La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-į (LSC) thin-film cathode of 200 nm. The nano-scaled microstructure in combination with a heterointerface between the LSC and a Ruddlesden-Popper type phase (La,Sr)2CoO“į on the cathode surface lead to an extremely enhanced oxygen surface exchange, significantly reducing the cathodic area specific resistance (ASRcat) [1]. In the µm-scaled Ni/8YSZ anode a nano-scaled layer of 10 to 100 nm composed of Ni/8YSZ/pores was grown in-operando by a reverse current treatment (RCT) [2]. An enormous increase of triple phase boundaries at the nanoscale reduces the ASRan by 40% [3]. A thin-film 8YSZ electrolyte of ~1.5 µm in combination with a dense 850nm PVD-CGO (Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9) buffer layer was used to efficiently reduce the ohmic loss by 80% [4]. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements revealed an ASRtotal of 720 PȍÂFPð at 600 °C and 5.5% H2O in H2 and current/voltage (C/V) curves a power density of 0.9 W/cm² at 700 mV in dry hydrogen. This performance exceeds the standardtype ASC with an LSCF cathode by 400%, which underlines the urge for nanotechnology in IT-SOFC. In comparison to alternative approaches for low and intermediate temperature SOFC reported about in literature, the here presented strategies are simple to apply and also applicable on the larger scale, so that we see great potential in this novel ASC design.

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 7/21

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 8/21

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B0509

B0510

Enhanced oxygen surface exchange of La2NiOį by silver deposition

Progress in the development of Nickel-less SOFCs: status of the EU project EVOLVE

Andreas Egger and Werner Sitte Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Chair of Physical Chemistry Franz-Josef-Straße 18; 8700 Leoben/Austria

Rémi Costa (1) and Asif Ansar (2) (1) German Aerospace Center, Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Electrochemical Energy Technology, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany

Tel.: +43-3842-402-4814 Fax: +43-3842-402-4802 [email protected]

(2) Saan Energi AB Ideon Innovation / Ideon Science Park Scheelevägen 15, 223 70 Lund, Sweden

Abstract La2NiOį is a mixed ionic-electronic conducting ceramic that has been considered for applications as intermediate-temperature SOFC-cathode or oxygen-permeable membrane. It is a strontium-free material which exhibits high diffusivities and fast surface exchange kinetics of oxygen. However, even though the surface exchange is rather fast, it dominates the overall oxygen transport from the gas phase into the bulk in the intermediate temperature regime. This makes a reliable determination of chemical diffusion coefficients difficult and places a limit to the oxygen flux through a SOFC cathode or ceramic membrane which cannot be alleviated by a decrease in particle size or membrane thickness [1]. In this work, the oxygen surface exchange kinetics has been improved by covering the sample surface with a ~200 nm-thick layer of silver deposited by Agsputtering in an argon plasma [2]. After silver deposition the chemical surface exchange coefficient of oxygen (kchem) was significantly increased (Fig. 1). Measurements performed between 600°C and 850°C showed strongest enhancement of kchem at 600°C and a pronounced hysteresis at temperatures above 700°C caused by the continuous removal of silver via volatile gas species [3] (Fig. 2). Application of the silver layer enabled a more reliable determination of chemical diffusion coefficients of oxygen (Dchem) by the conductivity relaxation technique at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures (pO2) (Fig. 3). Activation energies were obtained from linear fits to the data in Arrhenius representation, yielding 130-140 kJmol-1 for kchem and 50-60 kJmol-1 for Dchem. The stability and morphology of the silver metallization was investigated by annealing Ag-coated La2NiOį-specimens for 24 hours at temperatures between 500 and 800°C. While the asdeposited silver film appears to be quite homogeneous and dense, extensive Agagglomeration has been observed on the annealed samples (Fig. 4). Prolonged exposure to high temperatures, however, completely removes the Ag-layer as evidenced by the pronounced hysteresis of kchem within a temperature cycle, after which the surface exchange kinetics was found to be similar to that of uncoated La-nickelate (Fig. 2). Moreover, XPS-depth profiles of a sample after testing gave no indication for silver remaining on the surface or diffusing into the bulk. Ag-deposition can thus be considered as an attractive method to increase surface exchange kinetics of ceramics in the short run, while the high volatility of silver at elevated temperatures limits its usefulness for applications such as SOFC-cathodes or ceramic membranes.

New Materials and Processing

Tel.: +49-711 6862-733 Fax: +49-711-6862-747 [email protected]

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 9/21

Abstract The project EVOLVE aims at the development of new cell architecture for SOFC cell and stack, combining benefits of existing Anode Supported (high power density, lifetime) and Metal Supported cell (redox and thermal cyclability) architectures, while limiting the issue of carbon coking and sulphur poisoning by using enhanced perovskite anode materials. The core component is based on a composite anode substrate made of porous Alumina forming alloy (NiCrAl), combined with an electron conducting oxide ceramic (La0,1Sr0,9TiO3Į ± LST), without having pure Nickel as structural component. Two manufacturing routes were followed for the manufacturing of the electrolyte, plasma spraying or PVD avoiding thus a sintering step in air at high temperature. The first prototype have been produced through the plasma spraying route, with 100µm thick electrolyte and without anode functional layer showed a very limited peak-performance measured at 20mW/cm² at 750°C. However no significant variation has been measured and no reactivity have been detected showing thus the stability of system under SOFC operating conditions. The plasma sprayed electrolyte has been successfully replaced by a thin electrolyte produced through the PVD route approach with a thickness reduced to less than 3µm, allowing the incorporation of an anode functional layer, major improvement of cell performance is being expected.. The project has receiveG IXQGLQJ IURP WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ¶V 6HYHQWK )UDPHZRUN Programme (FP7/2007-2013) for the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative under grant agreement n°303429.

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 10/21

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B0511

B0512 (Abstract only)

Lifetime estimates of thin film coated interconnects in SOFC cathode side environments

Structure and Electrochemical Studies of Modulated LaNb1-xWxO4+d Phases as a New Electrolyte for SOFC

Rakshith Sachitanand, Jan-Erik Svensson Jan Froitzheim Chalmers University of Technology Division of Energy and Materials SE-41296 Göteborg

C Li, S Pramana and SJ Skinner Department of Materials, Imperial College London Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom Tel.: +44-020-7594-6782 [email protected]

Abstract

Tel.: +46-31-772-2887 Fax: +46-31-772-2853 [email protected]

Abstract Ferritic steel based interconnects promise to meet the challenges of an SOFC environment at an attractive cost. However, their viability is hindered by some key technical hurdles. Rapid oxidation in air side environments combined with Cr evaporation due to oxide volatilization leads to material failure and insufficient lifetimes. Thin film coatings offer a way to cost-effectively alter the surface properties of the individual sides of the interconnect (air and fuel) without resorting to expensive alloy redesigns. In this study, the commercial ferritic steel Sanergy HT was coated with (a) Co 640nm, (b) Ce 10nm and (c) Ce 10nm under Co 640nm using a PVD technique. The samples were exposed together and weighed periodically over 3000h in a tubular furnace in Air+3% H 2O at 850°C to simulate an air side SOFC environment. In addition, Cr evaporation measurements using a unique denuder technique were carried out over 1000h to determine the rate of Cr loss due to oxide volatilization. The evaporation was reduced by a factor of 10 for the Co coated samples while a reduction in the oxidation rate was achieved when the samples were coated with Ce. By combining mass gain and evaporation data, unique information pertaining to the Cr consumption rate was generated. The duplex Co/Ce coating resulted in a combination of lower Cr evaporation and minimized oxidation rate that significantly reduced the consumption rate of Cr from the steel bulk, thus extending its useful life.

Conventionally, oxide ion conductors rely on high symmetry crystal structures, such as fluorite and perovskite type oxides. More recently, it has been demonstrated that fast ion conduction is attainable in anisotropic oxides such as La2NiO4+d and the apatite family [1]. Here, we propose another complex oxide system, namely the modulated LaNb 1-xW xO4+d phases as an electrolyte material. Current research interest was spurred by the observation of the modulated CeNbO4+d phases. The tracer diffusion coefficient measurement of the material shows that the 18O diffusivity of the low temperature modulated phase, with a monoclinic parent cell symmetry, is comparable to that of LSCF (in the order of 10-6 cm2s-1at 750 °C, Figure 1 a). The high temperature disordered tetragonal phase, on the other hand, has a much reduced diffusivity (~10-7.5 cm2s-1at 950 °C ). The results suggest that fast oxygen ion conduction is achievable in complex oxides with an ordered sublattice [2].The ionic conductivity was reported to be ~0.01 Scm -1 at 800 °C for the modulated phase[3], marking it a potential candidate for SOFC electrolyte application. To reap the benefit of this particular crystal family, LaNb1-xW xO4+d phases (x=0.08-0.18), which are structural analogues of the CeNbO4+d phases, were prepared in the current study. The La substitution is aimed at reducing the undesirable electronic conduction resulting from the oxidation of Ce3+ whereas excess oxygen is introduced by doping W on the Nb site. The structure of the obtained LaNb1-xW xO4+d phases was characterized with XRD and TEM and the modulation nature of the phase was confirmed (Figure 1b). Impedance spectroscopy measurement showed that the total conductivity of the sample reaches 10-3 Scm-1 at 800 °C. Various pO2 environments (down to 10-22 at 800 °C) lead to no reduction in conductivity, indicating a large ionic conduction domain.

Figure 1a) 18O tracer diffusivity of CeNbO4+d phases is comparable to that of La b) HRTEM image of the LaNb0.82W 0.18O4+d phase, both the parent cell, and a 1.6 nm x 1.6 nm supercell are highlighted 1.Brett et al. (2008) Chemical Society Review 37:1568 2.Packer et al. (2010) Advanced Materials 22:1613 3.Packer et al. (2006) Solid state Ionics vol 177:2059

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 11/21

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 12/21

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B0513

B0515 (Abstract only)

Partial oxidation of methane in gadolinia-doped ceriasilver composite membranes

Electrochemical investigation of Ni-Co/CGO composite catalyst as protective layer for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell anode fed with biofuel

Enrique Ruiz-Trejo (1), Paul Boldrin (1), John L. Medley-Halam (1), Jawwad Darr (2), Alan Atkinson (3) and Nigel P. Brandon (1) (1) Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK (2) Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK (3) Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK

M. Lo Faroa, R. M. Reisb, G. G. A. Sagliettib, A. S. Aricòa and E. A. Ticianellib a CNR-ITAE, via Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy b USP-IQSC, Av. Trab. São-carlense, 400 CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brasil;

Tel.: +44 207 594 9695 [email protected]

Abstract

Cell potential / V

Methane was partially oxidised to CO using oxygen permeated through a dense 1-mm thick Gd-doped ceria-silver composite membrane operating in the range 500 - 700 °C. The methane conversion reached 23% and a selectivity of 95% was achieved at 700 °C with an estimated oxygen flux in these conditions of 0.11 mLmin-1cm-2 (NTP). The oxygen permeation through the membranes was also measured using argon as the sweep gas, achieving a rate of 0.02 mLmin-1cm-2 (NTP) at 700 °C.

A Ni-Co alloy was prepared by using the oxalate method and subsequent in-situ reduction. The crystallographic phase and microstructure of the catalyst were investigated. This bimetallic alloy was mixed with gadolinium-doped ceria in order to obtain a composite material with mixed electronic-ionic conductivity. Catalytic and electrocatalytic properties of the composite material for the conversion of simulated biofuel were investigated. Electrochemical tests were carried out by utilizing the Ni-Co/CGO cermet as a barrier layer in a conventional anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell. The aim was to efficiently convert the stream of biofuel into useful fuels such as H2 and CO just before the conventional anode support. A comparative study between the modified cell and a conventional anodesupported solid oxide fuel cell without the protective layer was made. A greater maximum power density of about 55 % was observed in the presence of pure ethanol for the cell containing the protective anodic layer (fig. 1). Furthermore, the possibility of operation with an excess of CO2 in the anodic stream was assessed. 1.2

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Abstract

Tel.: +39-090-624270 Fax: +39-090-624247 [email protected]

1.2

cm-2

Figure 1. Comparison of the electrochemical performances carried out in presence of pure ethanol at 800 °C for the modified and bare cells.

Acknowledgements The present work was in part carried out in the framework of the Research Program SURPRWHG E\ WKH %UD]LDOLDQ ³&RQVHOKR 1DFLRQDO GH 'HVHQYROYLPHQWR &LHQWtILFR H 7HFQROyJLFR³HQWLWOHG³&LrQFLDVHP)URQWHLUDV´SURFHVVRQž-7. The authors also acknowledge the Italian Ministry of Research and Education for the financial support of the BIOITSOFC project within the program "PROGRAMMI DI RICERCA SCIENTIFICA DI RILEVANTE INTERESSE NAZIONALE- PRIN PROGRAMMA DI RICERCA - Anno 2010-2011 - prot. 2010KHLKFC" New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 13/21

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 14/21

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B0516 (Abstract only)

B0517 (Abstract only)

Preparation of Lanthanum Silicate Electrolyte Film with nano sized dispersed particle paste and its application to middle temperature ranged SOFC

Magnesium Doped Lanthanum Silicate Synthesis with Apatite-type Structure for Use as an Electrolyte in ITSOFC

Ryohei Mori1, Atsushi Mineshige2, Tetsuo Yazawa2, Hideki Yoshioka*3 1: Fuji-Pigment.Co.Ltd 2: University of Hyogo 3: Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Technology

Chieko Yamagata, Agatha Matos Misso, Daniel Ricco Elias, Fernando Santos Silva, Vanessa Galvao Rodrigues and Sonia R. H. Mello-Castanho Energy and Nuclear Research Institute Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 224 ± CEP-05508-000 University of São Paulo- São Paulo- Brazil

Tel.: +81-72-7598501 Fax: +81-72-7599008 [email protected]

Tel.: +55-11-3133-9217 Fax: +55-11-3133-9072 [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract Abstract Anode supported SOFCs were prepared with apatite-type Mg doped lanthanum silicate (MDLS) as solid electrolyte films. MDLS films were deposited on anode substrates composed of NiO and MDLS by spin coating of MDLS pastes. After sintering at 14001500 °C for 4h, dense MDLS electrolyte films were obtained. Open circuit voltages of the anode supported SOFCs coated 4 times were 0.9 - 1.1 V which are close to the theoretical value. By optimizing anode support preparation procedure, as well as MDLS sintering temperature and film coating conditions, maximum power densities obtained have reached 150 mW cmí2 at 800 C which is comparable to those using thermal sprayed MDLS films.

Lanthanum silicates apatite types are promising materials for use as electrolyte in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) solid oxide fuel cells due to their high Ionic conductivity at temperatures between 600 and 800 ºC. In this study a new method of synthesis is proposed. Lanthanum silicates apatite type with the compositions La9.56(SiO4)6O2.34, and La9.8Si5.7Mg0.3O26.4 were synthesized by sol-gel followed by precipitation method. Solutions of sodium silicate, lanthanum and magnesium chlorides were used as source of Si, La and Mg respectively. Silica gel was obtained by adding the high acid solutions of lanthanum and magnesium chlorides to the sodium silicate solution. Afterwards, lanthanum and magnesium chlorides homogeneously distributed into the obtained gel were precipitated as hydroxides with NaOH. The resulted products were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area measures. The crystalline phase of apatite was reached by the thermal treatment of the precursor at 900ºC for 2h. Key words: synthesis, IT-SOFC, lanthanum silicate, electrolyte, sol gel, precipitation

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 15/21

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 16/21

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B0518 (Abstract only)

B0519

Combinatorial approach on fabrication and characterization of La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3±į thin films

Decomposition of Carbon-Carbonate Mixture at Elevated Temperature

A.M. Saranya1, A. Morata1, M. Burriel2, John A. Kilner2, and A. Tarancón1 Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Department of Advanced Materials for Energy Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 2nd floor 08930-Sant Adriá del Besòs, Barcelona /Spain

Jun Young Hwang, Jun Ho Yu, and Kyungtae Kang Korea Institute of Industrial Technology Ansan-si, 426-173, Korea Tel.: +82-31-8040-6434 Fax: +82-31-8040-6430 [email protected]

Tel.: +34 933 562 615 [email protected] 2

Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK

Abstract Abstract In recent years, combinatorial approach to material synthesis and characterization is an emerging technique to acquire entire multi-component system in single experiment, which is efficient than conventional method of synthesizing single composition at one time, which are time and energy consuming tasks [1, 2]. There is lack of study on the anticipation of binary diagram of compositions before performing an experiment. In this work, we propose a new methodology based on combinatorial approach, where binary diagram of La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3±į system of thin films with thickness and composition predicted from simulation, is proved by experimental technique such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX), Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and its functional properties are studied by IEDP (Ion Exchange Depth Profiling) technique using SIMS. This La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3±į system of perovskite are Mixed Ionic Electronic Conductors (MIEC) applied as cathodes, particularly for Low Temperature SOFCs (below 700°C). For binary diagram simulation, dense and individual layers of La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 (LSC), La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) are optimized on 4inch silicon wafer by large area Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD). Thickness contour map of LSC, LSM plumes are generated by interpolating the thickness, measured from SEM along X, Y axis of the samples with individual layers of LSC, LSM. Then, Simulations are performed to study the spatial distribution of thickness and composition gradient of La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3±į system, by mixing and changing the plume positions on 4inch Silicon wafer. With the best plume position found from simulation, pure phase of combinatorial La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3±į system is fabricated by depositing monolayers of LSC(1nm)/LSM(1nm) one over the other, on 8% Yttria Stabilized zirconiaYSZ(100nm)/silicon substrate(4 inch). Combinatorial samples are prepared in such a way in order to cover the whole range of La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3-į composition from 0 to 100% of Cobalt. Structural and composition analysis studies on the sample are performed by XRay diffraction (XRD), Micro-Raman analysis, EDAX and SIMS. Oxygen diffusion and surface exchange coefficients (D* and k*) are measured by Ion Exchange Depth Profiling (IEDP) technique using SIMS, on the samples with cobalt content from 0% to 84.76%. D*, K* values measured in this work has values with 2 to 1 orders of magnitude higher than the values measured by De Souza et al., measured in bulk layers of La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3±į system [3, 4]. At 700°C D*, K* values start to decrease from 0% to 7.52% of Co content and start to increase after 7.52% of Co. This decay and evolution in D*, K* values are related with lattice oxygen and oxygen vacancy content in La0.8Sr0.2MnxCo1-xO3±į system. Key words: Mixed Ionic Electronic Conductors (MIEC), Solid Oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), Large area Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD), Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Ion Exchange Depth Profiling (IEDP) technique

A direct carbon fuel cell system with solid oxide electrolyte and molten carbonate anodemedia has been proposed by SRI. In this system, however, there are conflicting effects of temperature, which enhance ion conductivity of the solid electrolyte and reactivity at the electrodes, while result in a stability problem of the anode-media. In this study, effect of temperature on stability of carbon-carbonate mixture was investigated experimentally. TGA analysis was conducted at either nitrogen or carbon dioxide ambient for Li 2CO3, K2CO3, and their mixtures with carbon black. Composition of the exit gas was also monitored during the temperature elevation. The results showed that the decomposition of carbonates could be suppressed by the increasing partial pressure of carbon dioxide. It is also discussed that, when carbon is added to carbonates, gasification of carbon could proceeds through multiple reaction paths using carbonates and their products as catalytic media.

[1] Radislav Potyrailo, Krishna Rajan, Klaus Stoewe, Ichiro Takeuchi, Bret Chisholm, Hubert Lam, ACS Comb. Sci. 2011, 13, 579±633. [2] Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films: Applications-Led Growth of Functional Materials. Edited by Robert Eason, A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION, 2006, ISBN: 978-0-471-44709-2. [3] R.A. De Souza*, J.A. Kilner, Solid State Ionics 106 (1998) 175±187. [4] R.A. De Souza*, J.A. Kilner, Solid State Ionics 126 (1999) 153±161.

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 17/21

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 18/21

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B0520

B0521

New materials and low temperature sintering processes for PCFCs

Colloidal Approach for Nanostructured Composite Electrodes of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Gilles Tailladesa*, Paul Persa, Fabrice Mauvyb, Pierre Batocchib and Maria Parcoc a ICG-AIME, University of Montpellier 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 /France

Kazuyoshi Sato1, Manami Arai1, Kazuya Horiguchi1, Jean-Christophe Valmalette2, 3, Hiroya Abe4 1. Division of Environmental Engineering Science, Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515 Japan

Tel.: +33-4-67-14-4620Fax: +33-4-67-14-33-04 [email protected] b

Tel.: +81-27-730-1452 Fax: +81-27-730-1452 kazuyoshi-sato@ gunma-u.ac.jp

CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France, c Fundación TECNALIA, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain.

2. Université du Sud Toulon Var, BP 20132, F-83957 La Garde Cedex, France 3. CNRS, IM2NP (UMR 7334), BP 20132, F-83957 La Garde Cedex, France 4.Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047 Japan

Abstract Proton Conducting Fuel Cells (PCFCs) shares the thermal and kinetic advantages of intermediated temperature operation at 500-700 °C with molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells, and the intrinsic benefits of a proton diffusion observed at low operating temperature in proton exchange fuel cell (PEMFC/PAFC). This work deals with the development of new materials and synthesis routes for PCFCs. With the aim of decreasing the sintering temperature of the electrolyte, the influence of transition metal oxide additives on the densification BaCe0.8Zr0.1Y0.1O3 (BCZY) was investigated. It was observed that the addition ZnO as sintering favors the grain growth of BCZY, not affecting the conduction mechanism and rising the conductive from 4 to 7 mS.cm-1 at 600 °C. Anode supports based on Ni-BCZY cermets were elaborated by co-combustion of BCZY precursors and Ni(NO3)2 and sintered at low temperature. As cathode, mixture of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-į (BSCF) and BCZY were investigated. The electrochemical characterization of the cells was performed under zero dc current intensity and as a function of the temperature (600 ± 700 °C) using air on the cathode side and wet H2 (3%vol. H2O) on the anode. The results showed that BCZY-ZnO seems to be a promising alternative to pure BCY to obtain well performing electrolytes with satisfactory chemical stability. The low sintering temperature of this electrolyte should allow the use of metal supports in the future. Ni-BCZY cermets elaborated by co-combustion and sintered at 1200 ºC exhibit ıe = 1000 S.cm-1 at 600 ºC. The composite cathode exhibits D SRODUL]DWLRQ UHVLVWDQFH RI  ȍ.cm2 at 600 °C under air. For single cell testing, Ni-BCZY supports with a diameter of 30 mm were elaborated by co-combustion and pre sintered at 1100 °C. A 5 m thick BCZY-ZnO electrolyte was deposited by wet spraying and co-sintered with the anode support at 1200 C. A composite BSCF-BCZY layer, deposited by wet spraying and sintered at 1050 °C, was used as the air electrode. The developed cells showed a maximal powder density of 190 mW.cm-2 and 401 mW.cm-2 at 600 C and 700°C, respectively.

New Materials and Processing

Chapter 11 - Session B05 - 19/21

Abstract A colloidal approach has developed for nanostructured electrodes exhibiting superior electrochemical performance compared to the conventional ones. This approach consists of the following steps. Firstly, well crystallized ionic conductive nanocrystals with fluoritetype crystallographic symmetry including yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) with the size of 1, then the lifetime energy converted decreases with increasing current density. It is then important to limit current density (with the additional benefit of improved efficiency due to the associated decrease in overpotential). Recent results on the effect of current density, and overpotential, on degradation of the positive electrode during solid oxide electrolysis are discussed in this context. The effects of current reversal, as needed for switching between electrolysis and fuel cell modes for electricity storage, are also discussed. Finally, different effects of stack pressurization on performance and degradation are discussed.

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 4/25

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B0603

B0604

Decrease of the electrochemically active surface in mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs) by impurity segregation

Effect of Biogas Contaminants on the Performance of Ni-YSZ Anode Supported SOFC

1

1

1

1,2

Helena Téllez, John Druce , Young-Wan Ju , Tatsumi Ishihara , John Kilner 1 International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, 819-0395, Fukuoka / Japan 2 Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London / United Kingdom

Hossein Madi (1), Stefan Diethelm (1), Jan Van herle (1) and Christian Ludwig (2) (1) FUELMAT Group, Faculty of Engineering Sciences (STI), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (2) PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUT, General Energy Research Department, Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory, CH-5232 Villigen PSI Tel.: +41-21-693-7322 Fax: +41-21-693-3502 [email protected]

Tel.: +81-92-802-6738 [email protected]

Abstract Abstract One of the main advantages of the mixed ionic±electronic conducting oxides (MIECs) for intermediate temperature (500-750°C) solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysers (SOECs) is the increase of the active surface available for oxygen exchange with the gas phase. This is not limited to the triple-phase boundary (TPB) as occurs in conventional cathode materials such as LSM [1]. The surface exchange properties in MIECs are clearly dependent on the chemical composition, morphology and active surface available. However, the surface of MIECs materials is very dynamic, as has been recently shown by Low-Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) [2, 3].

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) technology offers fuel flexibility. A variety of fuels can be fed directly or via a reforming process, including bio-syngas (biogas and gasified biomass). Bio-syngases contain impurities, such as sulfur compounds, chlorine, tars, siloxane etc. This study focuses on poisoning effects of siloxane D4, a typical biogas impurity which is difficult to remove and expected to cause degradation. Its effect on anode supported NiYSZ with (sub)ppm concentration has been examined in steady state polarization (0.25 A/cm2), using simulated biogas-reformate H2/CO/CO2/H2O. Irreversible degradation is observed with D4 impurity feed in the anode gas. Post test SEM results indicate formation of SiO2(s) deposits, which block pores and reduces the TPB length.

In this work, we show that the chemical composition of the active electrode surface in MIECs can be changed drastically after annealing for short periods of time at low temperatures (400°C). In addition to the segregation of the constituent cations, both surface chemistry and topography might be modified by the segregation of impurities from the bulk and/or the processing atmosphere at low temperature [4].

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 5/25

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 6/25

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11 European SOFC & SOE Forum

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B0605

B0606

Towards Comprehensive Description of Stack Durability/Reliability Behavior

Nickel Sintering Processes in a SOFC Anode

Harumi Yokokawa Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan

Léonard Kröll, Bert de Haart, Ico Vinke, and Rüdiger.-A. Eichel Institute of Energy and Climate Research ± Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Ostring O10 D-52425 Jülich/Germany Tel.: +49-2461-61-9546 Fax: +49-2461-61-9550 [email protected]

Tel & Fax.: +81-3-5452-6789 yokokawa@iis/u-tokyo.ac.jp

Abstract

Abstract As reasonable consequences and continuation of the previous two NEDO projects (µ05µ07,¶08-¶12) on durability/reliability, a new five-year NEDO project on durability places an emphasis on simulation technologies to be utilized in comparison with measured long term stack behaviors and in prediction for 90,000 h durability. To extract true degradation issues, use is made of stacks materials tested for long term operation or for thermal cycles; to further confirm the mechanisms, use is made of single cells or button cells for specified issues. This makes it possible to correlate degradation behaviors of cell components with operational conditions such as temperature and oxygen potential with an aid of predetermination of microstructures of electrodes by FIB-SEM or of the impurity levels inside major components at the beginning of cell operations. There are two major streams in such a comprehensive treatment of degradations; one is to predict the stack performance, the other being the prediction of mechanical instability. To predict the cell performance in a systematic manner, the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) approximation is adopted for normal chemical reactions/diffusion as well as the electrochemical reactions. For the latter treatment, we are based on the Mizusaki¶s interpretation on high temperature electrochemistry in terms of the thermodynamic activities of electrochemically active species. This makes it possible to identify the oxygen potential value at any point in electrode, electrolyte, or their interfaces. Important recognition is that the interaction with impurities such as Cr-, S-containing gaseous species is taken place under such thermodynamic environments; the oxygen potential distribution is largely changed in the vicinity of the electrode/electrolyte interface depending on overpotential/current densities. With an aid of diffusion properties, this LTE makes it easy to evaluate the materials deterioration as a function of time through changes in overpotential, temperature etc to be determined by the time-dependent changes in stack behaviors. A typical example is the change in conductivity of YSZ electrolyte where NiO was dissolved during fabrication. To predict the mechanical instability, volume changes and associated relations between strain and stress are required for all cell components in addition to bound conditions. For this purpose, defect chemical description is required. In cooperation with thermodynamic changes caused by the electrochemical reactions, this approach makes it possible to predict mechanical instability of cell assemblies after fabrication and during cell operation or start up and shut down processes. By combining two major considerations on stacks and comparing with practical stack degradation behavior, the high durability such as 90,000 h life can be predicted. Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 7/25

The agglomeration of nickel particles in a SOFC anode leads to an increase in the electronic conductivity and a change of the active catalytic area for the oxidation reaction of the fuel. Therefore, a model of the sintering behaviour of a Ni/YSZ electrode has been proposed and compared to long time measurements. In the first step, the description of the two-body sintering process is developed, basing on the assumption, that the shrinkage of a particle is directly proportional to the mass flux, which is determined by the surface bending. In the second step, the process of the two particles is expanded to a porous network of nickel and YSZ clusters. The sintering process between two particles just occurs, if two particles are in contact, which leads to contact probability function, declining in time. In the third part, the influence of the steam content and flux rate has been taken into account. The main idea rests upon the change in the effective diffusion due to the coverage of the nickel surface with hydrogen and water. The modelled grain size growth has been compared to measurements once under low flux rates and low steam content in order to lessen the effects of the third step in the model and secondly under high rates and high steam content. In the first case, the results were in good agreement with the experiment, whereas in the second case, the modelled curve was acceptable, but did not have the same accurateness.

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 8/25

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B0607

B0608

Degradation of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells Operated at High Current Densities

Effects of principal biogas trace compounds on Short SOFC stack ± Tolerable concentration limits

Youkun Tao, Sune Dalgaard Ebbesen*, and Mogens Bjerg Mogensen Department of Energy Conversion and storage, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark

Davide Papurello*(1), Andrea Lanzini(1), Gustavo Ortigoza(1), Massimo Santarelli(1), Matteo Lualdi(2) and Rahul Singh(2) (1) Department of Energy (DENERG), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 (TO), Turin 10129. (2) Topsoe FuelCell A/S, Kgs. Lyngby/Denmark

[email protected]

Tel*.: +39-340-2351692 [email protected]

Abstract In this work the durability of solid oxide cells for co-electrolysis of steam and carbon dioxide (45 % H2O + 45 % CO2 + 10 % H2) at high current densities was investigated. The tested cells are Ni-YSZ electrode supported, with a YSZ electrolyte and either a LSM-YSZ or LSCF-CGO oxygen electrode. A current density of -1.5 and -2.0 A/cm2 was applied to the cell and the gas conversion was 45 % and 60 %, respectively. The cells were operated for a period of up to 700 hours. The electrochemical analysis revealed significant performance degradation for the ohmic process, oxygen ion interfacial transfer process and the reaction process at the Ni-YSZ triple-phase boundaries. The performance degradation is mainly ascribed to the microstructural changes in the Ni-YSZ electrode close to the YSZ electrolyte, including percolation loss of Ni and the contact loss of Ni and YSZ electrolyte. The type of the oxygen electrode showed an influence to the ohmic degradation: the better performing oxygen electrode corresponded to a lower Rs increase. However, the oxygen electrode itself was found to be relative stable both with respect to the electrochemical performance and microstructure.

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 9/25

Abstract Biogas production from the anaerobic digestion offers additional special advantages than the usual benefits of renewable energy sources. In addition the environmental protection and enhanced independency from fossil fuels, biogas provides significant amounts of green energy to the electrical grid and contribute to mitigating the pollution effects on the local ecosystems. Among energy generation systems, SOFC technology shows the highest energy efficiency values employing biogas as fuel. Sulfur, chlorine and siloxane compounds are the biogas trace constituents considered due to their detrimental effects. Detrimental effects of biogas constituents at ultra low concentrations on SOFC performance are investigated on a short stack 200 W e (Topsoe, DK). Biogas reformate mixture is the reference gas mixture feeding the TOFC stack at 700 °C and a FU of 60%. Pollutant compounds representative for chlorines (C2Cl4 and HCl) and siloxanes (D4) are added to the main stream singularly to study the SOFC threshold limit of tolerance. To investigate SOFC tolerance the pollutant biogas concentration was varied up to 1 ppm(v) for C2Cl4, 50 ppm(v) for HCl and 1 ppm(v) for D4. No strong effects on stack performance have been highlighted for chlorine compounds. The SOFC threshold limit for Cl was found above 20 ppm(v). Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) concentration ranged from 69 ppb(v) up to 1 ppm(v). Already 100 ppb(v) of D4 are not tolerable for SOFCs performance. .

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 10/25

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B0609

B0610

Elementary kinetic modeling of (electro-)chemical degradation mechanisms of the SOFC anode

Silicon poisoning of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-G IT-SOFC cathodes

Vitaliy Yurkiv (1,2), Jonathan P. Neidhardt (1,2), Wolfgang G. Bessler (2,3) (1) German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany (2) Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering (ITW), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 6, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany (3) Institute of Energy System Technology (INES), Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Badstrasse 24, 77652 Offenburg, Germany

Edith Bucher (1), Jörg Waldhäusl (1), Martin Perz (1), Werner Sitte (1), Christian Gspan (2) and Ferdinand Hofer (2) (1) Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Chair of Physical Chemistry Franz-Josef-Straße 18; 8700 Leoben/Austria (2) Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz University of Technology & Graz Center for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Austrian Cooperative Research (ACR); Steyrergasse 17; 8010 Graz/Austria

Tel.: +49-711-6862-8044 Fax: +49-711-6862-747 [email protected]

Tel.: +43-3842-402-4813 Fax: +43-3842-402-4802 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

One of the main advantages of an SOFC is its ability of direct utilization of various fuel types, i.e. H2/H2O, CO/CO2 and hydrocarbons. It is, however, well known that operation of an SOFC with various fuels could cause various types of cell degradation. Therefore, the detailed (electro-)chemical investigation of degradation processes on electrode scale is certainly very important for the development of long-term operating SOFC technology. The present work contributes to the understanding of carbon (C) and nickel oxide (NiO) formation mechanisms at Ni/YSZ SOFC anodes by implementing, parameterizing and validating quantitative reaction mechanisms and transport models. The model is subsequently used to analyze literature experimental data, e.g., impedance spectra and voltage stability tests. The present approach incorporates elementary heterogeneous chemical reactions, electrochemical charge-transfer, multicomponent porous-phase and channel-phase transport, and cell degradation due to carbon and NiO formation [1]. Two crucial cases are considered for degradation of an SOFC due to NiO formation. The model successfully reproduces Ni oxidation by molecular oxygen or water from the gas phase (thermochemical) as well as oxidation by oxygen ions from the YSZ electrolyte, driven by a potential gradient (electrochemical). Results for nickel re-oxidation reveal conditions for safe operation, as well as kinetics for local NiO formation inside the electrode. Modeling the growth of a nickel oxide film on micro/nano scale, additionally allows determination of microstructural degradation based on NiO film thickness. The different types of solid carbon formed at/in a Ni/YSZ anode are assessed for evaluation of SOFC performance degradation. In particular, critical regions of surfacelayered and pyrolytic carbon existence were identified considering global and local gasphase and temperature variations. In addition, lifting of Ni particles (dusting), which occurs at high temperature and low current density, were assessed, resulting in main performance decrease. An important contribution of this work is the derivation of a new set of thermodynamic data for the relevant species (NiO and pyrolytic carbon), and reactions kinetics of carbon and NiO formation.

Compared to the well-known chromium poisoning, the degradation of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) cathodes by silicon poisoning has so far been rarely investigated. However, previous studies showed that Si, which can originate from glass seals and thermal insulation materials in the stack, causes a severe degradation of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-G (LSCF) [1,2] and similar mixed conducting IT-SOFC cathode materials [3,4]. In the present work long-term tests were performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) under open cell voltage (OCV) conditions at 700°C in ambient air. A symmetric cell with screen printed LSCF electrodes was prepared on a dense Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95-G (GDC) tablet. In the pristine state the cathode area specific resistance (ASR) was 0.6 : cm². During 1000 h the cathode ASR increased by a factor of 5, which may be attributed to changes in the surface elemental composition. In order to simulate the contamination of the cathode with silicon under well-defined conditions, a 10 nm thick Si-layer was sputtered onto the LSCF electrodes. Subsequently, during additional 1000 h at 700°C, a pronounced degradation occurred, which resulted in a total increase in the ASR by an additional factor of 5. Pre- and post-test analyses of the LSCF surface were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The fresh sample showed the expected microstructure of a porous screen printed cathode. After 2000 h of testing at 700°C a nanocrystalline Si-rich layer was observed on the LSCF grains. No other microstructural changes in the grain size or porosity of the LSCF cathode were found. Further investigations by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the nanocrystalline layer is 25-50 nm thick. By analytical TEM studies the phase composition of the Si-rich zone could be resolved [5]. In comparison to the fresh LSCF surface, this layer consists of phases with a much lower electrical conductivity and a negligible oxygen exchange activity. It can therefore be concluded that even small amounts of silicon in the SOFC system which affect the first few nanometers of the cathode surface will cause a strong degradation in the cathode activity for oxygen reduction.

Durability and lifetime prediction

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 11/25

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 12/25

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B0612

B0613

Ni/YSZ microstructure optimization for long-term stability of solid oxide electrolysis cells

Long-term Stability of Ni-YSZ Anodes Fabricated by Polymeric Precursor Infiltration

Anne Hauch, Karen Brodersen, Filip Karas and Ming Chen Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399 DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark

Sanoop P. Kammampata, Aligul Buyukaksoy and Viola I. Birss Department of Chemistry University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada

Tel.: +45 21-36-28-36 Fax: +45 46-77-58-58 [email protected]

Tel.: +1 (403) 220-7306 Fax: +1 (403)289-9488 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

In the last decade there has been a renewed and increased interest in electrolysis using solid oxide cells (SOC). So far the vast majority of results reported on long-term durability of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) have been obtained using SOC produced and optimized for fuel cell operation; i.e. solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). However, previous longterm tests have shown that the stability behavior of the Ni/yttria-stabilized-zirconia (Ni/YSZ) fuel electrode may fall out quite differently depending on whether the cell is operated in fuel cell or electrolysis mode at otherwise similar test conditions. Initial work has shown significant microstructural changes of the Ni/YSZ electrode close to the electrolyte interface after long-term steam electrolysis test at -1 A/cm2 at 800 qC. The results indicate that it will be advantageous to optimize the electrode structure with the aim of keeping the Ni particles in their required positions in the porous Ni/YSZ cermet close to the electrolyte. In this work we report cell tests and microstructures from reference and long-term tested SOEC with varied initial Ni/YSZ ratio with the aim of investigating the effect of changed Ni/YSZ ratio on long-term stability during steam electrolysis.

Infiltration of Ni nitrate solutions into pre-constructed ceramic matrices to form Ni nanoparticles has been considered to be a very promising approach for the construction of high performance Ni-YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia) anodes that can also be tolerant to redox cycling. However, such anodes have been shown to suffer from a rapid loss of electrochemical performance and electrical conductivity, mainly due to the loss of connectivity between the Ni nanoparticles (with no significant particle growth) at temperatures above 600 °C. To address this issue, a polymeric NiO precursor solution, which forms a continuous film rather than aggregated nanoparticles upon decomposition, was used here to infiltrate pre-sintered porous YSZ scaffoldings. The effect of the microstructure of the YSZ matrix was determined by using two types of porous YSZ layers with controlled pore and grain sizes. It is shown that infiltration of NiO into porous YSZ containing small pores and small grains (~200 nm pores and grains) resulted in the best stability. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the changes observed in the electrical conductivity are accompanied and/or caused by Ni particle growth, unlike what has been reported for Ni-YSZ anodes prepared by other infiltration methods.

Durability and lifetime prediction

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 13/25

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 14/25

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B0614

B0615

Durability Aspects of MIEC Cathodes

Reactivity studies of lanthanum strontium titanates with commonly used electrolytes

Cornelia Endler-Schuck, Jochen Joos, André Weber and Ellen Ivers-Tiffée Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe Tel.: +49 721 608-48148 Fax: +49 721 608-47492 [email protected]

Dariusz Burnat1,*, Andre Heel, Lorenz Holzer, Meike Schlupp1, Thomas Graule and Ulrich F. Vogt1,2 1 - Laboratory for Hydrogen and Energy EMPA ± Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 129 Uberlandstrasse CH-8600 Dubendorf / Switzerland Tel.: +41 58 765 6173 Fax: +41-58 765 6922 [email protected]

Abstract Mixed ionic and electronic conducting (MIEC) perovskites like La0.58Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-į (LSCF) are reported as best performing cathode materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). However, little is known on durability of phase composition and microstructure, and its influence on cell performance. This contribution couples both characteristics combining electrochemical impedance measurements (EIS) and investigations by focused ion beam (FIB) tomography. Performance of anode supported cells was evaluated by high resolution EIS studies at temperatures of 600, 750 and 900 °C for 1000 h, and ohmic and polarization losses arising from electrolyte, anode and cathode were separated. The coefficients kį and Dį of the LSCF cathode, resolved versus measurement time and temperature, were determined by a new method, using (i) the Gerischer impedance and (ii) the FIB tomography data. Obviously both, the exchange of oxygen with the gas phase (described by the surface exchange coefficient kį) and the transport of oxygen ions (described by the chemical diffusion coefficient Dį) are changing over measurement time. Based on these results, durability issues of the LSCF cathode are discussed.

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 15/25

2 - Crystallography, Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany

Abstract Doped Sr titanates are perceived as potential new anode materials for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) due to their superior redox stability. The reaction phenomenon between the cell components is an important durability issue that has to be considered for new materials. )RUPDWLRQRIVHFRQGDU\SKDVHVRUFKDQJHVRIPDWHULDO¶VFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQduring the cell fabrication as well as long-time operation of SOFCs, are among the most crucial strategies towards an enhancement of SOFC life time and efficiency. In this work, chemical interactions between commonly applied electrolyte materials and various La doped strontium titanates (LST) were studied by SEM/EDX and XRD/Rietveld. To increase the detectability of the reactions by XRD, nano-sized reagents were employed. The study revealed that all A-site deficient LSTs promoted a reaction with Sc and Y stabilized zirconia, whilst LST with full A-site occupancy was chemically stable. Detected structural and microstructural changes were solely assigned to high mobility of Ti, which induced formation of tetragonal structures with p42/nmc-type space groups. The degree of reactivity and diffusion has been correlated with the type of dopant. The reduction of oxygen partial pressure during sintering, high dopant content as well as type of the electrolyte dopant are presented as successful strategies to hinder or even avoid the reactivity.

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 16/25

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B0616

B0617

Stability study of Au-Mo-Ni/GDC anodes for the Internal CH4 steam reforming reaction in the presence of H2S

Experimental study of Biosyngas-SOFC integration

M. Athanasioua,b, D.K. Niakolasa* and S. G. Neophytidesa* a Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou str. Platani, GR-26504, Rion Patras, Greece b Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR-26504, Greece

Giovanni Cinti, Umberto Desideri, Arianna Baldinelli, Francesco Fantozzi Università degli Studi di Perugia, Dipartimento di Ingegneria 93 via Duranti 06100 Perugia / Italy Tel: +39-075-5853991 [email protected]

Tel: +302610965240 Fax: +302610965223 [email protected]

Abstract

Keywords: Au and/or Mo modified Ni/GDC anodes, H 2S poisoning, Internal CH4 Steam Reforming, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells are able to process a wide range of fuels, even bio-syngas. The coupling of an efficient technology such as SOFC with a renewable energy source appears very promising. In particular, the use of wood downdraft gasifier syngas into a SOFC system has been studied. The main problem, however, are the high costs and the low efficiencies associated to the conversion of biomass into an intermediate fuel, especially when small-scale applications are concerned. Moreover, throughout the gasification process, a small amount of TAR is produced. In the fuel cell tar can act both as a fuel and as a contaminant, according to the concentration in the syngas stream. The first part of this work has been devoted to the acquisition of knowledge about all the techniques required. Button cells provided by SOFC Power were fed H2/N2 polluted with a model tar (toluene). Degradation was evaluated with a voltage measurement and SEM post-analysis. Then, SOFC button cells were operated on tar-laden simulated syngas, whose composition was determined as the average output of the pilot downdraft gasifier of Università di Perugia. Once more, toluene was set as model tar. Increasing toluene concentration in the feed gas, variations in SOFC performances have been observed. Eventual degradation was investigated using the previously acquired techniques. The ultimate purpose of this work is to assess the feasibility of a small scale Biomass Integrated Gasifier Fuel Cell (B-IGFC) able to convert biomass into electricity in the most cost-effective manner. Further tests will be carried out supplying the cell with real woodgas, without depriving it of the tar fraction, in the aim of reducing the cleaning-unit, which covers an important fraction of the plant total costs.

Durability and lifetime prediction

Durability and lifetime prediction

Abstract The present work refers to a first series of obtained results on how Au and/or Mo addition can affect the stability of modified Ni/GDC anodes for the reaction of internal CH 4 steam reforming, in the presence of H2S. Specifically, it is shown that Ni/GDC is stable in the presence of 10 ppm H2S, but only in the case where 100 vol% of H2 is the anode feed. In the case where CH4 and H2O (diluted in Helium carrier gas) comprise the anode feed then at S/C = 2 or S/C = 0.13 ratios the performance of Ni/GDC shows severe degradation, while the Au-Mo-Ni/GDC anode has the best and most stable performance.

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 17/25

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 18/25

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B0618

B0619

Understanding the Degradation of SOFC Stacks

Investigation of Carbide Formation Properties of Nickel-based Anode Surface by using ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Michael Lang(1), Corinna Auer(1), Adam Zietak(1), Arpit Maheshwari(1), Felix Hauler(2) (1) German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 D-70569 Stuttgart / Germany Tel.: +49-711-6862-605 Fax: +49-711-6862-747 [email protected] (2)

ElringKlinger AG, Max-Eyth-Straße 2 D-72581 Dettingen/Erms / Germany

Minseok Bae and Joongmyeon Bae Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon / South Korea Tel.: +82-42-350-3085 Fax: +82-42-350-8207 [email protected]

Tel.: +49-7123-724-235 Fax: +49-7123-724-85-235 [email protected]

Abstract One of the major challenges for the successful introduction and acceptance of the SOFC technology into the global energy market is the improvement of the long term stability of the SOFC stacks over several thousands of hours. This objective requires the better understanding of the time dependent electrochemical behavior and of the degradation mechanisms of the layers or repeating units (RUs) of the SOFC stacks at different operating conditions. The paper presents the long term results of different repeating units of light-weight SOFC stacks in the cassette design, which were operated up to 10,000 h in WKH ³6PDUW´ SURMHFW 6WDFNV ZLWK DQG ZLWKRXW &U-evaporation protection layers were evaluated. The stacks were investigated by current-voltage curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), gas analysis and long term measurements. The characteristic data of the current-voltage curves, e.g. OCVs, ASRs and power densities, were determined as a function of time. In order to understand the degradation effects, these results are discussed in context with the results of the electrochemical impedance spectra. The degradation of the individual stack and cell layer impedances, e.g. ohmic, electrode polarization and gas concentration impedance, are outlined. Possible degradation mechanisms are discussed.

Abstract Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is one of the promising energy conversion devices with several advantages due to its high operating temperature. One major strong point is a fuel flexibility, so not only pure hydrogen but also light hydrocarbons such as methane can be used for fuels for SOFC with internal reforming process. However, carbon nanostructure is easily formed with nickel-based catalysts for SOFC anodes during internal reforming. Formed carbide structure can cover the entire anode surface and eventually destroy the cell. Therefore, catalyst development that keeps carbide deposition on its surface is essential for efficient and stable SOFC operation. Recently, molecular dynamics simulation is widely used for investigating surface reactions with modeling of reaction sites. Reax force field (ReaxFF, developed by Adri van Duin et al.) has the ability for simulating bond formulation and braking during the simulation, and thus it can be a good modeling tool for chemical reaction like internal reforming reaction on the SOFC anode surface. In this study, carbon cluster formation on nickel surface is investigated with the aid of molecular dynamics. For the simulation, light hydrocarbon molecules are located on the nickel surface for modeling internal reforming environment, and the reaction proceeds at various temperature for investigating temperature effect. Also, the effects of pre-deposited surface carbon atoms are investigated. As a result, the carbon cluster formation on the nickel surface can be observed, and pre-deposited carbon on the nickel catalyst surface shows enormous effect for carbide generation on SOFC anode.

This SDSHUZLOOEHSXEOLVKHGÄ(OVHZKHUH´.

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 19/25

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 20/25

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B0620

B0621

Chemical and structural stability of SrTiO3-based materials under SOFC anode operating conditions

Theoretical Study of the Sulfur Effect on the Properties of BaTiO3 as Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Aitor Hornes (1), Martina Torchietto (1), Guttorm Syvertsen-Wiig (2), Rémi Costa (1) (1) German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany (2) CerPoTech AS, Kvenildmyra 6, 7072 Heimdal, Norway

David Samuel Rivera Rocabado (1,2,3), Takayoshi Ishimoto (2,3), and Michihisa Koyama (1,2,3,4) (1) Department of Hydrogen Energy Systems, Kyushu University / 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan (2) CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency / K¶s Gobancho 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan (3) INAMORI Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University / 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan (4) International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University / 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

Tel.: +49-711-6862-8116 Fax: +49-711-6862-747 [email protected]

Abstract This work investigates the impact of the exposition to SOFC anode operating conditions on SrTiO3-based compounds, with A-site or B-site substitution: 10 at.% lanthanum or 20 at.% niobium, respectively. Structural and surface stability of the materials after the reaction was examined (post-mortem analysis) using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These techniques have allowed us to obtain bulk and surface information of the samples which will have a crucial relevance in revealing possible modifications accomplished during system operation. These modifications could play an important role in the degradation of the cell. Structural analysis of materials before and after reduction did not show the formation of secondary phases, indicating a good stability of their crystalline structures for both samples under the conditions employed. In turn, surface study by means of XPS evidenced a surface enrichment in strontium oxide species for raw samples just after annealing. Nevertheless, exposure to the reducing environment caused an accumulation on the surface of the cations that occupy B positions in the perovskite structure oxides. At the same time, lanthanum segregation to the surface after the exposition to the reducing treatment was revealed as well. Achieved identification of the cationic diffusion processes that happened throughout cell operation will help us to understand and eventually minimize the degradation of the anode materials.

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 21/25

Tel.: +81-92-802-6970 Fax: +81-92-802-6970 [email protected]

Abstract Since solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operate at high temperature fuel flexibility is one of the advantage over the other types of fuel cells. However, in the practical operation, the most suitable fuels contain impurities which decrease the performance and lower the long term stability. Impurities such as sulfur, even at ppm concentrations can drastically lower the performance of SOFC. Several researches are being carried out either to improve the sulfur resistance of the current anode electrocatalyst or to find a novel sulfur tolerant anode material. We analyzed the effect of the sulfidation of the BaTiO3(001) for the CH4 bond breaking using density functional theory method. In this work, we assumed a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type reaction mechanism for the CH4 dissociation on the surfaces. Our results showed that the C-H bond breaking is energetically less demanding for the species interacting with the TiO2-terminated (TiO2T) surface than for the BaO-terminated (BaOT) surface. The sulfidation of the BaOT surface has a detrimental effect for the C-H bond breaking. Nevertheless, for the TiO2T surface, it seems that the presence of S may catalyze the first dissociation reaction of CH4. Additionally, after the sulfidation of the TiO2T surface, the C adsorption became quite energetically demanding. It appears that the presence of S may prevent the C deposition. Additionally, the effect of the sulfidation of the surface was analyzed to examine the change in the electronic conductivity of the slabs. Our results showed that after the sulfidation while, for the BaOT slab, the band gap of the slab increased, for the TiO2T slab new states that can be occupied by electrons were formed due to the presence of S. It seems that this new states may increase the electronic conductivity of the TiO2T slab.

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 22/25

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B0622 (Abstract only)

B0624

Particle Coarsening in LSM²YSZ Cathode Materials for SOFC

Thermodynamics of LSM-YSZ Interfaces- A Revisit with Confirmed La2Zr2O7 Thermodynamic Data

Andrey Farlenkov (1), Maxim Ananyev (1, 2), Vadim Eremin (1), Natalia Porotnikova (1) and Edkhem Kurumchin (1) (1) Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry UB RAS, Akademicheskaya 20 (2) Ural Federal University , Mira 19 Yekaterinburg City / Russia

Harumi Yokokawa Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505, Japan Tel & fax.: +81-3-5452-6789 [email protected]

Tel.: +7-343-362-34-84 Fax: +7-343-374-59-92 [email protected]

Abstract Abstract

This work is partly financially supported by the 7th framework program «SOFC - Life».

From late 1980¶s to early 90¶s, Yokokawa made a series of thermodynamic analyses on the perovskite electrode and the YSZ electrolyte. For the LSM-YSZ interface, evaluation of the thermodynamic data of La2Zr2O7 was made so as to obtain consistency among LSM-YSZ diffusion couple experiment by Lau and Singhal, thermogravimetric results on nonstoichiometric La1-xMnO3 by Shimomura et al, and calorimetric measurements by *V. R. Korneev. After this compilation, a new calorimetric value determined by M. Bolech et al. was more negative than the complied value. The calphad-type optimization was made by Gaukler¶s group with relying on the new value so that they criticized Yokokawa¶s evaluated data of La2Zr2O7 and his analytical results of phase relations related with LSMYSZ interface. Even so, Yokokawa¶s analyses relied on Lau and Singhal data so that the issue to be confirmed is which diffusion couple data by Lau and Singhal or calorimetric data by Bolech is incorrect. Upon Yokokawa¶s request, Navrotsky¶s group made calorimetric measurements again on La2Zr2O7 and their new data indicate less negative. It becomes more consistent with diffusion couple data by Lau and Singhal. These chronological events eventually confirmed that Yokokawa¶s initial treatment is essentially valid. Since Yokokawa¶s first work on the LSM-YSZ interface, many interesting and important experimental results have been reported not only for SOFC mode but also SOEC mode. These new findings will be discussed in terms of equilibrium data as well as some kinetic considerations. For the SOFC mode, the direct confirmation on Yokokawa¶s results was made by Siemens. Quite recently, Matsui et al reported the interesting features of slightly A-site deficient LSM cathodes having different La content, indicating the formation of a dense LSM layer at the LSM-YSZ interface more significantly for the La-rich composition, where the A-site deficiency becomes more significant with growing possibility of La2Zr2O7 formation at a given A-site deficient value. Analogous consideration to the sintering behavior of the A-site deficient cathode on heat treatment suggests that the oxide ion vacancies formed during the electrochemical polarization together with the cation vacancies enhance the sintering of LSM cathode without precipitation of Mn oxides. Behavior under the SOEC mode should depend largely on the magnitude of polarization, since the LSM-YSZ interface chemistry depends on the oxygen potential mainly because the A-site deficient width or the La2Zr2O7 formation region depends on the valence of Manganese ions. With increasing oxygen potential, the La2Zr2O7 is partially formed at the interface, and then finally La2Zr2O7 as well as MnO2 is formed as a result of oxidative decomposition.

Durability and lifetime prediction

Durability and lifetime prediction

Relative change, %

There are a number of obstacles preventing commercial deployment SOFC, one of which is their short operational life. In this work particle coarsening process has been studied as one of phenomena observing on the most popular cathode material LSM²YSZ. The object is LSM²YSZ | YSZ | LSM²YSZ WI YSZ symmetric cells provided by Denmark 0 Technical University. Stability of these cells has been tested using several methods at -10 LTPB the same experimental conditions -20 Ɍ   ƒɋ 3R2 = 10±2 atm). Oxygen W -30 I LSM exchange constant and diffusion coefficient were measured by the oxygen isotope -40 exchange method with gas phase analysis. E s -50 Polarization resistance was monitored by the electrochemical impedance -60 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 spectroscopy. Samples after 300 and 1000 Time, h hours of exposure were used for post-test microstructure analysis. Quantitative Fig. 1. Evolution of microstructure parameters relations between physicochemical for LSM²YSZ cathode materials (results properties of the material (exchange cellular automaton modeling): Es ² free surface constant, oxygen diffusion coefficient, energy of LSM phase; LTPB ² triple phase electroconductivity, polarization resistance) boundary length; IJij LSM ² tortuosity factor of and microstructure parameters (grain and LSM phase; pore size distribution functions, triple phase IJij YSZ ² tortuosity factor of YSZ phase boundary length and tortuosity factors) are discussed. A model for microstructure coarsening process based on cellular automaton algorithm has been developed and implemented for LSM²YSZ cathode materials, fig. 1. This method can be used for modeling of changing physicochemical properties of the electrode materials, when their direct measurements are difficult, but the analysis of microstructure parameters is possible.

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 23/25

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 24/25

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B0625 Effects of the Operating Voltage on a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell

Next EFCF Conferences:

Maria Navasa, Jinliang Yuan and Bengt Sundén Department of Energy Sciences Lund University, P.O. Box 118 22100 Lund / Sweden Tel.: +46-46-222-4105 Fax: +46-46-222-4717 [email protected]

Abstract Hydrogen is a promising fuel for an improved utilization of renewable energy sources. Despite the fact that nowadays hydrogen is mainly obtained through reformation of hydrocarbon compounds, other procedures based on the green energy concept can be strong alternatives. Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are one of the most promising technologies for high temperature electrolysis, a process which allows obtaining hydrogen independently from carbon compounds and when coupled to existing power plants or other green energy sources, the required electric power is lower than in other competing processes working at a low temperature. In this study, the effect of the operating voltage on a single SOEC cell is analysed based on a 3D computational model by the finite volume method (FVM) using the commercial code ANSYS FLUENT 14.5. The governing balance equations for heat, charges, species and momentum transport are coupled to the electrochemical reactions. The boundary conditions employed and the methods to evaluate the effective transport properties are outlined and discussed. Only water is considered as the fuel for a single cathodesupported planar SOEC operating under cross-flow configuration arrangement.

5th European PEFC and H2 Forum 30 June - 3 July 2015 12th European SOFC and SOE Forum 5 July - 8 July 2016

The predicted temperature distribution in the cell reveals a strong relationship between the operating voltage and the three different thermal operating modes of an SOEC: endothermic, exothermic and thermo-neutral. Furthermore, the temperature profiles at the cathode active layer, fuel and air channels are presented and discussed.

www.EFCF.com in Lucerne, Switzerland

Durability and lifetime prediction

Chapter 12 - Session B06 - 25/25

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Multi Layered Anode Supports in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Using Hydrocarbon Fuel 18 B0918 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 19 Development of Cu-based Anodes for 19 BZCY72 Proton Ceramic Membrane Reactors 19

Chapter 13 - Session B09 Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

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B0901 ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Isolating the influence of microstructural and strain properties on the oxygen ion transport in YSZ thin films 3 B0902 ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Tailoring in situ growth of nanoparticles towards applications 4 B0903 ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Preliminary Ageing Study of Praseodymium-Lanthanum Nickelates Pr2-xLaXNiOį as Cathodes for Metal Supported SOFCs 5 B0904 ..................................................................................................................................... 6 The Suppression Mechanism for Carbon Deposition on the Ni Surface Supported by Various Oxides 6 B0905 ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Stability studies of La- and Ca-doped SrTiO3 as anode support for solid oxide fuel cells 7 B0906 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 8 Characterization of Novel Structured Solid Oxide Cells Fabricated by A Phaseinversion Method 8 B0907 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 9 Ce1-xSrxNbO“į: a new oxygen excess and deficient fast ion conductor 9 B0909 ................................................................................................................................... 10 Assessment of full ceramic solid oxide fuel cells based on modified strontium titanates 10 B0910 ................................................................................................................................... 11 Improvement of the tolerance against oxidation of an anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell using Atomic Layer Deposition 11 B0911 ................................................................................................................................... 12 SOFC materials search by combinatorial pulsed laser deposition: A case study on La0.8Sr0.2Mn1-xCoxO“į 12 B0912 ................................................................................................................................... 13 Stability and performance of SOFC with LSTN (La0.2Sr0.8Ti1-xNixO3-į)-GDC (Gd0.2Ce0.8O2) composite anode 13 B0913 ................................................................................................................................... 14 The Manufacture and Testing of Ni-10Sc1CeSZ Anode Supported SOFCs for Intermediate Temperature Operation 14 B0914 ................................................................................................................................... 15 Chemical stability of NiCrAl foam-based cermets for metal supported SOFC 15 B0915 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 16 Elaboration and characterizations of oxide thin films to decrease SOFC Area Specific Resistance 16 B0916 ................................................................................................................................... 17 A simple route for the manufacture of composites for hydrogen separation membranes 17 B0917 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 18

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 1/19

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 2/19

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B0901

B0902

Isolating the influence of microstructural and strain properties on the oxygen ion transport in YSZ thin films

Tailoring in situ growth of nanoparticles towards applications

George F. Harrington1, Andrea Cavallaro1, Stephen J. Skinner1, David W. McComb2,1 and John A. Kilner1 1 Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK 2 Department of Materials, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

Dragos Neagu and John T.S. Irvine University of St Andrews. School of chemistry KY16 9ST St. Andrews/United Kingdom

Tel.: +442075946771 [email protected]

Tel.:+44(0)1334 463844 [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

In recent years, there have been a number of conflicting experimental investigations on thin films of yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ), with the reported conductivity ranging from an enhancement of orders of magnitude [1] to a modest reduction compared to bulk behavior [2]. Improvements in the transport properties are often attributed to an expansive lattice strain and regular networks of dislocations at the interface, yet compelling evidence remains elusive. In addition, electrical measurements on such films only provide a measure of the total charge transport leaving an ambiguity about the nature of the charge carrier. We have fabricated highly textured YSZ thin films onto MgO and sapphire single crystals using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). These correspond to a range of lattice mismatches, and have been grown at a number of thicknesses in order to isolate interfacial effects. Using x-ray diffraction (XRD), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and highresolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) the structural and chemical properties of the thin films have been characterised. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) combined with isotope tracer diffusion will be shown to directly and unambiguously measure the oxygen ion transport properties. This allows compositional, micro- and nano-structural variations observed in the film interfaces to be associated with changes in the conduction properties. We will present evidence to show that a regular dislocation network at YSZ/substrate interfaces does not in fact drastically alter the conduction properties despite being linked to enhanced conduction properties previously [1, 3].

Surfaces decorated with nanoparticles play a key role in many fields including renewable energy and catalysis and are typically prepared by deposition techniques. Here we show that, alternatively, particles could be grown in situ, directly from a perovskite oxide support though judicious choice of composition, particularly by tuning deviations from the ideal ABO3 stoichiometry. This concept seems to enable unprecedented control over particle composition, size, distribution, surface coverage and anchorage, and may serve to design sophisticated materials for several applications beyond fuel/electrolysis cells. The potential and versatility of this concept are illustrated though various examples, while also highlighting the key factors that enable one to control and tailor this phenomenon. Specific examples include improved metal-ceramic interfaces for metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells and H2 production from high temperature steam electrolysis with in situ exsolution of catalytically active nanoparticles during operation.

Figure 1. (a) HR-TEM image of YSZ film grown on an MgO substrate. (b) Fourier filtered image (a) revealing a dislocation 18 network. (c) O tracer diffusion profile in a YSZ film. The inset shows an 18O ion map.

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 3/19

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 4/19

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B0903

B0904

Preliminary Ageing Study of Praseodymium-Lanthanum Nickelates Pr2-xLaXNiOį as Cathodes for Metal Supported SOFCs

The Suppression Mechanism for Carbon Deposition on the Ni Surface Supported by Various Oxides

Vaibhav Vibhu, Aurélien Flura, Clément Nicollet, Sébastien Fourcade, Aline Rougier, Jean-Marc Bassat and Jean-Claude Grenier CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 Av. Dr Schweitzer, F-33608 Pessac Cedex, France Tel.: +33 (0)5 40 00 27 53 Fax: +33 (0)5 40 00 27 61 [email protected]

Tel.: +81-22-795-6976 Fax: +81-22-795-4067 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract The present study is focused on alternative oxygen electrodes for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFCs) using MSC-type conditions. In the K2NiF4 type compounds, the Pr2-xLaxNiOį mixed nickelates, further referred as PLNO, were selected in respect of their mixed electronic and ionic conductivity (i.e. MIEC properties). Depending on the composition, two domains of solid solution with orthorhombic structure were identified. One is related to Pr-rich phases, from x = 0 to x = 1, with the Bmab space group and the other one is related to La-rich phase, from x = 1.5 to x = 2, with Fmmm space group. Pr2NiOį (PNO) showed excellent electrochemical properties at intermediate temperature (i.e. low polarization resistance Rp value, Rp = 0.03 ȍFPð at 700 °C), while La2NiOį (LNO) exhibits higher chemical stability. Herein, the chemical stability of the nickelates under air at operating temperatures as well as the evolution of the polarization resistances during ageing (recorded under air and idc = 0 conditions) were studied for duration up to one month. LNO is highly stable whereas PNO is completely dissociated after 1 month at 600, 700 and 800°C. Interestingly, the ageing of the mixed PLNO/CGO/8YSZ half cells during 1 month under air shows no change in the Rp value at idc = 0 condition, despite their various degrees of chemical stability.

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Taiki Shindo(1), Satoshi Watanabe(1),Shin-ichi Hashimoto(2), Keiji Yashiro(1), Tatsuya Kawada(1) (1) Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University; 6-6-01 Aramaki-Aoba Aoba-ku Sendai/Japan (2) Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; 6-6-01 Aramaki-Aoba Aoba-ku Sendai/Japan

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 5/19

Carbon deposition on Ni anode causes degradation of the cell performance. Using an additive is one of possible solutions to suppress carbon deposition on Ni. In this study, the substrate effect for carbon formation was investigated at 1073 K under CH4/H2O/Ar (S/C = 0.087) using Ni particles dispersed substrate oxides (8YSZ, SrZr0.9Y0.1O3-į, Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-į, Y2O3, TiO2, CeO2). In our previous study, The Ni surfaces were observed with FE-SEM after the carbon deposition test. It was confirmed that Ni surfaces texture became rougher due to carbon deposition on Ni. From the order of Ni particle surface roughness, the order of suppressive effect could be qualitatively estimated as follows, CeO2, TiO2 > SrZr0.9Y0.1O3-į, Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95-į > 8YSZ, Y2O3. The map of atomic concentration in Ni/TiO2 which was not exposed to methane was obtained by depth profiling with micro-Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). It was found that Ti and O diffused on Ni surface with nanometer-order in thickness. The formation reaction of the carbon was probably suppressed by presence of Ti and O on Ni.

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 6/19

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11 European SOFC & SOE Forum

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11 European SOFC & SOE Forum

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B0905

B0906 (Abstract only)

Stability studies of La- and Ca-doped SrTiO3 as anode support for solid oxide fuel cells

Characterization of Novel Structured Solid Oxide Cells Fabricated by A Phase-inversion Method

Lanying Lu(1), Chengsheng Ni(1), Stewart McCracken(2), Andrew Gibson(2), Stephen Mee(2), Mark Cassidy(1) and John Irvine(1) (1) School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews KY16 9ST, St Andrews, United Kingdom

Chenghao Yang* New Energy Research Institute, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China Tel: 86-020-39381203 Fax: 86-020-39381203 *E-mail: [email protected]

Tel.: +44(0)1334 463680 [email protected]

Abstract

(2) MCS Limited, Midlothian Innovation Centre, EH25 9RE, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom

Solid oxide cells (SOCs) have been considered as one of the promising technologies, since they can be operated efficiently in either electrolysis mode by producing hydrogen through steam electrolysis or fuel cell mode to generate electricity by electrochemically combining fuel with oxidant [1-3]. However, (La0.75Sr0.25)0.95MnO3 (LSM)-YSZ (8 mol.% yttria stabilized zirconia)/YSZ/Ni-YSZ SOCs fabricated by traditional method has been found to be limited in either SOFC or SOEC mode. To improve the cell performance, a phase-inversion method has been utilized to optimize the micro-tubular SOC (MT-SOC) hydrogen electrode microstructure, as show in Fig. 1 (a1, a2). The asymmetric-porous hydrogen electrode possesses a thin small finger-like porous layer (~15 ȝP VHUYLQJDVK\GURJHQHOHFWURGHIXQFWLRQDOOD\HUDGMDFHQWWRWKHHOHFWURO\WH where electrochemical reactions take place, and a thick porous layer with large finger-like pores providing effective fuel delivery to the electrode functional layer. When the MT-SOC was operated in electrolysis mode at 900oC with an applied voltage of 1.3 V, current density of 2.57 A/cm2 was obtained at 80 vol.% absolute humidity (AH) (Fig. 1 b2). It is significantly higher than the cell prepared by traditional method with current density of 1.82 A/cm2 under 1.3 V applied voltage and 80 vol.% AH at 900oC [3]. Also, it was observed that the mass transport limitations have been mitigated, due to the large finger like channel beneficial to the fuel delivery efficiency while the small finger like layer favorable to the electrochemical reaction.

Abstract The electrochemical performance and stability were performed on A-site deficient La- and Ca-doped SrTiO3 (La0.2Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3) (LSCTA-) anode-supported fuel cells with metallic catalysts infiltrated into the porous anode structure at 700oC in humidified hydrogen (3 vol% H2O). The cell performance has been improved by the nickel infiltration to the bare LSCTA- because of its superior catalytic activity towards fuel oxidation. In particular, the substitution of 25 wt% Fe to Ni enhances the power density, compared to the Niimpregnated cell. From the comparison of the stability testing for the three cells, a rapid degradation is observed on the non-impregnated cell. In this case, the degradation mechanism has so far been attributed to the re-oxidation of the scaffold under relatively high oxygen partial pressure resulted from the transporting oxygen ions at the low voltages. The addition of catalyst demonstrated a more stable status compared to bare LSCTA- after the first 20-h operation. The cell with Ni-Fe composite catalyst shows even slower degradation than nickel-impregnated fuel cell. The degradation of the impregnated cells is always attributed to the growth and sintering of the catalyst particles on the surface of the scaffold under working condition. However, our result shows that the interaction between backbone and catalyst may cause an additional deterioration of catalytic activity by modifying the surface of the metal particles. High-resolution electron microscopy techniques have been utilized, allied with ion beam preparation to preserve fine structure on the cross-sections and interfaces, allowing a detailed survey over large areas of infiltrated anode so developing an improved understanding of how these anode structures behave and mature during cell operation.

Fig. 1. Cross-sectional SEM images (a1, a2), impedance sprectra and voltage-current density curves (a2, b2) of the MT-SOEC. Keywords: Solid oxide cells; electrolysis; hydrogen production; phase-inversion; References [1] -(2¶%UHLQ&06WRRWV-6+HUULQJ3$/HVVLQJ--+DUWYLJVHQ6(ODQJRYDQJ. Fuel Cell Sci. Tech., 2005, 2, 156-163. [2] A. Hauch, S.H. Jensen, S. Ramousse, M. Mogensen, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2006, 153, A1741A1747. [3] C.H. Yang, C. Jin, A. Coffin, F.L. Chen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35, 5187-5193. Acknowledgment. The financial support of the South China University of Technology new faculty startup fund, NASA EPSCoR (Award Number NNX10AN33A) and South Carolina Space Grant Consortium is acknowledged gratefully.

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 7/19

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 8/19

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B0907 (Abstract only)

B0909

Ce1-xSrxNbO4“į: a new oxygen excess and deficient fast ion conductor

Assessment of full ceramic solid oxide fuel cells based on modified strontium titanates

Cassandra Harris and Dr Stephen Skinner Department of Materials Imperial College London Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ, UK

Peter Holtappels (1), Tania Ramos (1), Bhaskar R. Sudireddy (1), Sune Veltzé (1), Luise Theil Kuhn (1), Peter Stanley Jørgensen (1), Wei Zhang (1), Qianli Ma (2), Frank Tietz (2), Viacheslav Vasechko (2), Jürgen Malzbender (2), Boris Iwanschitz (3), Andreas Mai (3), Jeppe Rass-Hansen (4), Maarten C. Verbraeken (5), Elena Stefan (5), John T.S. Irvine (5) (1) Technical University of Denmark, Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Frederiksborgvej 399 DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark

Tel.: +44 2075895111 [email protected]

Tel.: +45 4677 5620 [email protected]

Abstract In the search for SOFC materials which exhibit improved oxide ion conductivity at lower temperatures, attention has recently been focussed towards materials with atypical structural chemistry or diffusion pathways. Transport by interstitial oxide ions or protons offers the potential for reduced migration barriers compared to the more common vacancy mechanism found in traditional SOFC materials1,2. Fergusonite structured rare earth niobates (RENbO4) can exhibit both high protonic and oxygen diffusivity depending on the dopant strategy (RE1-xAxNbO4-į RE=La, Nd, Gd, Tb, Er A=Ba, Sr, Ca)3. The cerium analogue CeNbOįFDQLQFRUSRUDWHDUDQJHRIR[\JHQH[FHVVVWRLFKLRPHWULHVį  0.25, 0.33) by oxidation of Ce3+ to Ce4+ and exhibits fast oxide ion and electronic conduction4. Unlike other rare earth niobates, CeNbOį conduct via an interstitial type mechanism. Here we report the transport properties of Sr2+ doped CeNbOį under oxygen and proton containing atmospheres and show that this new material exhibits total electrical conductivity that is over one order of magnitude greater than the parent material (figure 1). Full structural and redox characterisation by time-of-flight neutron diffraction and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (figure 2) will be presented. Sr2+ charge compensation occurs largely via cerium oxidation from Ce3+ to Ce4+ in oxidative atmospheres, whilst oxygen vacancies are generated under reductive atmospheres containing H 2(g). The electrical properties of several compositions of Ce1-xSrxNbO“į (x=0.01 to x=0.4) under oxygen and proton containing atmospheres have been investigated; the results show significant enhancement when x>0.1. Variable pO2 and EMF transport number measurements will be presented. It is proposed that the compensation mechanism under oxidative conditions leads to an enhancement in the electronic domain and potential application as a mixed ionic electronic FRQGXFWRULQ62)&¶VDQGUHODWHGDSSOLFDWLRQV. Figure 1: Total conductivity of oxygen excess Ce1-xSrxNbO4+į under various atmospheres.

(2) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Energy and Climate Research, D-52428 Jülich, Germany (3) Hexis AG, 8404 Winterthur, Switzerland (4)Topsoe Fuel Cells AS, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (5) University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, St Andrews Scotland, United Kingdom

Abstract 7RGD\V¶VROLGR[LGHIXHOVFHOOVEDVHGRQFRPSRVLWH1L-cermet anodes have been developed up to reasonable levels of performance and durability. However, especially for small combined heat and power supply systems, known failure mechanisms e.g. reoxidation, sulfur tolerance and coking have stimulated the development for full ceramic anodes based on strontium titanates. Furthermore, the Ni-cermet is primarily a hydrogen oxidation electrode and efficiency losses might occur when operating on carbon containing fuels. In the European project SCOTAS-SOFC full ceramic cells comprising CGO/Ni infiltrated SrTiO3 anodes, and LSM/YSZ cathodes have been developed and tested as single 5 x 5 cm2 cells and up 100 cm2 circular cells. The initial performance exceeded 0.4 W/cm2 at 850 °C and redox tolerance has been proven. The cell concept provides flexibility with respect to the used electro-catalysts and various infiltrated metals including Ni and Ru have been studied. Stable power output has been observed for Ru and Ni-CGO as infiltrate. While redox tolerance is maintained, both types of cells degrade rapidly under exposure to sulfur. An initial assembly of a 60 cell stack in a one kW Hexis Galileo system indicates the necessity for further stack design adaptation in order to account for the lower electronic conductivity compared to Ni-cermet based cells.

Figure 2: Example of in-situ redox characterisation via cerium valance changes determined by linear combination fitting of XANES spectra with Ce3+ and Ce4+ standards. :KHQ į  DW URRP temperature,Ce1-xSrxNbO4+į contains [Ce4+] proportional to the dopant level. [1] Sold State Ionics, 117, (13-14), 1205-1 [2] Chem. Rec, 4, (6), 373-384, 2004 [3] Nat. Mater, 5, 193-196, 2006 [4] Solid State Ionics, 177, (11-12), 1015-1020, 2006

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 9/19

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 10/19

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11 European SOFC & SOE Forum

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11 European SOFC & SOE Forum

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B0910

B0911

Improvement of the tolerance against oxidation of an anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell using Atomic Layer Deposition

SOFC materials search by combinatorial pulsed laser deposition: A case study on La0.8Sr0.2Mn1-xCoxO“į

Thomas Keuter, Norbert H. Menzler, Georg Mauer, Frank Vondahlen, Robert Vaßen, Hans Peter Buchkremer Forschungszentrum Jülich Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1) Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße D-52428 Jülich / Germany Tel.: +49-2461-61-9701 Fax: +49-2461-61-2455 [email protected]

Tel: +34 933 562 615

(2) Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London/UK [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract In this paper, the improvement of the tolerance against oxidation of an anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) will be presented. An anode-supported SOFC consists of a mechanically supporting, thick, and highly porous anode substrate, coated on top with the thin films of a fine-structured porous anode, a dense electrolyte, and a fine-structured cathode. The anode substrate, as well as the anode is made of a cermet of nickel and yttria-stabilizied zirconia (8YSZ). An increase of the oxygen partial pressure on the anode side will lead to an oxidation of the nickel and to structural changes of the microstructure. This results in a macroscopic expansion of the anode substrate and, due to cracking of the electrolyte, in a complete cell failure. The aim of this work is to retard the oxidation by coating the inner surface of the porous anode substrate with a protection layer. For the coating, the process of Atomic Layer Deposition is used. Atomic Layer Deposition is a technique to deposit thin films of a particular material with a precise thickness control at the level of less than one nanometer. ALD starts with two gaseous chemicals, so called precursors. The surface of the substrate is exposed to an alternating sequence of the precursors, divided by a purge step using an inert gas. The precursors react with the surface in a self-limiting manner. By repeating the cycle of exposition and purging, a thin film is deposited. Due to the self-limiting of the reactions, only a fraction of a monolayer is deposited in each cycle, resulting in a precise thickness control of the thin film. This allows to also coat inner surfaces of porous structures with a low risk of blocking pores. In this paper, inner surface coatings of the anode substrate, a model of the deposition process, combining diffusion and reaction kinetics, and results compared to the experimental findings will be presented. In addition, results of oxidation experiments will be shown, confirming the capability of the coating to protect the nickel against oxidation.

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

A. M. Saranya (1), A. Morata (1), M. Burriel (2), John A. Kilner (2), A. Tarancón (1) (1) Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Department of Advanced Materials for Energy Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1 08930 Sant Adriá del Besòs, Barcelona / Spain

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 11/19

Screening of new materials and properties by fine tuning compositions is an essential but complex and time consuming task. Unfortunately, only discrete information on the synthesized compositions can be obtained and usually original raw optimizations remain for years. Recently, a combinatorial approach to material synthesis and characterization is opening a new avenue on the generation of entire compositional diagrams in a single experiment. In this work, a novel methodology for screening materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells is presented. The methodology is based on a combinatorial deposition of thin films by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) on 4-inch silicon wafers. This technique allows generating full range binary and ternary diagrams of compositions even for very complex oxides. This can be obtained due to an excellent transfer of the stoichiometry. In order to be able to map functional properties of the synthesized diagrams, non-destructive and punctual characterization techniques were employed and Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) was employed for evaluating micro-structure, while Isotope Exchange Depth Profiling combined with Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (IEDP-SIMS) was carried out for evaluating mass transport properties. As a proof-of-concept, a binary diagram of La0.8Sr0.2Mn1-xCoxO3±į covering the whole range of compositions from x=0 to x=1 was fabricated. After an accurate analysis of the map of compositions generated by combinatorial PLD, oxygen mass transport properties (self-diffusion and surface exchange coefficients, D* and k*, respectively) was studied at temperature 700ºC in the sample with Co content x=0.13. Obtained values of D* and k* is compared with the D*, k* values measured by De Souza et al. for discrete compositions in bulk form [1, 2]. These results validate the novel methodology proving it as an extremely powerful tool for addressing the search of new materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs).

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 12/19

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11 European SOFC & SOE Forum

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11 European SOFC & SOE Forum

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B0912

B0913

Stability and performance of SOFC with LSTN (La0.2Sr0.8Ti1-xNixO3-į)-GDC (Gd0.2Ce0.8O2) composite anode

The Manufacture and Testing of Ni-10Sc1CeSZ Anode Supported SOFCs for Intermediate Temperature Operation

Byung Hyun Park and Gyeong Man Choi Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Fuel Cell Research Center / Department of Materials Science and Engineering San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang, Republic of Korea

Nikkia M. McDonald, James Watton, Aman Dhir, Robert Steinberger-Wilckens The University of Birmingham Centre for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Edgbaston, Birmingham UK B15 2TT

Tel.: +82-54-279-2980 Fax: +82-54-279-5099 [email protected]

P: +44 121 414 47044 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract Conventional Ni-cermet anodes show problems for the stability due to carbon coking or Ni coarsening etc.. Perovskite oxides are good candidates as an alternative anode. It was recently shown that electro-catalytic nanoparticles such as Ni can be produced in oxide anodes that were exposed to reducing atmosphere. The degree of Ni ex-solution in LSTN (La0.2Sr0.8Ti1-xNixO3-į) was determined in our previous work. The electrochemical performances of electrolyte (ScSZ)-supported cells with LST (La0.2Sr0.8TiO3) and LSTN anodes were also compared at 800oC in H2 and CH4 fuels. Although catalytic activity is improved by Ni ex-solution, anode performance still needs to be improved. In this study, we have used LSTN (La0.2Sr0.8Ti1-xNixO3-į)-GDC composite as an alternative anode. Impedance spectra and power measurement of the cell have shown the stable and improved performance of LSTN-GDC composite anode in hydrogen and methane fuels.

Conventional Nickel-Yttria Stabilised Zirconia (Ni-YSZ) is the most developed and most commonly used anode because of its low cost and exceptional performance in H2 rich environments but under hydrocarbon operation, Ni-YSZ can deteriorate significantly due to low sulphur tolerances and carbon deposition. Developing SOFC systems that suppress coking and operate in lower temperature regimes improves system stability, lowers materials degradation and extends the current reach of SOFC commercialization, widening their scope of use in green energy markets. SOFCs based on Scandia-Stabilised Zirconia (ScSZ) are better suited than Yttria-Stablised Zirconia (YSZ) for use in low to intermediate temperature applications due to their higher conductivity values when compared against all of the suitable Zirconia dopants. The work presented here is part 1 of a 2 part study to develop and characterize intermediate temperature SOFCs (IT-SOFCs) based on a Ce-doped ScSZ structure for operation on dry methane. Part 1 of this study focused on materials characterization and cell development while part 2 will examine the influence of alloying other elements into the nickel anodes and assess the IT-62)&¶V PHWKDQH UHIRUPLQJ DELOLW\ HOHFWUR-catalytic activity, efficiency to suppress coking and its tolerance for sulphur impurities. In this paper we show that Ni-YSZ anode supported cells can be successfully manufactured via die-pressing and screen printing yielding performance values comparable to those found in literature. Ni-YSZ anode functional layer and YSZ electrolyte thick films were screen-printed onto Ni-YSZ discs and co-sintered in air at 1400oC/4hr followed by separate firings of the screen-printed 50wt% La0.8Sr0.2MnO2 + 50wt% YSZ composite cathode and the La0.8Sr0.2MnO2 current collector at 1175oC/3h and 1125oC/3h respectively in air. With dry H2 as fuel and O2 from ambient air as the oxidant, OCV values upwards of 1.09V and maximum power density values of 180 mW/cm 2 at 800oC were achieved. Cells containing Ni-10Sc1CeSZ anodes supporting 10Sc1CeSZ electrolytes were fabricated via the same means yielding performance results similar to the Ni-YSZ system at temperatures 50oC -100oC lower demonstrating the reliability of screen printing as a manufacturing technique and the effectiveness of ScSZ on lowering cell operating temperature.

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 13/19

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 14/19

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11 European SOFC & SOE Forum

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B0914

B0915 (Abstract only)

Chemical stability of NiCrAl foam-based cermets for metal supported SOFC

Elaboration and characterizations of oxide thin films to decrease SOFC Area Specific Resistance

Francesco Perrozzi (1,2), Sabrina Presto (1), Roberto Spotorno (2), Massimo Viviani (1), Paolo Piccardo (1,2) (1) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ± Istituto per l´Energetica e le Interfasi Via De Marini, 6 I-16149 Genoa / Italy (2) Universitá degli Studi di Genova ± Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Via Dodecaneso, 31 I-16146 Genoa / Italy Tel.: +39-010-6475-703 Fax: +39-010-6475-700 [email protected]

a

M. Mascot a, K. Dumaisnil a, D. Fasquelle a, A. Rolle b, R.-N. Vannier b, J.-C. Carru a Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 50 rue Ferdinand Buisson, 62228 Calais Cedex, France b Université Lille Nord de France, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, Equipe Chimie du Solide, Avenue Dimitri Mendeleïev, Bâtiment C7, ENSCL/UST Lille 1, BP 9LOOHQHXYHG¶$VFT&HGH[)UDQFH [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract The FCH-JU EVOLVE project aims at developing metal supported SOFC with innovative current collector. The key feature of the EVOLVE current collector is to have different materials with a specific functionality; the support is made of a metal foam with composition (Ni-19.8Cr-9.8Al-70.4, NiCrAl) promoting the formation of a thin oxide layer of alumina (Al2O3). The metal foam provides a robust structural integrity of the cell, while the alumina scale enhances its chemical stability under cell fabrication and operating conditions. NiCrAl foams are then impregnated with conductive ceramics, i.e. Lanthanum-doped Strontium Titanate (La1-xSrxTiO3, LST), which leads to a percolating phase of electron conductor. Gd-doped Ceria (Ce1-xGdxO2- , GDC) is also added to provide compatibility with the anode. In this work, thermal treatments were applied to composite current collectors in order to study interactions between the metal foam and the ceramic conductor material and clarify the growth behavior of the oxide scale on the surface of the foam. Moreover, conductivity tests were performed in order to understand the behavior of the cermet during operating conditions.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) have been widely studied for their achievements such as electricity production from hydrogen and oxygen, good efficiency and power density. 62)&XVXDOO\ZRUNVLQWKHWRÛ&WHPSHUDWXUHUDQJHZKLFKFDQOHDGWRPDWHULDO damages. Many studies have thus been carried out in order to decrease the working temperature to 600 ± Û& ,Q WKH ILHOG RI 62)& /6&) /D0,6Sr0,4Co0,8Fe0,2O3) is considered as one of the best cathode material. Its excellent properties are mainly due to its mixed ionic and electronic conductivity (MIEC). Whereas the electrolyte must be a dense layer, the electrode is usually porous to allow the gas diffusion to the Triple Point Boundaries (TPB). The objective of this work was to study the effect of a MIEC dense thin layer [1] at the cathode-electrolyte interface. In this view, we compared two different half-cells: porous cathode/dense electrolyte and porous cathode/dense MIEC thin film/dense electrolyte. The thin film was deposited on the electrolyte by spin coating from a gel prepared by Pechini method to perform the simultaneous deposition and crystallisation at high temperature. In the first part of our works, we studied the effect of dense thin LSCF layers deposited at the electrode-electrolyte interface, comparing two different half-cells: porous LSCF/CGO (Ce0.9Gd0.1O2) electrolyte and porous LSCF/dense LSCF thin film/CGO electrolyte. The study confirmed a decrease of the Area Specific Resistance by 27 % at 750°C when the dense thin LSCF layer was added [2]. LSCF is a very good candidate for IT-SOFC cathode but it contains rare-earth element which could become a difficulty in future. In order to study another material without rareearth, we are currently conducting new works on Ca3Co4O9+ (CCO): a thermoelectric compound with very good electrochemical properties as potential cathode material [3]. Preliminary XRD has shown a pure CCO phase on powder and films. During the conference, we will present the different physical and electrical characterizations of the material and half-cells with CCO in place of porous and dense LSCF films.

[1] N. Hildenbrand et al., Solid State Ionics 192 (2011) 12-15. [2] K. Dumaisnil et al., to be published in Thin Solid Films. [3] A. Rolle et al., J. of Power Sources 196 (2011) 7328-7332.

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 15/19

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 16/19

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11 European SOFC & SOE Forum

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B0916

B0917 (Abstract only)

A simple route for the manufacture of composites for hydrogen separation membranes

Multi Layered Anode Supports in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Using Hydrocarbon Fuel

Enrique Ruiz-Trejo, Yuning Zhou, and Nigel P. Brandon Department of Earth Science and Engineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom Tel.: +44 2075949695 [email protected]

1

Haekyoung Kim1 and Young Min Park2 School of Materials Science & Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea 2 Fuel Cell Research Team, Research institute of Technology Pohang, Republic of Korea Tel.: +82-53-810-2536 Fax: +82-53-810-4628 [email protected]

Abstract In this work we report on the manufacture and characterization of silverBaCe0.5Zr0.3Y0.16Zn0.04O3-d (BCZYZ) composites. We have prepared BCZYZ via a wet chemical route and studied the sintering properties by dilatometry. The powders were then coated with silver using Tollens¶ reaction and sintered. The coated powders and sintered samples were analysed by XRD, SEM and the electrical properties were studied by impedance spectroscopy.

Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer significant flexibility regarding the choice of fuel, e.g. methane, ethanol and hydrocarbon fuels, that may be converted directly on the anode. In this study, SOFCs with multi layered anode support consisting of Ni-Fe and Ni-yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) are fabricated and characterized for methane fuel applications. SOFCs with an additional Ni-Fe layer in the anode support exhibit improved performances RI$ÂFP-2 at 0.8 V and 750 °C with methane, when compared with the value of 0.45 $ÂFP-2 from an SOFC without the additional layer. Furthermore, SOFCs with an additional porous layer of Ni-Fe (HB Ni-Fe) exhibit current densities of 0.8$ÂFP-2 DQG$ÂFP-2 at 0.8 V with hydrogen and methane, respectively. From the impedance analyses, compared with an SOFC without an additional layer, SOFCs with a Ni-Fe additional layer exhibit lower charge transfer resistance, which may result from the improved catalytic activities of Ni-Fe under methane fuel. The multi layered anode support with a Ni-Fe layer is beneficial for obtaining higher fuel cell performance with methane fuel: however, the morphologies and process can be further improved.

Figure Fuel cell performances of SOFCs with methane

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 17/19

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 18/19

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11 European SOFC & SOE Forum

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B0918 (Abstract only) Development of Cu-based Anodes for BZCY72 Proton Ceramic Membrane Reactors

Next EFCF Conferences:

S. Robinson1, C. Kjølseth2, W.G. Coors2 and T. Norby1 1 University of Oslo, SMN/FERMiO 2 Protia AS Gaustadalléen 21 NO-0349, Oslo [email protected]

Abstract BZCY72 (BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O3-į) electrolyte membranes have performed well as fuel cells [1] and as hydrogen pumps [2]. Additionally, BZCY72 is stable in atmospheres containing CO 2 and H2S [3], and thus suitable for use with biogas fuels. However, development of suitable electrode materials remains the largest technological limitation. This work reports on the development of an electrode suitable for operation in biogas atmospheres. To increase the number of active triple phase boundary sites, a robust micro-porous skeletal BZCY53 backbone was fabricated (Figure 1a). The backbone was then infiltrated with aqueous solutions of Cu(NO3)2 to deposit an electronically conductive phase (Figure 1b) and with Ce(NO3)3 to deposit an electro-catalytically active phase. After calcination and reduction of the copper oxide, the resulting Cu-CeO2 network exhibits an inplane point-to-point room temperature resistance of the order of 0.01 ȍ'XHWRthe coarsening of Cu-based networks at temperatures as low as 700 °C, Co was electrodeposited as a textural promoter to prevent Cu particle coarsening [4]. The electrochemical impedance of these novel electrodes was measured using AC impedance spectroscopy and will be discussed in detail. When fitted to a relevant sub-circuit model, the data provides insight into charge transfer and diffusion resistance of the porous infiltrated backbone.

Fig. 1: a) Micro-porous BZCY53 skeletal backbone microstructure. b) BZCY53 backbone after copper nitrate infiltration and subsequent reduction.

5th European PEFC and H2 Forum 30 June - 3 July 2015 12th European SOFC and SOE Forum 5 July - 8 July 2016

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[1] S. Robinson, A. Manerbino, G. Coors, N. Sullivan, Fuel Cells, 13, (2013)(4), 584-591 [2] S. Robinson, A. Manerbino, G. Coors, Journal of Membrane Science, 446, (2013), 99-105 [3] L. Yang, S. Wang, K. Blinn, M. Liu, Z. Liu, Z. Cheng, M. Liu, Science, 326, (2009), 126 - 129 [4] M. Gross, J. Vohs, R. Gorte, Electrochemica Acta, 52, (2007)(5), 1951 ± 1957

Novel materials for SOFC & SOE electrolytes

Chapter 13 - Session B09 - 19/19

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B1101

Chapter 14 - Session B11 Mechanical modelling and reliability

Accelerated creep of Ni-YSZ anodes during reduction Content

Page B11 - ..

B1101 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Accelerated creep of Ni-YSZ anodes during reduction 2 B1102 ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Topology Optimization based homogenization technique for stack designs with complex geometry 3 B1103 ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Thermo mechanical FEA of SOFC 4 B1104 ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Unraveling microstructure effects in Ni-YSZ anodes by 3D-analysis, FE-simulation and experimental characterization 5 B1107 ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Residual stresses in a co-sintered SOC half-cell during post-sintering cooling 6 B1109 ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Micromechanical Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Supports based on Three-dimensional Reconstructions 7 B1110 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Simulation of Nickel Morphological and Crystal Structures Evolution in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Using Phase Field Method 8 B1111 ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Three Dimensional Analysis of Ni-YSZ Anode 9 During Oxidation and Reduction Processes 9 B1112 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 10 Manufacturing and Characterization of Micro Tubular PCFC Fuel Cells & Cell Components 10 B1114 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 11 Determining Vibrational Properties of SOFC Anode Materials Through ab initio Calculations 11 B1115 ................................................................................................................................... 12 Nano-indentation and 3D microstructural characterisation of SOFC anodes 12 B1117 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 13 Computational Thermal and Fluid Dynamics of an SOFC Stack: Startup Operation 13 B1118 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 14 Three-dimensional Modelling of Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (mSOFC) 14

Henrik Lund Frandsen*, Fabio Greco, De Wei Ni, Declan J. Curran, Peter Vang Hendriksen Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde/Denmark Tel.: +45-4677-5668 Fax: +45-4677-5858 [email protected]

Abstract To evaluate the reliability of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks during operation the stress field must be known at all times. This is influenced by external loads, the operating conditions, the particular design of the stack components and their mechanical properties and finally by the thermo-mechanical history of the stack (e.g. sintering temperature, time at temperature etc.). During operation the stress state will depend on time as stresses are relaxed by creep processes. Creep has mainly been studied at operating conditions, where the Ni-YSZ anode is in the reduced state and YSZ is the main load-carrying component. In this work we report on a new creep-reduction phenomenon observed to take place during the reduction process itself, where stresses are relaxed at a rate much faster (~×104) than during operation where the anode is in fully reduced state. Furthermore, samples exposed to a very small tensile stress (0.004 MPa) were observed to expand during reduction, which is in contrast with reports in literature [Ref].The ³DFFHOHUDWHG´ FUHHS KDV D WUHPHQGRXV LPSDFW RQ WKH VWUess field in an operating SOFC stack. Creep experiments, where carried out on NiO-YSZ anode support structures loaded in three point bending or uniaxial tension and the deformations recorded during the reduction process. The fast creep is observed only during the reduction, but due to the extremely high rate this will effectively relax all the residual compressive stresses in the electrolyte at the reduction temperature. Therefore this phenomenon has to be considered both in the production of stacks and in the simulation of the stress field in an SOFC stack.

Picture of a 340 µm anode support exposed to 5 minutes of accelerated creep.

Mechanical modelling and reliability

Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 1/14

Mechanical modelling and reliability

Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 2/14

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B1102

B1103

Topology Optimization based homogenization technique for stack designs with complex geometry

Thermo mechanical FEA of SOFC

Yuriy Elesin, Mads Find Madsen and Thomas Karl Petersen Topsoe Fuel Cell. Nymoellevej 66 DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Tel.: +45-45-27-20-00 Fax: +45-45-27-29-99 [email protected]

Matej Smolnikar, Vincent Lawlor, Paul Siegfried Hassler, Mario Brunner, Hannes Hick, Kurt Salzgeber & Juergen Rechberger. AVL LIST GMBH Hans-List-Platz 1 A-8020 Graz Tel.: +43-316-787-362 Fax: +43-316-787-1468 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract Numerical modelling of fuel cell stacks is a computationally expensive task involving coupling between multiple areas of physics. The difference in the scales of the involved processes and complex geometries of bipolar plates (interconnects) make the direct approach for stack simulations computationally infeasible. Homogenization techniques allow significant reduction in the complexity of the stack models. In the current work we present a homogenization technique based on topology optimization (TO) method. The technique can be applied for fluid flows, thermal diffusion, electrical currents and other physical fields relevant to stack simulation. The technique is particularly suited for stacks with complex geometry where the selection of representative volumes is difficult or not possible. The homogenization procedure consists of three steps. 1) Obtaining several fine-scale solutions on the periodic part of the stack in order to cover the relevant range of operating conditions. 2) Filtering the obtained solutions in order to get rid of the small-scale features intrinsic to the fine solutions. 3) Setting up a topology optimization procedure with an objective to minimize the difference between the solution of the homogenized system and the filtered solution. The choice of design variables for the topology optimization depends on the physical problem, but in all cases represents the material properties of the homogenized model, e.g. diffusivity, conductivity, permeability, etc. In this work we present the homogenization process and provide examples of its application to various physical processes taking place within the stack.

Mechanical modelling and reliability

Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 3/14

In recent years demand for efficient, reliable and cost competitive green energy has increased. One of the most promising solutions for future electrical energy production is the SOFC technology. Due to high quality exhaust gas heat and high electrical efficiencies this technology is ideally suitable for combined heat (and/or cooling) and power applications and certain mobile applications. The optimal design of SOFC stacks resulting in low production cost while maintaining robustness and reliability will be a crucial hurdle for a widespread market introduction and penetration. In order to speed up SOFC product development new simulation tools are urgently required. AVL has adapted existing commercial engine development tools and developed new SOFC specific tools in order to accelerate and support SOFC development programs. Driven by a state of the art methodology originating from the automotive industry called /RDG 0DWUL[Œ D VSHFLILFDOO\ WDLORUHG DQG ZHOO-balanced, cost optimized failure mode orientated validation test program can be developed. As thermo mechanical fatigue phenomena is one of the most critical damage mechanisms, an FEA work flow in order to predict the most critical mechanical stress conditions under heating up/cooling down cycles including normal operation is defined. This paper describes the complete process in detail, from failure identification, analyses and countermeasures. The potential for DFFHOHUDWLQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI UREXVW DQG UHOLDEOH 62)& WHFKQRORJ\ ZLWK $9/¶V methodologies will be shown.

Mechanical modelling and reliability

Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 4/14

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B1104

B1107

Unraveling microstructure effects in Ni-YSZ anodes by 3D-analysis, FE-simulation and experimental characterization

Residual stresses in a co-sintered SOC half-cell during post-sintering cooling

1

1,2

2

1

1

3

L. Holzer , O. Pecho , R. Flatt , M. Prestat , T. Hocker , G. Gaiselmann , M. Neumann3, V. Schmidt3, B. Iwanschitz4 1 Institute of Computational Physics (ICP), ZHAW Winterthur, Switzerland 2 ETH Zurich (IfB), 3 Ulm University (Inst. of Stochastics), 4 Hexis SA, Winterthur Tel.: +41-58- 9347790 [email protected]

Benoit Charlas*, Christodoulos Chatzichristodoulou, Karen Brodersen, Kawai Kwok, Poul Norby, Ming Chen, Henrik Lund Frandsen Technical University of Denmark Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde Tel.: +45 21179547 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

Microstructure has an important influence on the performance of SOFC electrodes. In recent years considerable progress has been achieved in describing microstructure parameters (e.g. TPB, tortuosity, particle size distributions) on a quantitative level based on high-resolution tomography. However, the performance of fuel cell electrodes is based on a complex interplay of various transport and electrochemical processes. Hence, in order to unravel the influence of microstructure (and microstructure degradation) on the electrode performance, it is not sufficient to just quantify the critical microstructure parameters, but also to incorporate these parameters into models that allow simulation of electrode reaction mechanism including the complex interplay of various physico-chemical processes. In this study we first present the recent progress in the elaboration of the relationship between effective transport properties with the transport relevant parameters (i.e. percolating phase volume fraction, tortuosity, constrictivity, size distributions of particle bulges and bottlenecks). Furthermore a model was developed to simulate the complex reaction mechanism of Ni-YSZ anodes. This model is capable to incorporate all relevant microstructure parameters that influence charge transport (ionic, electric) and charge transfer (fuel oxidation). The model allows distinguishing between different components of the ASR, which are related either to limitations of charge transport (ionic, electric) or charge transfer (electrochemistry) within the anode. In literature the influence of active reaction sites (i.e. TPB) is strongly emphasized. In the present paper we also focus on limitations in charge transport due to microstructure effects. Examples are presented which highlight the effects of grain size on the effective electric and ionic conductivity and corresponding anode performance. The data are compared with experimental data from EIS. The presented methodology gives new insight on the effects of microstructure variation, because it links critical microstructure parameters with anode performance and with the associated ASR components from different rate limiting processes.

Mechanical modelling and reliability

Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 5/14

Due to the thermal expansion mismatch between the layers of a Solid Oxide Cell, residual stresses (thermal stresses) develop during the cooling after sintering. Residual stresses can induce cell curvature for asymmetric cells but more importantly they also result in more fragile cells. Depending on the loading conditions, the additional stress needed to break the cells can indeed be smaller due to the initial thermo-mechanical stress state. The residual stresses can for a bilayer cell be approximated by estimating the temperature at which elastic stresses start to build up during the cooling, i.e. the reference temperature (Tref) or the strain difference based on the curvature. This approximation gives good results for bilayers with a defined cooling temperature profile, where the curvature of the bilayer defines a unique balance between the two unknown residual stress states in the two layers. This methodology is however not valid for more layers, as several configurations of residual stresses in the layers can result in the same curvature. Therefore the development of residual stresses of co-sintered multilayer cells during the cooling after sintering is here studied by a finite element model simulation taking into account the elastic response and creep of each layer. The model is validated by measuring the curvature and residual stresses of multi-layer cells.

Mechanical modelling and reliability

Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 6/14

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B1109

B1110

Micromechanical Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Supports based on Three-dimensional Reconstructions

Simulation of Nickel Morphological and Crystal Structures Evolution in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Using Phase Field Method

Kawai Kwok, Peter Stanley Jørgensen, and Henrik Lund Frandsen Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde / Denmark

Zhenjun Jiao and Naoki Shikazono Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Tel.: +45-2012-0785 Fax: +45-4677-5858 [email protected]

Tel.: +81-03-5452-6777 Fax: +81-03-5452-6777 [email protected]

Abstract Abstract The efficiency and lifetime of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is compromised by mechanical failure of cells in the system. Improving the mechanical reliability is a major step in ensuring feasibility of the technology. To quantify the stress in a cell, mechanical properties of the different layers need to be accurately known. Since the mechanical properties are heavily dependent on the microstructures of the materials, it is highly advantageous to understand the impact of microstructures and to be able to determine accurate effective mechanical properties for cell or stack scale analyses. The purpose of this work is to provide such a link. State-of-the-art SOFCs are supported by a porous layer of Ni-3YSZ which has a complex microstructure and a drastic difference in behaviors between their phases. This work investigates the microscopic stress distribution and macroscopic creep rate of porous Ni-3YSZ in the operating temperature through numerical micromechanical modeling. Three-dimensional microstructures of Ni-3YSZ anode supports are reconstructed from a two-dimensional image stack obtained via focused ion beam tomography. Time-dependent stress distributions in the microscopic scale are computed by the finite element method. The macroscopic creep response of the porous anode support is determined based on homogenization theory. It is shown that micromechanical modeling provides an effective tool to study the effect of microstructures on the macroscopic properties.

Mechanical modelling and reliability

Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 7/14

A phase field method was introduced to simulate the microstructural evolution of nickelyttria stabilized zirconia composite anode of solid oxide fuel cell in high temperature sintering based on three-dimensional microstructures reconstructed by focused ion beamscanning-electron-microscopy technique. Nickel phase morphology change and its crystal structure evolution were simulated simultaneously. In order to quantitatively study the correlation between anode microstructure change and the anode electrochemical performance degradation, the evolution of three-phase boundary density and nickel specific surface area were calculated. Degradation experiments have been conducted to compare with the simulation results. The experimental results showed good agreement to the simulation results.

Mechanical modelling and reliability

Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 8/14

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B1111

B1112 (Abstract only)

Three Dimensional Analysis of Ni-YSZ Anode During Oxidation and Reduction Processes

Manufacturing and Characterization of Micro Tubular PCFC Fuel Cells & Cell Components

Takaaki Shimura, Zhenjun Jiao and Naoki Shikazono Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo Komaba4-6-1 Meguro-ku, Tokyo/Japan

Osman Y. Akduman, Erdem F. Ipcizade, Ali M. Soydan, Ali Ata Gebze Institute of Technology *HE]H,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\3.dD\ÕURYD Kocaeli/Turkey

Tel.: +81-3-5452-6777 Fax: +81-3-5452-6777 [email protected]

Tel.: +90-262-605-1776 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract To investigate precise mechanism during reduction and oxidation processes of Ni-YSZ anode, microstructure analysis by FIB-SEM is conducted. In this research, we will report further analysis of microstructural change during redox process including 5 nano-meter resolution FIB-SEM observation. Switching the SEM detectors, we succeeded to observe Ni, NiO, YSZ phases at the same time. In this observation, oxidation and reduction behavior was different from conventional theories. After redox treatment, Ni connectivity and Ni specific surface area increased. This is due to improvement of Ni/NiO network during oxidation and formation of isolated pores during reduction process.

Protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFC), offering an effective alternative to solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), is a trendy research topic. Compared to oxide ion conductive electrolytes, Proton conductive electrolytes exhibits lower activation energy and higher ionic conductivity, at low & intermediate temperatures. In this study specifically formulated compositions of BaZr0.8-xCexY0.2O3±į (BZCY) (x=0.3 to 0.6) electrolyte, NiO-BaZr0.4Ce0.4Y0.2O3±į anode and Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3±į (SSC)- (La0.60Sr0.40)0.995Co0.20Fe0.80O3-į (LSCF) composite cathode powders were synthesized by glycine nitrate process (GNP) which provides enhanced manufacturing rate and relatively reduced costs. Optimum manufacturing parameters such as Ph & material compositions and their effects on Powder characteristics were examined by XRD, SEM, BET ( Specific Surface Area ) & DTA-TG analysis . Anode supported micro tubular cells with different electrolytes (NiO-BZCY/BZCY/SSC-LSCF) composed of extruded anode and dip coated Electrolyte & Cathode layers were also mechanically and electrochemically characterized. a

b

Fig.1 SEM images of cross-section of the tube wall (a) and NiO-BaZr0.4Ce0.4Y0.2O3±į synthesized by GNP (b) are shown.

Mechanical modelling and reliability

Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 9/14

Mechanical modelling and reliability

Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 10/14

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B1114 (Abstract only)

B1115

Determining Vibrational Properties of SOFC Anode Materials Through ab initio Calculations

Nano-indentation and 3D microstructural characterisation of SOFC anodes

Michael Parkes1, Keith Refson20D\HXOG¶$YH]DF4, Greg Offer1, Nigel Brandon1 Nicholas Harrison3 1. Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London 2. Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Didcot, Oxfordshire 3. Thomas Young Center, Imperial College London 4. Research Software Development Team, University College London Tel.: 02075949980 [email protected]

Guansen Cui (1), Farid Tariq (1), Masashi Kishimoto (1), Zhangwei Chen (1) and Nigel Brandon (1) (1) Imperial College London Prince Consort Road London SW7 2AZ UK

Abstract

Abstract

The chemical processes that occur at the anode triple phase boundary (TPB) between Ni, YSZ and fuel molecules is essential in determining solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode performance. With a growing interest in vibrational spectroscopy for studying such processes, we aim to investigate the surface and vibrational properties of the materials Nickel (Ni) and Yttria Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) using first principles atomistic simulations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) and potential models. Here, we report on our findings and the methodology used to study YSZ.

State of the art anodes used in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are based on porous Niceramic composites, whose performance is largely dependent on microstructure. A better design of electrode microstructure offers the potential to enhance the performance and lifetime of cells during operation.

Yttria Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) is a high temperature oxide ion conductor, yet despite extensive research, a simple set of chemical descriptors for its material properties have yet to be developed. Zirconia (ZrO2) is an oxide material and the major chemical interactions are expected to be governed by electrostatics, however the technologically relevant polymorphs of ZrO2 exhibit dynamic instabilities through soft vibrational (phonon) modes. 7KURXJK³GDWDPLQLQJ´RI')7HQHUJHWLFVDVLPSOHVHWRIFKHPLFDOGHVFULSWRUVDUH developed that describes YSZ as the interaction between electrostatics and soft phonon energetics.

Mechanical modelling and reliability

Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 11/14

Tel.: +44-20-7594-1356 [email protected]

In this study, we use 3D imaging techniques coupled with nano-indentation measurements to examine the effect of anode microstructure on the mechanical performance of the anode, to explore the impact of the anode composition and microstructure on its mechanical performance. This provides important insights to improve electrode design.

Mechanical modelling and reliability

Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 12/14

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B1117 (Abstract only)

B1118 (Abstract only)

Computational Thermal and Fluid Dynamics of an SOFC Stack: Startup Operation

Three-dimensional Modelling of Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (mSOFC)

Arvin Mossadegh Pour, Amrit Chandan, John Geoffrey Maillard, and Robert Steinberger-Wilckens Centre for Hydrogen & Fuel Cells. University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK

Ali Murat Soydan1*, Michaela Kendall2+, Ali Ata1 1. Nanotechnology Research Center, GYTE, Istanbul Str 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey 2. Adelan, 10 Weekin Works, 112 Park Hill Road, Birmingham, B17 9HD, UK +

* [email protected] Tel: 00 44 121 427 8033

Tel.: +44-121-414-7044 [email protected]

Abstract Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells operate at high temperatures with a variety of fuel distributions methods possible. In an attempt to optimize design and operation of the cell, various designs and conditions were integrated into a computational physics model with COMSOL® software. The focus of the model was to optimize thermal distribution in order to develop a homogenous temperature profile through the SOFC stack, as well as minimizing the pressure drop across the stack layers. Design variants included free flow, flow field and metal foam delivery mechanisms investigated for their effect on fluid flow and thermal distribution in the stack. Results show that the presence of a flow field significantly increases the pressure drop across the stack and the presence of a metal flow distributor improves the thermal distribution through the stack. Start-up time of the stack was calculated for each scenario and was found to be reduced for the metallic foam distributor.

Computational modelling is a very useful and increasingly important technique in the development of fuel cells and fuel cell systems, saving design/experimental time and therefore costs. In this study, the electrochemical and mechanical properties of a microtubular anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (mSOFC) were investigated in order to define the optimum cell dimensions and gas feeding system. A three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of anode, electrolyte, cathode and current collector layers under hydrogen and air flow was developed. The model combined CFD code in Fluent for mass and energy solutions, and Fluent SOFC module for electrical and electrochemical solutions. Distributions of temperature, current density, electrical potential, activation potential, pressure and gas (fuel and air) concentrations through the cell structure and electrolyte surface were investigated. Fuel cell variables such as materials selection (YSZ ± Ceria) and fuel flow rate and its effects on potential, current and temperature distribution over the cell and fuel utilization were calculated. Modeling results compared with experimental data showed reasonable matches to real-world mSOFC measurements, with results indicating uniform distributions of current density over the active cell area. The layer thickness, materials and dimensions of the cell however, can have substantial effects on overall cell performance. Cathode

Electrolyte

Air Fuel Anode Current Collector MEsh

Mechanical modelling and reliability

Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 13/14

Mechanical modelling and reliability

Chapter 14 - Session B11 - 14/14

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B1201 ..................................................................................................................................... 4 From Cell Measurement to Stack Modeling ± 4 What can we learn from Small Area Cell Measurements? 4 B1202 ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Microstructural and chemical characterization of chromium transport from interconnects in intermediate temperature solid oxide electrolysis (IT-SOE) 5 B1203 (Abstract only)........................................................................................................... 6 Advanced impedance modeling of solid oxide electrochemical cells 6 B1204 ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Effect of microstructure and crystalline orientation on oxygen surface exchange and diffusion in Gd-doped ceria thin films 7 B1205 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 In situ Optical Studies of SOFCs Operating with Dry and Humidified Methane: Mechanisms of Coke Suppression 8 B1206 ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Microstructural analysis of a metal-supported SOFC after redox-cycling 9 B1207 ................................................................................................................................... 10 Development of Modelling and testing for analysis of degradation in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 10 B1209 ................................................................................................................................... 11 Impedance Spectra of Activating/Passivating Solid Oxide Electrodes 11 B1211 ................................................................................................................................... 12 Towards Understanding Heterogeneous Chemistry and Electrochemistry at La0.1Sr0.9TiO3-Į SOFC Anodes 12 B1212 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 13 Electrochemical Impedance Study of AgCu-Ca0.2Ce0.8O2+G Anode for SOFCs with Different Fuels 13 B1213 ................................................................................................................................... 14 Electrochemical Characterization of SOFC Cells Based on Pr2NiOį and (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-į Cathodes with an Enhanced GDC Diffusion Barrier 14 B1214 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 15 Oxygen Isotope Exchange in Oxides with Double Perovskite-Type Structure 15 B1215 ................................................................................................................................... 16 A Model-Based Understanding of Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Cells: From Hydrogen to Syngas Production 16 B1216 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 17 Low temperature electrical characterization of SOFC electrolyte layers 17 B1217 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 18 OXYGEN ISOTOPE EXCHANGE IN LSM-YSZ COMPOSITE MATERIALS 18 B1218 ................................................................................................................................... 19 Model reduction for solid oxide fuel cell thermal management 19 B1219 ................................................................................................................................... 20 Numerical Analysis of an SOFC single cell: A Multiphysics Approach 20 B1220 ................................................................................................................................... 21

Integrated Microstructural-Electrochemical Cell-level Modeling: the LSM-based Jülich cell 21 B1221 ................................................................................................................................... 22 Characterization of militubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for mobile applications 22 B1223 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 23 Synergetic integration of experimental techniques and computational modeling in SOFC single cells 23 B1224 ................................................................................................................................... 24 On Impedance Measurements Suitability of Electrolyte Supported SOFCs 24 A1301 ................................................................................................................................... 25 SOFC anode phase characterization and determination of charge transfer mechanisms 25 A1302 ................................................................................................................................... 26 Measurements of local chemistry and structure in NiO/YSZ composites during reduction using energy-filtered environmental TEM 26 A1303 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 27 Surface Compositional Changes in Mixed Conducting Fluorite-Perovskite Composite Electrode Materials 27 A1304 ................................................................................................................................... 28 3D Imaging and Characterisation of 28 Infiltrated Ni-GDC Electrodes 28 A1305 ................................................................................................................................... 29 In-Situ Surface analysis of SOFC cathode materials using Low Energy Ion Scattering 29 A1306 ................................................................................................................................... 30 Application of Multivariable Regression Model 30 for SOFC Stack Temperature Estimation in System Environment 30 A1307 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 31 Testing SOFCs at high Current Densities 31 A1308 ................................................................................................................................... 32 Combined experimental and modeling study of interaction between LSCF and CGO in SOFC cathodes 32 A1309 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 33 Local High Fuel Utilization diagnosis in SOFCs: 33 Design project approach 33 A1310 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 34 X-ray imaging microtubular fuel cells in operando 34 A1311 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 35 Impedance Study of (H2+H2O+Ar),Pt|La0.9Sr0.1ScO3-Į Interface 35 A1312 ................................................................................................................................... 36 Electrochemical and Mechanical Characterization of Anode-Supported Microtubular SOFCs Processed by Gel-casting 36 A1314 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 37 Electrochemical Behavior of Anode Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Under Triode Operation 37 A1316 ................................................................................................................................... 39 Molecular Dynamics Simulation on Oxide Ion Conduction of La 0.9A0.1InO2.95 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba) Perovskite Oxides for SOFCs Electrolyte 39 A1317 ................................................................................................................................... 40 Coupled experimental and modeling study of Triode Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 40 A1319 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 41 Characterization of Reversible SOFC by Impedance Spectroscopy 41

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Content

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A1320 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 42 A One-dimensional Modelling Approach for 42 Planar Cylindrical Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 42 A1321 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 44 Development of an Open Source SOFC R&D Test Cell 44 A1322 ................................................................................................................................... 45 Assessing the effect of electrochemically±driven non-uniformities of heat flux in a microtubular fuel cell on mSOFC temperature distribution 45 A1323 ................................................................................................................................... 46 SOCTESQA - Solid Oxide Cell and Stack Testing, Safety and Quality Assurance 46

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B1201 From Cell Measurement to Stack Modeling ± What can we learn from Small Area Cell Measurements?

1

D. Klotz1, A. Weber1 and E. Ivers-Tiffée1 Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20b, D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany Tel.: +49-721-608-47571 Fax: +49-721-608-48148

[email protected]

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of SOC cells can best be analyzed using small area cells (electrode area 1 cm²) with homogeneous operating conditions. We have developed (i) a reliable test setup for these cells monitoring all relevant operating conditions with high accuracy (temperature, voltage, current density, gas flows, gas compositions) and (ii) a physically motivated zero-dimensional model that describes the static and dynamic behavior of these cells with high precision for the whole range of technically relevant operating conditions. It is absolutely essential to have such a model for small area cells because only on this scale, losses can be attributed accurately to the different processes occurring at anode, cathode and electrolyte, respectively. This is necessary to evaluate the losses related to the different cell components as well as their degradation behavior. On the other hand, it is of utmost importance to know how the cells behave in an SOFC stack, namely when operated with high fuel utilization. Only in this setup, the operating parameters evolve along the gas channel. And this has to be taken into account for the determination of global characteristics such as electrochemical efficiency and expected overall power density. Hence, we have developed a model which discretizes the cell alongside the gas channel and considers fuel utilization in every discretization element. The only required model parameter is the static behavior of a 1 cm² cell, which can be obtained by measurements or the zero-dimensional model described above. For the experimental validation of the model we use our measurement setup for 16 cm² cells where we can realize a fuel utilization of 65% along the gas channel (from 80% H2 at the inlet to 28% H2 at the outlet at 800°C). A comparison of measurement and model result shows errors below 3% for various tests involving a variation of humidification (20% and 45%) and operating voltage (from open circuit voltage down to 750 mV). An example for SOEC operation will demonstrate the applicability of the model for electrolysis mode. With this achievement, we are confident that we are able to simulate the static behavior of any stack condition by our model and thereby predict electrochemical efficiency and expected overall power density of the stack plus determine the operating conditions at any point of the stack cell.

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 3/46

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 4/46

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B1202

B1203 (Abstract only)

Microstructural and chemical characterization of chromium transport from interconnects in intermediate temperature solid oxide electrolysis (IT-SOE)

Advanced impedance modeling of solid oxide electrochemical cells

Meike V. F. Schlupp (1), Ji Woo Kim (1), Aude Brevet (2), Cyril Rado (2), Karine Couturier (2), Ulrich F. Vogt (1,3), Florence Lefebvre-Joud (2), Andreas Züttel (1) (1) Laboratory for Hydrogen and Energy, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (EMPA), CH-8600 Dübendorf

Christopher Graves and Johan Hjelm Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399 DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark [email protected]

[email protected]

(2) CEA, LITEN, F-38054 Grenoble (3) Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Crystallography, AlbertLudwigs-Universität, D-79106 Freiburg

Abstract Ferritic stainless steels (FSS) are known to form volatile chromium species at elevated temperatures in oxidizing atmospheres, thus leading to chromium poisoning of SOEC electrodes. We have studied chromium transport from FSS interconnects (ThyssenKrupp VDM Crofer® 22 APU, Aperam K41X) coated with (La0.8Sr0.2)(Mn0.5Co0.5)O3-į (LSMC) or La(Ni0.6Fe0.4)O3-į (LNF) electrode contact layers at a temperature of 700°C in pure oxygen. While the contact layers significantly decreased the emission of Cr vapors from the alloys, up to 4 atom% of Cr were detected throughout the contact coatings by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy after 3000h (Fig.1a). The emission of Cr from various combinations of interconnect materials and contact layers has also been analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The introduction of a dense (Co,Mn)3O4 coating on the steel surface prevented the diffusion of Cr into the contact layers (Fig 1b) and is expected to lead to extended lifetimes of interconnects and SOE cells by reducing Cr transport to the electrode by up to 75%.

[*] Meike V. F. Schlupp, Ji Woo Kim, Aude Brevet, Cyril Rado, Karine Couturier, Ulrich Vogt, Florence Lefebvre-Joud, Andreas Züttel; Avoiding chromium transport from stainless steel interconnects into contact layers and oxygen electrodes in intermediate temperature solid oxide electrolysis stacks. Submitted to Journal of Power Sources, 2014.

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 5/46

Abstract Impedance spectroscopy is a powerful technique for detailed study of the electrochemical and transport processes that take place in fuel cells and electrolysis cells, including solid oxide cells (SOCs). Meaningful analysis of impedance measurements is nontrivial, however, because a large number of modeling parameters are fit to the many processes which often overlap in the same frequency ranges. Also, commonly used equivalent circuit (EC) models only provide zero-dimensional (0-D) approximations of the processes of the two electrodes, electrolyte and gas transport. Employing improved analytical techniques to provide good guesses for the modeling parameters, like transforming the impedance data to the distribution of relaxation times (DRT), together with experimental parameter sensitivity studies, is the state-of-the-art approach to achieve good EC model fits. Here we present new impedance modeling methods which advantageously minimize the number of modeling parameters and the parameters used have direct physicochemical meaning. This is accomplished by (i) employing an improved cell model where the representative 0-D resistive-capacitive type EC elements are replaced by analytical 1-D porous electrode and 2-D gas transport models which have fewer unknown parameters for the same number of processes, (ii) use of a new model fitting algorithm, "multi-fitting", in which multiple impedance spectra are fit simultaneously with parameters linked based on the variation of measurement conditions, (iii) constraining the parameter values during fitting to ranges of physically reasonable values. Using these methods, the number of fitting parameters for three impedance spectra measured with isolated changes to the fuel and oxidant gas compositions, has been reduced from 48 to 17. The obtained results include structural parameters like porosity and tortuosity; or if those characteristics are known, use of even fewer fitting parameters is possible. The methods have been implemented in a software package written by one of the authors, which also implements many previously used impedance analysis methods and integrates the analysis process in a modular workflow ± data validation (KramersKronig), clean-up, visualization (DRT and others), modeling (nonlinear least-squares fitting), and final plotting for publication. The software is free, open-source and written in Python, which makes it possible to modify or add model components, to have fine control and understanding of the algorithms, and the methods are available to all researchers without investing considerable time in programming complex mathematical algorithms. We present a comparison of different models and modeling methods for SOC impedance spectra using this software tool, and demonstrate calculation of overpotentials from impedance measured under load by processing of the results using the same tool. Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 6/46

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B1204

B1205

Effect of microstructure and crystalline orientation on oxygen surface exchange and diffusion in Gd-doped ceria thin films

In situ Optical Studies of SOFCs Operating with Dry and Humidified Methane: Mechanisms of Coke Suppression

Katherine Develos-Bagarinao, Haruo Kishimoto, Mina Nishi, Fangfang Wang Do-Hyung Cho, and Katsuhiko Yamaji Energy Technology Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Tel.: +81-29-861-5721 Fax: +81-29-861-4540 [email protected]

Melissa D. McIntyre, Jessica R. Wambeke and Robert A. Walker Montana State University Chemistry & Biochemistry Department 103 Chemistry & Biochemistry Building Bozeman / Montana Tel.: +1-406-994-6739 Fax: +1-406-994-5407 [email protected]

Abstract Abstract In this study, we investigated the effect of microstructure and crystalline orientation of GDC to elucidate its role on oxygen surface exchange and diffusion in ideal heterostructures. Epitaxial GDC (10 mol% Gd) films up to 1 Pm in thickness were prepared using pulsed laser deposition on different surfaces of YSZ single crystal substrates, viz. (100), (110), and (111). Microstructural characterization revealed uniformly dense columnar nanostructures for the as-grown GDC films; however, significant reconstruction of the entire GDC layer occurred after high-temperature annealing (1000-1300qC in air). 18O isotope exchange depth profiling with dynamic SIMS was employed to evaluate the oxygen surface exchange coefficient k* and the diffusion coefficient D* at T = 600qC. For the case of (100) GDC, the as-grown film shows approximately 10 times higher k* than the annealed film in the initial results. The strong differences in oxygen reduction kinetics are correlated to the observed film properties including surface microstructure and cerium oxidation state.

In situ vibrational spectroscopy was used to examine the carbon tolerance of electrolyte supported SOFCs operating with GU\ DQG KXPLGLILHG PHWKDQH DW WHPSHUDWXUHV RI Û& Vibrational Raman spectra show that while carbon accumulates rapidly on the top surface of Ni-YSZ cermet anodes, adding steam to methane effectively suppresses carbon accumulation under OCV conditions. (Figure 1, left) Voltammetry data indicate that initially, a functional interlayer keeps carbon from accumulating near the electrode/electrolyte interface (Figure 1, right), but repeated cycles of carbon accumulation/oxidation diminish the protective ability of the functional layer and anode surface chemistry becomes dominated by C(s)/CO2(g) equilibrium. Under wet fuel conditions, anode surface chemistry is controlled by the CO/CO2 equilibrium, as indicated by an OCV of 1.06V. (Figure 1, right) Conclusions drawn from in operando measurements are supported by ex situ field emission microscopy (FEM) images of anodes that have been exposed to either dry or humidified methane.

Figure 1. (a) Raman spectra of graphite on nickel yttria-stabilized-zirconia cermet (Ni-YSZ) anode exposed to dry and wet methane at OCV and 700qC. The spectra have been offset on the y-axis for clarity. (b) Plot of the cell potential (line) and the graphitic G peak intensity at 1561 cm-1 (markers) versus time with dry and humidified methane introduced at *.

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 7/46

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 8/46

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B1206

B1207

Microstructural analysis of a metal-supported SOFC after redox-cycling

Development of Modelling and testing for analysis of degradation in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

D. Roehrensa, O. Büchlera, D. Sebolda, W. Schafbauerb, M. Haydnb, Th. Francob, N.H. Menzlera, and H.P. Buchkremera a Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany

John Geoffrey Maillard1*, Robert Steinberger-Wilckens1 1Centre for Hydrogen & Fuel Cells. University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK

Tel.: +49 2461 61 2877 Fax: +49 2461 61 9120 [email protected]

Tel.: +44-121-414-7044 [email protected]

b Plansee SE, Innovation Services, 6600 Reutte, Austria

Abstract Abstract A metal-supported SOFC (MSC) has been developed with the aim of an application in an auxiliary power unit (APU) for mobile systems. This cell design is expected to be more robust towards thermo-, mechanical- and chemical stresses that arise during operation of the SOFC-system when compared to the state-of-the-art anode supported cells (ASC). One of the most important cell degradation pathways is the (partial) oxidation of the anode, due to oxygen diffusion into the fuel side of the stack during system shutdown. The oxidation of the nickel catalyst leads to an expansion of the anode and strain is induced within the cell, which might result in microstructural degradation if a critical degree of oxidation is exceeded. MSC-halfcells were exposed to cyclic oxidation conditions by introducing air to the fuel side electrode followed by subsequent reduction in Ar/H 2 (4%). A detailed microstructural analysis of the samples is presented. Due to the novel MSCconcept, a higher critical degree of oxidation of nickel is tolerated before irreversible damage and cell failure are observed.

The ability to predict the lifetime performance of an SOFC can give guidelines for where improvements and alterations can be made in terms of production, operating parameters and cell design. Multiple attempts have been made to implement models which can respond to all the varying parameters to give their characteristic performances over longer operational lifetimes than is feasible to physically test. This study focuses on continuous degradation mechanisms and the impact they have on the components of a single repeating unit level, i.e. the anode, cathode, electrolyte, metal interconnect and sealants. Currently the model being developed deals specifically with anode and electrolyte degradation. Depending on operating conditions, SOFC cells suffer from Ni particle agglomeration, coarsening, and volatilisation which lead to increased overpotential in the anode. A loss in the ionic conductivity in the electrolyte is also observed. Using models derived for these degradation mechanisms combined with percolation models, Matlab® coding has been developed to outline the loss of performance in a single repeating unit for a given set of operating parameters. These equations will be tested against real life data to establish their validity and, where necessary, adjusted for accuracy. Further progress will allow for accelerated testing of components and cells to determine the long term performance of a given material alteration or design change.

Figure 1: SEM picture of a cross section of a metal supported SOFC half-cell without cathode as prepared by Plansee SE.

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 9/46

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 10/46

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B1209

B1211

Impedance Spectra of Activating/Passivating Solid Oxide Electrodes

Towards Understanding Heterogeneous Chemistry and Electrochemistry at La0.1Sr0.9TiO3-Į SOFC Anodes

Mogens Bjerg Mogensen, Xiufu Sun, Søren Koch, Christopher Graves, Karin Vels Hansen Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark

Vitaliy Yurkiv (1,2), Guillaume Constantin (3,4), Aitor Hornes (1), Angela Gondolini (5), Elisa Mercadelli (5), Alessandra Sanson (5), Laurent Dessemond (3,4), Rémi Costa (1) (1) German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany (2) Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering (ITW), Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 6, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany (3) Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d¶Electrochimie et de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces, F-38000 Grenoble, France (4) CNRS, Laboratoire d¶Electrochimie et de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces, F-38000 Grenoble, France (5) Materials and Processing for Energetics, CNR - Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, Via Granarolo, 64 I-48018 Faenza (RA), Italy

Tel.: +45-46775726

[email protected]

Abstract The aim of this paper is to show that the inductive arcs seen in electrochemical impedance spectra of solid oxide cells (SOCs) are real electrochemical features that in several cases can be qualitatively explained by passivation/activation processes.

Tel.: +49-711-6862-8044 Fax: +49-711-6862-747 [email protected]

Several degradation processes of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) and Electrolyser Cells (SOEC) exist. Not all of them are irreversible, especially not over short periods. A reversible degradation is WHUPHG³SDVVLYDWLRQ´DQGWKHUHYHUVHLV then ³activation´7KHVH processes may exhibit themselves in the Electrochemical Impedance Spectra (EIS) as inductive arcs at low frequencies, often below 1 Hz.

Abstract

The phenomenon has been observed and reported in the literature far back in time, for a large variety of electrodes and in many different circumstances. Examples of such EIS of SOC electrodes are shown and discussed. EIS of both technological and model electrodes are presented. The inductive arcs in the EIS of the porous technological electrode are usually less pronounced compared to model electrodes. Inductive arcs in EIS of both H2 and O2 electrodes in SOCs are treated here and for both cases the inductive arcs are explained by i-V curves that are not reflecting really stable electrode performance. This is in line with frequent observations of oscillating current density at electrode potentials in the vicinity of the ranges in which the inductive arcs are observed.

In the present contribution we combine modeling and experimental study of electrochemical hydrogen oxidation at an alternative perovskite type mixed-conducting SOFC anode. Composite electrodes were produced by conventional wet ceramic processing (screen printing ± spraying) and sintering on YSZ electrolytes (La0.1Sr0.9TiO3-ĮCe1-xGdxO2-Į | YSZ) with different thicknesses and porosity and were characterized using symmetrical button-cells configuration. Electrochemical impedance spectra were recorded for H2/N2 atmosphere in a temperature range 924 K ± 1125 K at open circuit voltage. The developed kinetic model incorporates elementary heterogeneous chemistry and electrochemical charge-transfer processes at two different electrochemical double layers (surface and interfacial), transport in the porous composite electrode (ionic and electronic conduction, multi-component porous diffusion and convection) as well as gas supply. Heterogeneous chemistry over LST electrode surface was evaluated based upon temperature programed desorption and reduction (TPD/TPR) measurements. The kinetics and thermodynamics of electrochemical charge-transfer processes were assessed by performing numerical impedance simulations over a whole range of operating conditions. This allows for a mechanistic interpretation of the origin of the three observed impedance features: (i) low frequency: transport in the gas supply (gas conversion) and/or hydrogen adsorption, (ii) intermediate frequency: charge transfer and surface double layer at the electrode/gas interface, (iii) high frequency: charge transfer and electrical double layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface.

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 11/46

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 12/46

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B1212 (Abstract only)

B1213

Electrochemical Impedance Study of AgCuCa0.2Ce0.8O2+G Anode for SOFCs with Different Fuels

Electrochemical Characterization of SOFC Cells Based on Pr2NiOį and (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-į Cathodes with an Enhanced GDC Diffusion Barrier

Araceli Fuerte, Rita X. Valenzuela, María José Escudero Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain Tel: +34 91 346 6622 Fax: +34 91 346 6269 [email protected]

Abstract In recent years, researches on SOFC technology have been focused on lowering the operating temperature, primarily driven by the cost and durability of components. Unfortunately operation at lower temperature creates problems associated with the increase in the electrolyte resistance and the electrode polarisation as well as decrease in the rate of electrocatalytic reactions. Furthermore, the direct use of alternative fuels to hydrogen, such as gas natural or biogas, are still limited due to the catalyst deactivation by coking or fuel impurity poisoning. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously search for novel anode materials having superior electrocatalytic activity in the intermediate temperature range and less-prone to deactivation. In previous works we have demonstrated the ability of nanocrystalline Cu-ceria based anodes to operate with CH4 and H2S-containing hydrogen. The incorporation of a transition metal, such as silver, in an optimised anode formulation has improved its electrocatalytic properties for the complete CH4 oxidation, whereas it shows excellent thermal and chemical compatibility with the electrolyte materials. Thus, this new material can be considered a promising anode for SOFC directly fuelled with biogas at intermediate temperature. In this work, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), in symmetric cell configuration with LSGM-electrolyte, has been employed to measure the interface resistance of the deposited anode, Ag-Cu formulation combined with Ca0.2Ce0.8O2+G (AgCu-CaCe), in comparison with analogous Cu-doped ceria material (Cu-CaCe), at various temperatures (550-750 ºC) and different fuels (H2, CH4 and three simulated biogas mixtures) to quantitatively deduce the role of electrode microstructure on electrochemical activity. Impedance data were fitted to equivalent circuits using Z-View software.

Carlos Boigues-Muñoz1,2, Davide Pumiglia2,3, Stephen McPhail2, Claudia Paoletti2, Dario Montinaro4, Fabio Polonara1 1 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Scienze Matematiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Polo Montedago, 60131 Ancona, Italy 2 ENEA C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy 3 Dafne, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via S. Camilo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy 4 SOFCpower S.r.l, V.le Trento 115/117, Mezzolombardo, Italy Tel.: +39-063-048-4869 [email protected]

Abstract In the present work, the electrochemical performances of two 2cm2 single cells manufactured by SOFCpower have been compared, the first comprises an (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-į (hereafter LSCF) cathode and the second a Pr2NiOį (hereafter PRN) cathode. PRN is a Ruddlesen-Popper structure with high ionic and electronic conductivity not containing strontium thus making the cathode less prone to diffusion and segregation phenomena which are believed to be the major cause of performance degradation in stateof-the-art solid oxide fuel cells. Both types of cells have incorporated an enhanced GDC GLIIXVLRQEDUULHUGHYHORSHGE\WKH0DWHULDOV¶'HSDUWPHQW870$7 of ENEA C.R. Casaccia which has previously demonstrated to reduce the degradation rate and increase the performance at low temperatures and high current densities. Implementation of the distributed relaxation times (DRT) methodology and electrical circuit modeling (ECM) to the EIS measurements of the single cells has facilitated the identification and individualization of the different physicochemical processes taking place in them. The application of this methodology during endurance testing under predetermined conditions (i.e. FCTESQA Project protocols) will enable an in-depth study of the degradation mechanisms affecting both types of cells and how these vary with time.

simulated biogas mixtures (bio): 50bio (50CH4:45CO2:5H2); 60bio (60CH4:35CO2:5H2); 70bio (70CH4:25CO2:5H2)

0.8 Cu-CaCe AgCu-CaCe

- Z'' (Ÿ·cm2)

0.6

H2 CH4 50bio 60bio 70bio

0.4 0.2 0 0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Z' (Ÿ·cm2)

Results revealed a strong dependence of the kinetics and mechanism involved in the electro-oxidation of the different fuels with the final anode formulation. Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 13/46

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 14/46

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B1214 (Abstract only)

B1215

Oxygen Isotope Exchange in Oxides with Double Perovskite-Type Structure

A Model-Based Understanding of Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Cells: From Hydrogen to Syngas Production

Vadim Eremin (1), Maxim Ananyev (1, 2), Natalia Porotnikova (1), Andrey Farlenkov (1, 2) and Edkhem Kurumchin (1) (1) Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry UB RAS, Akademicheskaya 20 (2) Ural Federal University, Mira 19 Yekaterinburg city / Russia Tel.: +7-343-362-34-84 Fax: +7-343-374-59-92 [email protected]

Vikram Menon1,2, Qingxi Fu3, Olaf Deutschmann1,4 Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry 2 Helmholtz Research School Energy-Related Catalysis 4 Institute for Catalysis Research and Technology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany 3 European Institute for Energy Research (EIFER), Emmy-Noether-Str 11, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany 1

Tel.: +49-721-608-42399 Fax: +49-721-608-44805 [email protected]

Abstract The oxides with double perovskite structure LnBaCo2O6±į where Ln ² rare earth metal are promising materials for cathodes in IT-SOFC due to their high electronic and oxygen ionic conductivities and high catalytic activity to oxygen reduction. Oxygen exchange processes between oxide materials and the gas phase have a decisive impact on the operation of intermediate temperature electrochemical devices. The oxides LnBaCo2±xFexO6±į (Ln = Gd, Pr; x = 0, 0.2) were synthesized by citric-nitrate method. X-rays powder diffraction analysis was done on D/MAX-2200V diffractometer (Rigaku, Japan) in CuKĮ-radiation at room temperature in air. Chemical composition was tested by X-ray fluorescence method on XRF-1800 spectrometer (Shimadzu, Japan).The kinetics of the interaction of oxygen between LnBaCo2±xFexO6±į oxides and the gas phase has been studied by two methods: i pressure relaxation and ii 16O²18O oxygen isotope exchange with the gas phase analysis (T = 600ʊ800 °C, Po2 = 10±3 ʊ 10±1.5 atm), for details of the experimental setup see [1]. The equilibration rate, the interphase exchange rate, fractions of three exchange types [2] and the oxygen diffusion coefficient have been calculated from the experimental data. Values of the apparent activation energies of the oxygen exchange and diffusion have been calculated. A correlation between chemical and tracer exchange constants is considered with respect to the oxygen nonstoichiometry dependences on temperature and oxygen pressure. The dependences of the equilibration rate and the interphase exchange rate on oxygen pressure have a power-law form. In this work, the mechanism of oxygen exchange is discussed for two cases: pressure relaxation and isotope exchange with gas phase analysis. References [1] M.V. Ananyev. ISBN: 978-3-8484-3040-6. (2012) 194. [2] G.P. Boreskov etc. Russ. Chem. Rev. 37(8) (1968) 613.

Abstract High temperature co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 offers a promising means for syngas production via efficient use of heat and electricity [1, 2]. Some of the considerable advantages to this technology include high reaction kinetics, reduced cell resistance, lowered probability of carbon formation, possibility of coupling with Fischer-Tropsch process for conversion of syngas to liquid fuel/hydrocarbons, effective utilization of heat from exothermic water-gas shift reaction and less complexity at the systems level due to the lack of need for a separate water-gas shift reactor. In this analysis, we report an in-house model to describe the complex fundamental and functional interactions between various internal physico-chemical phenomena of a SOEC. Electrochemistry at the three-phase boundary is modeled using a modified Butler-Volmer (B-V) approach that considers H2 and CO, individually, as electrochemically active species. Also, a 42-step elementary heterogeneous reaction mechanism for the thermocatalytic H2 electrode chemistry, dusty gas model to account for multi-component diffusion through porous media, and plug flow model for flow through the channels are used. The model is geometry independent. Results pertaining to detailed chemical processes within the cathode, electrochemical behavior and losses during SOEC operation are demonstrated. Reaction flow analysis is performed to study methane production characteristics during co-electrolysis. Simulations are carried out for configurations ranging from simple 1D electrochemical cells to quasi-2D unit cells, to elucidate the effectiveness of the tool for performance and design optimization. The article pertaining to this study is/will be published elsewhere [3].

Acknowledgements This work is partly financially supported by the grant of RFBS # 13-03-00519 and the Federal Target Program # 2012-1.5-14-000-2019-002-8888. The authors express thanks to Dr. Dmitriy Tsvetkov for samples supplying.

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 15/46

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 16/46

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B1216 (Abstract only)

B1217 (Abstract only)

Low temperature electrical characterization of SOFC electrolyte layers

OXYGEN ISOTOPE EXCHANGE IN LSM-YSZ COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Eui-Chol Shin1, Jianjun Ma1, Ho-Sung Noh2, Jae-Yeon Hwang2, Ji-Won Son2, JongHo Lee2, and Jong-Sook Lee1 1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea 2 High-temperature Energy Materials Research Center,Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea

Natalia Porotnikova (1), Maxim Ananyev (1, 2), Vadim Eremin (1), Andrey Farlenkov (1, 2) and Edkhem Kurumchin (1) (1) Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry UB RAS, Akademicheskaya 20 (2) Ural Federal University, Mira 19 Yekaterinburg city / Russia Tel.: +7-343-362-34-84 Fax: +7-343-374-59-92 [email protected]

Tel.: +82-62-530-1701 Fax: +82-62-530-1699 [email protected]

Abstract Abstract The electrolyte contribution is generally difficult to distinguish unambiguously in the working temperature of SOFCs from the other ohmic contributions and polarization resistances due to the high frequency stray effects and low absolute resistance of the status-quo thin film electrolytes. We thus characterized the SOFC layers on cermet supports with an array of top Ti/Au microelectrodes of 150~200 Pm which are sufficiently small to avoid short-circuit even for submicron thickness electrolyte layers for microSOFCs. Those nanostructured electrolyte layers have been often investigated in the parallel transport mode, not in the fuel cell operation mode. Ultrathin bilayer GDC/YSZ electrolytes (200nm/1Pm, 1Pm /200nm) as well YSZ (200nm, 1Pm) and GDC (1Pm) single layers prepared by PLD on the reduced Ni-YSZ anode substrate were characterized between room temperature and 300qC. Thicker YSZ layer (8 Pm) prepared by screen printing and GDC electrolytes of various thickness (3.4 Pm, 6.6 Pm, 12 Pm, 15.3 Pm) by slurry coating on Ni-GDC cermets were similarly investigated. The impedance response of GDC electrolytes suggests Hebb-Wagner electrochemical polarization by Ti/Au ion blocking electrodes. It can be modeled by a transmission line model for mixed conductors generalized by constant phase elements, JMLL (Jamnik-Maier-Lai-Lee) model, which is also recently implemented in Zview program. The chemical and double layer capacitance values and diffusivities are derived from the calculation of deconvoluted parameters. The CK1 model suggested by Macdonald allows a better description of bulk response of the respective electrolyte films.

Creating stable fuel cell cathode is a priority for research in the field of SOFC. A promising class of cathode materials is composite materials based on mixed electronic and ionic conductor and oxygen ion electrolyte, such as La1-xSrxMnO3±GZr1-yYyO2-y/2 (LSMYSZ). Since exchange processes between LSM±YSZ and oxygen gas phase have a decisive influence on the work of the electrodes in electrochemical devices, the study of the oxygen exchange kinetics is of great interest for electrode materials. The oxygen exchange kinetics of the composites (1±y)La0.6Sr0.4MnO“į±yZr0.82Y0.12O1.91 has been studied by the isotopic exchange method with the gas phase analysis in the T = 600±850°C at Po2 = 6.6·10±3 atm and Po2 = 2·10±3±1.5·10±2 atm at 700°C. The oxygen exchange rate and diffusion coefficient have been calculated according to the model [1] as a function of T, Po2 and YSZ volume fraction. Stability in time up to 1000 h of the composite 40vol.%La0.6Sr0.4MnO“į±60vol.%Zr0.82Y0.18O1.91 is studied at T = 800°C, Po2 = 10±2 atm. The triple phase boundary (TPB) length has been evaluated from the image analysis. TPB is a geometrical parameter representing the length of the contact perimeter between mixed oxygen ion and electron conductor / unipolar oxygen ion electrolyte / gas phase, referred to the volume of the material. Oxygen pressure dependence of H has power function type, H~pn(O2). The index of power (n) and apparent activation energies for the oxygen exchange rate and diffusion coefficient have been calculated. The mechanism of oxygen exchange in LSM±YSZ is discussed. Process of particle coarsening for both LSM and YSZ phases during long-term tests of the composite material accompanied by decrease in the porosity of about ~ 12 % and 12% decrease in TPB length, while maintaining the linear dimensions of the sample. The oxygen exchange rate is reduced by ~ 10% during exposure of the composite in the working conditions. This change is comparable with the amount the decreased TPB length, showing an important role of the oxygen reduction on TPBs as rate determining stage in the oxygen exchange process on LSM±YSZ materials. References [1] Klier K. and Kucera E. J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 1966. V. 27. P. 1087. This work is partly supported by the Federal Target Program 2012-1.31-12-000-2006-004, ʋDQGWKH5)%5JUDQWʋ-03-31847\12

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 17/46

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 18/46

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B1218

B1219

Model reduction for solid oxide fuel cell thermal management

Numerical Analysis of an SOFC single cell: A Multiphysics Approach

Periasamy Vijay and Moses O. Tade Center for Process Systems Computations Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, WA 6845, Australia

Amrit Chandan, Arvin Mossadegh Pour, Nikkia McDonald, John Geoffrey Maillard and Robert Steinberger-Wilckens Centre for Hydrogen & Fuel Cells. University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK

Tel.: +61-08-9266-9890 [email protected]

Tel.: +44-121-414-7044 [email protected]

Abstract Abstract The planar design of the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is capable of providing high current density output at a cheaper price. However, it suffers from long term and thermo-cycling stability issues that affect its durability. Process monitoring and control have an important role in achieving better load following anGGXUDELOLW\RI62)&¶V7KHUPDOPDQDJHPHQWRI the cell via control of the thermal gradients in the cell has a direct impact on cell durability. A poor thermal management will best lead to poor performance and at worst cause fuel cell damage. Accurate non-linear models are required to design operational and control strategies for better thermal management. These mechanistic models must be able to capture the temperature profiles under various operating conditions. However, such models are usually of a high order resulting in difficulties in observer and controller design and implementation, thereby necessitating order reduction. In this work, we investigate linear and nonlinear model reduction methods mainly based on balancing algorithms for a lumped parameter potentiostatic model of the SOFC. Application of balanced truncation to the linearised model (originally with 88 states) resulted in a reduced model with 29 states. Balanced truncation of the original nonlinear model using empirical covariance matrices could not effectively yield a reduced order model capturing essential dynamics. Subsequently, the electrochemical sub-model was simplified using some standard assumptions. This simplified model could be reduced to 25 states using the covariance matrix based nonlinear balancing. However, this simplified model needs further refinement as it not very accurate. An alternative formulation would be a galvanostatic model that is a more natural representation of the current controlled SOFC. Further scope and possibilities of the work are recommended. This study illustrates the difficulty in obtaining a reduced control relevant model of the SOFC that can capture the spatial distributions.

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 19/46

SOFCs have high potential to be used in combined heat and power systems due to their high power density, ability to convert a wide range of fuels and high efficiency/low emissions. However, the complexity of mechanisms taking place within the cell has prevented a more complete understanding of its performance. In order to simplify this, a better understanding of the processes within the SOFC is required to improve on cell design and stack design. One such method is the use of multiphysics simulation. To date there has not been a comprehensive multiphysics SOFC model which incorporates the various phenomena that are observed within the cell, for example a direct coupling between the gas flow, the electrochemical reactions, the production of water and the heat generated from the fuel cell reactions. A 2D model has been produced that couples these physical effects. Results have shown good correlation with experimental data. The model has been used to predict cell behaviour as a function of cell operating conditions and has shown good agreement with experimental data.

Diagnostic, characterisation and electrochemical modelling I and II

Chapter 15 - Sessions B12/A13 - 20/46

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B1220

B1221

Integrated Microstructural-Electrochemical Cell-level Modeling: the LSM-based Jülich cell

Characterization of militubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for mobile applications

Antonio Bertei (1), Josef Mertens (2), Cristiano Nicolella (1) (1) University of Pisa, Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, I-56126 Pisa / Italy (2) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), Ostring O10, D-52425 Jülich/Germany Tel.: +39-50-221-7814 Fax: +39-50-221-7866 [email protected]

A. Morata1, A. Meadowcroft2, M. Torrell1, K. Kendall2, M. Kendall2, A. Tarancón1,* 1 Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC) Jardins de les Dones de Negre, 1, 08930-Sant Adrià del Besòs, Barcelona, Spain; *

Abstract

Abstract

The typical weak point of existing SOFC cell-level models is the evaluation of the electrode effective properties, performed by using simple percolation models or by fitting the microstructural parameters on the polarization curves. In this study we present an integrated approach which incorporates a detailed microstructural modeling into the celllevel model. The three-dimensional microstructure of each porous layer is numerically reconstructed with packing algorithms for an accurate prediction of the effective properties. The predicted effective properties are used in a two-dimensional electrochemical model, based on conservation equations written in continuum approach, which describes transport and reaction phenomena within the cell. The integrated approach allows the prediction of the polarization behavior from the knowledge of operating conditions and powder characteristics, eliminating the need for empirical correlations and adjusted parameters. The simulation of a short stack of anode-supported cells, developed and tested by Forschungszentrum Jülich, shows that a quantitative agreement with experimental data can be obtained without fitting any parameter. The proposed integrated model can be an attractive predictive tool for assisting the SOFC development. 1.2 Anode-supported Jülich cell with LSM-based cathode (F-design) H2-air operation, counter-flow configuration

Cell potential [V]

1.1 anode

1.0

electrolyte 0.9

T = 800°C y H2O,IN = 3.5% cathode

-1 0.8 F fuel = 4Nl min

F air 0.7

0.6

Sim.

[email protected]

2 Adelan, 10 Weekin Works, 112 Park Hill Road, Birmingham, B17 9HD, UK

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are now increasingly recognized as scalable within a broad range of power densities; from a few watts (e.g. small portable applications) to several hundred of Kilowatts (stationary applications). There is an increasing interest in militubular SOFCs in mobile and portable application because of their numerous advantages such as higher mechanical-thermal stability, simpler seals, higher power densities per unit volume and shorter start-up/shut-down times compared with other designs [1]. This work presents the cell performance and degradation of single mSOFCs fabricated by high shear extrusion in the intermediate range of temperatures (T TaC. Under anodic potentials, all carbides are oxidised, accompanied by a loss in HER activity.

SOE cells and stacks

Pierre Coquoza, Raphaël Obrista, Issam El Bakkalia, Carolina Grizea, Jesus Ruiza Pascal Brioisb, Alain Billardb and Raphaël Ihringera a Fiaxell Sàrl EPFL Science Parc, PSE A, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

Chapter 16 - Session B13 - 19/20

Abstract Fiaxell Sàrl has developed an anode supported half-cell, the 2R-&HOOŒ WKDW SURYLGHV robustness and reliability upon multiple thermo- and redox-cycles. A 1800 hours test has been carried out on a 2R-&HOOŒ ZLWK D /60 FDWKRGH DW ƒ& DW WKH 6ZLVV ,QVWLWXWH of Technology (EPFL). The cell supported 4 redox cycles and 2 thermal cycles, after 1 redox cycle the voltage drop is 4.6%, then 0.8% per cycle. The OCV remained constant during the whole test. Measurements of 2R-&HOOŒ DW KLJK IXHO XWLOL]DWLRQ DUH DOVR UHSRUWHG ,Q order to use LSC-based cathodes, a layer of GDC (ceria layer) is used as buffer layer to protect the YSZ electrolyte. Significant differences in power density are observed between post-sintered and PVD deposited ceria layer. For instance at 0.8V and 780°C, 690 and 800 mW/cm2 are measured respectively, which represents an improvement factor of 1.2. The anode and cathode potentials are also studied separately by measurement of the potential from a reference electrode 2 mm apart from the cathode. Different deposition methods of the ceria layer (co-sintered, post-sintered and other deposition techniques) are discussed in regards of the electrochemical results. The corresponding electrochemical results are presented. SEM images of the ceria layer are included showing the quality of the thin layer and the interface.

SOE cells and stacks

Chapter 16 - Session B13 - 20/20

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B1401

Chapter 17 - Session B14 SOE systems

Synthetic Natural Gas Production via Co-Electrolysis Content

Page B14 - ..

B1401 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Synthetic Natural Gas Production via Co-Electrolysis 2 B1402 ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Coupling of a Three-Phase Methanation Reactor and a High Temperature Electrolyser using MATLAB Simulink 3 B1403 ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Solar Heat and Power for a SOE process 4 B1404 ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Modeling and experimental study of the pressure effect on SOEC performances 5 B1405 ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Performance and Lifetime of Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells and Stacks 6 B1406 ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Dynamic reversible SOC applications: Performance and Durability with simulated load/demand profiles 7 B1407 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) and methanol via high-temperature coelectrolysis of steam and carbon dioxide: process design and plant energy performance 8 B1408 ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Coupling of SOEC in Co-Electrolysis mode and Dimethyl Ether Synthesis 9 B1410 ................................................................................................................................... 10 Theoretical Study on Pressurized Operation of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells 10 B1411 ................................................................................................................................... 11 Hydrogen production via nuclear co-generation at Research Center Rez 11 B1412 ................................................................................................................................... 12 Intermittent operation of a high temperature electrolyzer 12

www.efcf.com

G. Botta (1), M. Solimeo (1), P. Leone (2), P.V. Aravind (1) (1) P&E, Technische Universiteit Delft, TuDelft, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA, Delft, Netherlands (2) DENERG, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italia Tel.: +31619086320 [email protected]

Abstract One of the solutions offered for energy storage is to convert the excess of electricity coming from intermittent renewable energy sources into syngas, based on the coelectrolysis of water and carbon dioxide. Further processes make possible to produce a wide range of synthetic hydrocarbons. The aim of this work is to investigate the idea of producing synthetic methane to be fed into the natural gas grid. This study is focused on the development of a system model which simulates the high temperature co-electrolysis in a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) and the following Methanation processing section until to the final product (synthetic Methane). The plant was designed with the Aspen PlusTM software and thermodynamic and exergetic analysis have been performed. The SOEC system optimization has been achieved considering the best syngas composition feeding the Methanation process; the parameter considered for the analysis is the ratio [(H2-CO2)/(CO+CO2)], and the highest conversion in methane has been reached for a value around 3. For the Methanation section efficiency improvements that can be achieved by changing the configuration and the cooling method of the reactors (when compared to conventional processes) are discussed. The effects of temperature, pressure and other parameters on the overall system efficiency have been investigated through sensitivity analysis. Since Methanation process is strongly exothermic, a thermal integration with the SOEC for the waste heat recovery is possible, and a heat exchanger network has been developed. The percentage of CH4 in the final product obtained with the optimized configuration is higher than 98%.

SOE systems

Chapter 17 - Session B14 - 2/12

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B1402

B1403

Coupling of a Three-Phase Methanation Reactor and a High Temperature Electrolyser using MATLAB Simulink

Solar Heat and Power for a SOE process

Régis Anghilante (1), Jonathan Lefebvre (2) (1) EIFER, Emmy-Noether Straße 11 D-76131 Karlsruhe Tel.: +49-721-6105-1415 Fax: +49-721-6105-1332 [email protected]

(2) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology ± Engler-Bunte-Institut I (EBI)± Fuel Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 1-7 D-76131 Karlsruhe

Martin Roeb, Anis Houaijia, Nathalie Monnerie, Dennis Thomey Stefan Breuer, Jan Säck and Christian Sattler Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR) Institute of Solar Research Linder Hoehe D-51147 Koeln/Germany Tel.: +49-2203-601-2673 Fax: +49-2203-601-4141 [email protected]

Tel.: +49 721 608-42568 Fax: +49 721 606-172

Abstract Abstract The increasing part of intermittent electricity produced by the renewables in Germany requires the development of alternative long term storage solutions. In this context, the storage round trip efficiency of Power-to-Gas could be improved using high temperature electrolysis (HTEL), since it shows better theoretical efficiency than the other electrolysis technologies when combined to an external heat source. A static Simulink model of the coupling of a HTEL with a three-phase methanation reactor (3MPR) was developed. The main hypothesis of the static model and the choices of the key parameters such as the working pressures and temperatures were analyzed and discussed. The implemented Power-to-Gas plant for the injection of synthetic methane in the gas grid showed a significantly improved overall efficiency of 68 % LHV. This result is sensibly higher than the values usually found in the literature for similar plants using other electrolysis technologies (44 ± 61 % LHV).

SOE systems

Chapter 17 - Session B14 - 3/12

High temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) in a Solid Oxide Electrolyzer (SOE) involves the splitting of steam into hydrogen and oxygen at high temperatures. The primary advantage of HTE over conventional low temperature electrolysis is that considerably higher hydrogen production efficiencies can be achieved. Performing the electrolysis process at high temperatures and high pressure results in more favorable thermodynamics for electrolysis, more efficient production of electricity, and allows direct use of process heat to generate steam. This paper related to the EU-JCH projects ADEL and SOPHIA presents the results of process analyses performed to evaluate the hydrogen production efficiencies of an HTSE plant coupled to a Solar Tower working with steam as heat transfer fluid that supplies both the electricity and process heat needed to drive the process. Running the process with direct steam has the benefit of using a heat transfer fluid well suited to generate electricity in a Rankine cycle as well as feed steam for the HTE. Moreover, this process scheme permits the use of steam as sweep gas for the anode in order to maintain reducing conditions. The power conversion unit will be a Rankine steam cycle with a power conversion of 35%.The electrolyser operates at 700°C and 15 bar and utilizes steam as sweep fluid to remove the excess oxygen that is evolved on the anode side. The sweeping steam can be easily separated at the outlet of the electrolyzer by condensation, which offers the benefit of producing oxygen as a valuable byproduct. The Flowsheet of the process has been created and analyzed in addition to the development of a solar test receiver for steam generation accompanied by modeling of this receiver. 7KH UHFHLYHU ZDV WHVWHV LQ '/5¶V KLJK IOX[ VRODU VLPXODWRU LQ &RORJQH $ tubetype test receiver was developed and tested LQ'/5¶VKLJKIlux solar simulator in Cologne.

SOE systems

Chapter 17 - Session B14 - 4/12

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B1404

B1405

Modeling and experimental study of the pressure effect on SOEC performances

Performance and Lifetime of Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells and Stacks

Quentin Cacciuttolo1,2, Julien Vulliet2, Virginie Lair1, Michel Cassir1, Armelle Ringuedé1 1 LECIME, UMR 7575, Chimie ParisTech 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France 2 CEA DAM Le Ripault 37260 Monts BP 16 France

Annabelle Brisse, Josef Schefold, Gaël Corre, Qingxi Fu European Institute for Energy Research (EIFER) Emmy-Noether-Strasse 11 D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany Tel.: +49-721-6105-1317 Fax: +49-721-6105-1332 [email protected]

Tel.: Téléphone LECIME Fax : 0144276750 [email protected]

Abstract Abstract In order to improve the industrial attractiveness of high temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE), the increase in the operating pressure is one of the most promising solutions. In this context, this study is dedicated to the analysis of the pressure influence on the electrochemical reactions occurring in HTSE. Different effects are expected on both sides of the solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC). For example, a negative thermodynamic effect on water splitting reaction and a large benefit concerning losses due to the difficulty for steam to reach the electrochemical sites are expected. In this study, model and experimental results dealing with the effect of the pressure increase are presented. A model using COMSOL multiphysics® commercial software was developed. Half-cells made of YSZ dense electrolyte and Ni/YSZ cathode or LSCF anode, were considered. This simulation is divided into an elecWURFKHPLFDO SDUW 2KP¶V /DZ DQG %XWOHU-Volmer equation) and a mass balance part (Stokes-Brinkman equations, Dusty gas model). Concerning the cathode side, the limiting current density due to the lack of steam is shifted towards higher steam conversion rates by increasing the operating pressure. Regarding the anode side, a negative thermodynamic effect is observed at low current density but no negative effect appears at high current density. Furthermore, the overpressure at the oxygen electrode decreases with the operating pressure (and so the risk of delamination is reduced). At the same time, experimental studies on symmetrical cells with LSM electrodes under pressure were developed. First tests on homemade LSCF electrodes until 20 bars have been carried out a positive effect of the pressure on the oxygen side performances is observed. A parametric study was carried out on this cell to understand which elementary mechanism is affected by pressure. Up to now, some differences were observed between the simulation and the first experimental results. Some parameters, in particularly the elementary reaction mechanisms, have to be refined in the model, in order to adjust the prediction and to fit better the experimental curves.

SOE systems

Chapter 17 - Session B14 - 5/12

Hydrogen production through water electrolysis is a key process for the conversion of electricity to fuels, which could offer a large scale solution for both energy storage and carbon neutral fuel production. Carbon free hydrogen produced via electrolysis can be used as a fuel for hydrogen powered applications, for grid injection, or as a reactant in downstream processes producing synthetic fuels such as SNG, diesel, or methanol. High temperature electrolysis can offer significantly higher electrical-to-chemical conversion efficiency as compared to alkaline and PEM electrolyzers, with values in excess of 100%, if thermal energy for evaporation and/or preheating is supplied to the system. High temperature solid oxide electrolyzer cells (SOECs) represent, in essence, reversely operated solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Hence, the development of SOECs can benefit from the intensive research carried out for the development of SOFCs in the past decades. Several industrial developers are confident that commercial readiness is achievable within the next 5 years. Nonetheless, efforts are still required to improve and to demonstrate the durability of SOEC systems in both laboratory and field test environments. Obviously the lifetime of high temperature electrolyzer systems will largely be determined by the degradation of the SOEC stack. EIFER is evaluating various electrolysis technologies and hydrogen utilization pathways with particular attention to high temperature electrolyzers allowing the production of either hydrogen or syngas (CO + H 2) to be used for the production of synthetic fuels. Long term tests have so far been performed on cells and stacks up to about 3 kW e power and up to about 9000 hours, aiming to ultimately operate a high temperature electrolyzer system.

SOE systems

Chapter 17 - Session B14 - 6/12

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B1406

B1407

Dynamic reversible SOC applications: Performance and Durability with simulated load/demand profiles

Synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) and methanol via high-temperature co-electrolysis of steam and carbon dioxide: process design and plant energy performance

Domenico Ferrero, Andrea Lanzini, Pierluigi Leone, Massimo Santarelli Politecnico di Torino ± Energy Department (DENERG) Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino/Italy Tel.: +39-011-090-4495 [email protected]

F. Salvatia,b, A. S. Pedersena, P. Leoneb, A. Lanzinib, M. B. Mogensena Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark b Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy. a

Tel.: +39-011-090-4422 [email protected]

Abstract The study of the dynamic response of reversible systems capable of storing electricity in chemical form and producing electricity from stored fuels is relevant in the perspective of an increase of the demand for balancing in energy networks with high share of renewable electricity sources. Solid Oxide Cells (SOCs) may represent a significant technology for the mitigation of the mismatch between electricity generation and consumption by providing a high-efficient and potentially fast-responding energy reserve system. In this work, a three-dimensional model for the prediction of the temperature distribution in the dynamic operation of an electrolyte-supported planar SOC was developed. The model represents a repeating cell unit in a cross-flow stack design and simulates the thermal transient when a current load is applied to the cell. The dynamic behavior of the cell has been investigated by applying different time-dependent current load profiles in both electrolysis (SOEC) and fuel cell (SOFC) modes with variable current gradients. Load ramp gradients between 10 and 75 mA cm-2 min-1 and instantaneous 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 A cm-2 current steps have been simulated. The aim of the simulations is to identify the load ramps that can produce detrimental temperature gradients in the cell. Finally, in order to assess the performance degradation of a SOC under a cyclic load, long-term tests in dynamic conditions were performed on a commercial SOC in electrolysis mode. A constant degradation rate of 0,1 mV/h has been identified in 500 hrs of dynamic load cycling at 0-40% reactant utilization in electrolysis mode with a projected degradation of 9% over 1000 hrs. The aim of the simulations is to identify the load ramps that can produce detrimental temperature gradients in the cell.

SOE systems

Chapter 17 - Session B14 - 7/12

Abstract Long-term storage of fluctuating renewable electricity from wind and solar power may be efficiently achieved by production of hydrocarbons or so-called oxygenates. The production of synthetic fuels recycling back CO2 to the productive energy cycle is an ambitious project to curb our dependence on finite fossil resources. If the energy to split H2O and CO2 comes from affordable renewable energy sources, an economic realistic sustainable pathway is achieved. Especially, wind and solar could enter the transportation sector using the existing infrastructure and transport vehicles. Dimethyl ether, (CH 3)2O (DME), which is a volatile diesel type fuel, is particularly suitable as fuel for trucks, ships and airplanes. DME has properties similar to LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) and can use the same infrastructure. DME is not poisonous and it burns without any soot formation. In this work we designed and investigated the energy performance of integrated Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells DME synthesis plants, which are able to produce syngas from high-temperature electrolysis followed by conversion to DME and MeOH in a dedicated catalytic reactor. DME synthesis is carried out in single-step dual-catalyst reactor (Cu/ZnO/Al2O3  Ȗ-Al2O3) able to exploit the thermodynamic synergy of MeOH dehydration within the same reactor where methanol is produced. The reactor is operated at approximately 250 °C and high pressure (50 bar) and is fed with syngas available from high-temperature co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2. A Langmuir ± Hinshelwood kinetic model was used to describe the reactions occurring within the reactor according to studies from [1] and [2]. The impact of SOEC pressurization and temperature on overall plant performance (electricity-to-fuel conversion), as well as the effect of syngas feeding ratio (H2/CO) to DME reactor and recycle of unconverted syngas, were evaluated. Limiting factors (e.g., maximum reactant utilization within the stack to avoid carbon deposition) and optimal design configurations (syngas recycle, thermal integration between SOEC and syngas upgrading unit) were finally identified. Power-to-liquids conversion efficiencies up to 70% (LHV of liquid produced relative to input of electricity) were calculated thus showing the potential of such integrated plants to store efficiently large amounts of renewable energy.

SOE systems

Chapter 17 - Session B14 - 8/12

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B1408

B1410

Coupling of SOEC in Co-Electrolysis mode and Dimethyl Ether Synthesis

Theoretical Study on Pressurized Operation of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells

M. Solimeo (1), G. Botta (1), P. Leone (2), P.V. Aravind (1) (1) P&E, Technische Universiteit Delft, TuDelft, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA, Delft, Netherlands (2) DENERG, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italia

Moritz Henke, Caroline Willich, K. Andreas Friedrich, Josef Kallo German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Technical Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart Germany

Tel.: +39 3290212535 [email protected], [email protected]

Tel.: +49-711-6862795 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

The effort to develop an efficient and smart energy storage pathway becomes fundamental for a further growth of renewable energy sources. Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) may represent a promising solution to store into large scale excess renewable energy synthetic fuels. Thanks to an external electrical source, the co-electrolysis of water and carbon dioxide to H2 and CO at high temperatures can be achieved with SOEC devices. The resulting syngas can be then upgraded into a valuable gaseous or liquid fuel. This work aims to build a thermodynamic model able to describe the electrochemical production of syngas by means of an SOEC and a catalytic process for the upgrade of the syngas into DME. The whole system has been optimized after thermodynamic and exergetic analysis. The composition of the syngas is strongly affecting the SOEC design: operating conditions have been chosen in order to reach a H2/CO ratio around 1. Corrections must be taken into accounts for high amounts of CH4. The syngas is then pre-treated and DME is synthesized in a one-step reactor in which both methanol synthesis and dehydration occur. Two different configurations of the overall system have been developed, one with the SOEC at ambient pressure and one with a pressurized stack. The system layout and different operating parameters have been varied in order to find the highest purity of the final DME, trying not to affect the overall efficiency and yield. The global heat demand has been reduced with a waste heat recovery method. From the comparison of the two configurations, we obtained an improvement in the DME content of the final product, reaching a value above 99.6% in mass, which would allow to use this fuel for transportation applications.

With increasing electricity generation from renewable resources, adjusting supply and demand of electrical energy becomes more challenging. One option to use and store excess electrical energy is via water or steam electrolysis. Produced hydrogen is likely to be stored or further processed at elevated pressure.

SOE systems

SOE systems

Chapter 17 - Session B14 - 9/12

Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) promise high electrical efficiency due to their high operating temperature. Previous studies have shown that the performance of solid oxide fuel cells can be significantly improved if operating pressure is increased. Similar effects will also influence the cell if operated in electrolysis mode. If compression of produced hydrogen is necessary anyway (e.g. for storage) it would be reasonable to operate a pressurized SOEC if it improves its performance or is advantageous for system integration. A multi-scale model is used in order to investigate pressure effects on SOEC performance. Electrochemistry is modeled using an elementary kinetic software on cell level. Single cell models are thermally coupled to account for temperature distribution inside a stack. The model was validated in SOFC mode at various operating conditions including operating pressures up to 0.8 MPa. The presentation will show simulation results at different operating pressures. It is analyzed how pressure influences an SOEC on electrochemically active surface, electrode, cell and stack level. Results show that the influence of pressure on SOEC performance is small as different effects exist which compensate for each other.

Chapter 17 - Session B14 - 10/12

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B1411

B1412

Hydrogen production via nuclear co-generation at Research Center Rez

Intermittent operation of a high temperature electrolyzer Floriane Petipas, Annabelle Brisse and Chakib Bouallou European Institute for Energy Research (EIFER) Emmy-Noether Str. 11 D-76131 Karlsruhe / Germany

Karin Stehlík1 and $OHã Doucek2 1 Research Center Rez and 2HYTEP Hlavní 130 CZ-1543 Husinec-Rez

Tel.: +49-721-6105-1716 Fax: +49-721-6105-1330 [email protected]

Tel.: +420-266-17-2045 [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract The Research Center Rez CVR, close to Prague, is well known in the field of material research for nuclear applications. Within the European infrastructure programme SUSEN a laboratory for testing and manufacturing of high-temperature electrolysis cells will be built up until 2015. The first objective is hydrogen production using coupling to a hightemperature process, e.g. generation IV gas-cooled nuclear reactor. The Research Center Rez is a member of HYTEP, Czech Hydrogen Technical Platform, which brings together all stakeholder interested in hydrogen technologies in the Czech Republic. HYTEP also represents the Czech Republic in other European hydrogen associations. As hydrogen technologies are not a main priority in the Czech Republic it was the responsibility of HYTEP to prepare a national research agenda and an implementation plan for these technologies.

The conversion of electrical energy into hydrogen is done electrochemically via water electrolysis, which can be performed below 100°C with liquid water using an Alkaline Electrolyzer (AEL) or a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer (PEMEL), or above 500°C with steam using a High Temperature Electrolyzer (HTEL). In the Power-to-Gas context, electrolyzers should be both affordable and able to operate intermittently over a large power range to enable a direct coupling with renewable power. This is presently not the case of AEL and PEMEL, which are however implemented in numerous Power-to-Gas demonstration projects due to their maturity. The HTEL is at the R&D stage, but has attractive potential due to high efficiency and foreseen lower investment cost than low temperature (LT) electrolyzers. HTEL is based on ceramic Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC), which are particularly sensitive to mechanical stresses caused by temperature variations. Yet, the cells temperature is only constant at one specific nominal load, decreases at lower loads and increases at higher loads. Until 2010, research projects focused on the SOEC behavior under steady state conditions: Experiments were carried out at constant load to evaluate the technology performance, whereas modeling works at the system level focused on optimizing the system efficiency through a specific heat recovery system design. With the growing need for storing renewable power and the associated interest towards SOEC, it has become crucial to study the behavior of SOECs when operated outside the nominal operating domain, hence when significant temperature variations occur in the cells. Major challenges have been tackled, leading to the conclusions that an SOEC can be operated over a load range of 1-100% with control strategies. Moreover even by considering external stage of hydrogen compression from 1 bar to 30 bars and electric steam production, the system efficiency reaches 92% vs. HHV, which is higher than for LT electrolyzers. By considering additionally an external heat source for the steam production the system efficiency can reach 110% vs. HHV; thermal control of the SOEC is manageable and has negligible impact on the system efficiency, even in an SOEC system operated intermittently. Thus high temperature electrolysis could be technically used to store renewable electricity. Demonstration projects are now required to validate these results.

SOE systems

Chapter 17 - Session B14 - 11/12

SOE systems

Chapter 17 - Session B14 - 12/12

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B1501

Chapter 18 - Session B15 Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

SOFC fed with European standard road diesel by an adiabatic pre-reforming fuel processor Content

Page B15 - ..

B1501 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 SOFC fed with European standard road diesel by an adiabatic pre-reforming fuel processor 2 B1502 ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Fuel and air side subsystems development for SOFC power plant 3 B1503 ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Development of a SOFC-Inverter-System for µCHP and mobile applications with integrated degradation monitoring 4 B1504 ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Micro-reformer for hydrogen-rich gas generation for a portable micro-SOFC system 5 B1505 ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Experimental Investigation of Peripheral Components in a SOFC/Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Plant 6 B1506 ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Integrated Air Preheater and Anode Off-gas Oxidizer 7 B1507 ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Experimental study on development of a coupled reactor with a catalytic combustor and steam reformer for a 5 kW solid oxide fuel cell system 8 B1508 ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Nickel based nano-oxyhydride catalysts for hydrogen production from ethanol at room temperature 9 B1509 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 10 Catalytic investigation of Ni-Cu/CGO catalysts in the ATR reaction of methane 10 B1510 ................................................................................................................................... 11 Catalytic bioethanol reforming for SOFC applications 11 B1511 ................................................................................................................................... 12 Stability of the Ni-silica core@shell catalyst for methane tri-reforming 12 B1512 ................................................................................................................................... 13 Application of Macro-Porous Al2O3 as Support Materials in Diesel Reformer for SOFC 13 B1513 (Abstract only)......................................................................................................... 14 Performance and degradation analysis of bio-syngas fed Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 14 B1514 ................................................................................................................................... 15 A new designed plate heat exchanger for cathode air preheating in a 300 W SOFCSystem 15

Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 1/15

Nils Kleinohl (1), John Bøgild Hansen (2), Pedro Nehter (3), Hassan Modarresi (2), Ansgar Bauschulte(1), Jörg vom Schloß(1), Klaus Lucka(1) (1) OWI OEL-WAERME-INSTITUT GmbH, Affiliated Institute RWTH Aachen, Kaiserstrasse 100 D-52134 Herzogenrath (2) HALDOR TOPSØE A/S, Nymøllevej 55, DK-2800 Lyngby (3) ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems AG / Operating Unit HDW, Werftstr. 112/114, D24143 Kiel Tel.: +49-2407-9518-183 [email protected]

Abstract In near future ships need more efficient power generation technologies for auxiliary power than used currently. In the project SchIBZ a fuel cell system will be developed as auxiliary power unit (APU). As fuel cell technology solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) will be linked with a fuel processor feed with standard European diesel fuel. The process of adiabatic prereforming was chosen because of the advantages in efficiency, simple reactor design and easy control. Overall efficiency of such an APU system will be in the range between 55 % and 60 %. In previous publications it was successfully demonstrated that with a commercial catalyst from Haldor Topsøe A/S standard European diesel fuel could be processed for more than 3000 hours with the process of adiabatic pre-reforming. For combination of such a fuel processor and a SOFC two independent test rigs were built. The first experiments were run without connection of the test-rigs and showed correct operation of the fuel processor. After this both test-rigs were linked and the SOFC modules were fed with product gas from the fuel processor which was fed with standard European diesel fuel.

Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 2/15

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B1502

B1503

Fuel and air side subsystems development for SOFC power plant

Development of a SOFC-Inverter-System for µCHP and mobile applications with integrated degradation monitoring

Jari Kiviaho Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT, Fuel cells Biologinkuja 5 P.O.Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT / Finland Tel.: +358-20-722-5290 Fax: +358-20-722-7048 [email protected]

Falk Schröter NOVUM engineerING GmbH Schnorrstrasse 70 D-01069 Dresden [email protected]

Ludger Blum (FZJ), Tero Hottinen (Wärtsilä), Marko Pönitz (EBZ), Tuomas Hakala (Wärtsilä), Olivier Bucheli (HTc), Stephan Pofahl (HTc), Roland Denzler (Hexis), Thomas Zählinger (Hexis), Suvi Karvonen (VTT), Yves De Vos (Bosal), Søren Bay (TOFC), Kim Åström (Convion), Martin Hauth (AVL), JÜrgen Rechberger (AVL), and Carlo Strazza (UNIGE)

Abstract While much effort and resources are devoted to cell and stack issues, less attention has been paid to the balance of plant (BoP), the components and sub-systems required for an operational SOFC power system. Fuel processing, thermal management, humidification, fluid supply, and power electronics are as fundamental to the successful commercialization of fuel cell systems as the cell and stack. This paper presents the main results of the two FCH JU projects called ASSENT and CATION, which were devoted to the development of the fuel and air side subsystems for an SOFC power plant. The ASSENT project focused on finding optimal fuel side subsystem concepts and validating these for small-scale and large-scale SOFC systems for stationary applications. For this purpose conceptual analysis and evaluation of the feasibility of different anode gas recycling solutions was carried out. In addition, sensing techniques were tested, evaluated, and also developed, where the currently available techniques were not sufficient. The CATION project sought to evaluate different process alternatives and to find optimal process and mechanical solutions for the cathode and stack subsystems, with the aim of producing commercially feasible and technologically optimized subsystem solutions for future large-scale atmospheric SOFC systems. Several aspects were considered, namely, electrical efficiency, controllability, reliability, mass production aspects and costs effectiveness of the developed subsystems and individual components.

Abstract In contrast to a solar-inverter or an inverter for uninterruptible power supplies, a DC-ACconverter for a µCHP or mobile SOFC system is a specialized system component. It has to be adapted according to the stack restriction, stack operating conditions and actual stack life cycle. The common used maximum peak point tracking (MPP) for photovoltaic applications is typically not applicable for SOFC stacks. Therefore there is a need for optimized DC-AC-converters which enable the system designer to adjust the inverter behavior to the requirements of the stack. In detail this incorporates a ramping of the current or voltage and electrical power as well as determining the systems impedance at defined frequencies and operating points. Due to cost reduction needs the number of sensors within the stack and its BOP components will be further reduced. As more than the integration level of systems is increased the accessibility and maintenance of core components will be more and more difficult and costly. At least these two reasons will speed up the development of in-situ analysis for stacks and BOP components. A new inverter system faces these challenges by a modularized structure which allows to design a custom fitting power electronic solution including full flexibility in matching the inverter to the SOFC system. Due to the used circuit topology an extremely reduced ripple current can be guaranteed that is completely controlled by smart self-adaptable digital control algorithms. An integrated impedance spectroscopy enables an onlinemeasurement to determine the state-of-health of the installed stack. This information can be used to derive operation strategies and maintenance cycles. Flexible interface solutions, e.g. Ethernet and serial communication, are used to control the system via the systems main control unit. The most challenging task in multi-stack systems is the equal power distribution within the stacks. For that reason the power system is able to balance 1kW sub-stack units to bring each unit to its optimal operating point and to sum their individual power to deliver it to the external AC or DC load. It is planned to use this system up to 5 kW.

A dedicated cost analysis (DtC) was conducted within both projects to support the understanding of overall commercial feasibility of different process approaches. Consequently, a good understanding on the economies of scale was achieved and it could be concluded that with certain additional stack related development steps a commercially feasible system with an LQYHVWPHQW FRVW H[FO VWDFNV  RI OHVV WKDQ  ¼N: FDQ EH achieved. Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 3/15

Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 4/15

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B1504

B1505

Micro-reformer for hydrogen-rich gas generation for a portable micro-SOFC system

Experimental Investigation of Peripheral Components in a SOFC/Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Plant

D. Pla1, M. Salleras2, I. Garbayo2, A. Morata1, N. Sabaté2, N. J. Divins3, J. Llorca3 and A. Tarancón1 1. Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Department of Advanced Materials for Energy Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 2nd floor 08930-Sant Adriá del Besòs, Barcelona/Spain

Mike Steilen, Christian Schnegelberger, Moritz Henke, Caroline Willich, Josef Kallo, K. Andreas Friedrich German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Tel.: +49-711-6862-8039 [email protected]

[email protected]

2. IMB-CNM (CSIC), Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona, National Center of Microelectronics, CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona/ Spain 3. INTE, Institut de Tècniques Energètiques, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, Ed. ETSEIB 08028 Barcelona/Spain

Abstract This work reports the design, manufacturing and experimental results of a novel siliconbased micro-reactor for hydrogen generation from various fuels: alcohols or hydrocarbons. The micro-reactor is fabricated with well-established microfabrication technologies ensuring a cost-effective, high reproducibility and reliability. The design of the micro-reactor is based on an array of more than 4x104 vertical microchannels perfectly aligned crossing a 500-ȝPVLOLFRQsubstrate and through which the fuel flows. The projected area of the micro-reactor is 15x15 mm2, while the reactive area (considering the micro-channels walls) is more than 36 cm2. This means a huge active surface per projected area of ~16 cm2/cm2. The micro-channels are coated with the catalytic system by infiltration. The high surface-to-volume ratio of the micro-channels array, i.e. 8x104 m2/m3, leads to high performances of fuel reforming reaction by achieving large specific contact area and short diffusion length. The proposed silicon-based microreactor design also includes an integrated micro-heater for heating the system up to the operation temperature autonomously. Ethanol and methane are currently considered as some of the most feasible candidates for hydrogen generation, in order to fuel a micro-SOFC system [1]. Hydrogen formation from ethanol is based on steam reforming, whereas from methane hydrogen can be obtained by dry reforming or partial oxidation. In this work, a catalytic system based on Rh-Pd nanoparticles supported on CeO2 is presented. The micro-reformer has been tested with both ethanol and methane at the optimal temperature for a micro-SOFC system operation.

Abstract Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) and gas turbines (GT) can be directly coupled to form efficient hybrid power plants providing electricity based on various fuels. The operation of such a hybrid power plant theoretically allows for electrical efficiencies in the range of 70 %. To ensure stable and efficient system operation the different operating characteristics of the major components SOFC and gas turbine as well as other factors like fuel type etc. require careful consideration of component design and operating strategy. The DLR undertakes efforts to erect and operate a pilot hybrid power plant in the range of 30 kW of electrical power. Technical feasibility is to be demonstrated and the operating and design parameters for proper system operation are to be determined. The SOFC temperature management and the system pressure management are considered most important from SOFC perspective. The temperature management can be supported by anode gas recirculation and, if hydrocarbons are utilized as fuel, by the mainly endothermic reforming reactions. A test rig was set up at the DLR to analyze the effects of pressure and flow speed on reforming reactions prior to the SOFC. A second test rig is used to characterize commercially available ejectors at high entrainment rates to potentially enlarge the operating range of the hybrid power plant. This paper will be focusing on the differential pressure test since so far only limited information has been available on maximum differential pressures between SOFC anode and cathode. Therefore, a differential pressure test rig was set up at the DLR to determine the capabilities of the stacks to be used in the pilot power plant. The experimental results are summarized in an overview to be discussed during the presentation.

Results demonstrate that the micro-reformer can operate with both fuels, providing acceptable hydrogen production rates to supply a micro-SOFC system. This novel functional converter is the basis for a complete gas processing unit as a subsystem of an entire micro-SOFC system.

Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 5/15

Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 6/15

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B1506

B1507

Integrated Air Preheater and Anode Off-gas Oxidizer

Experimental study on development of a coupled reactor with a catalytic combustor and steam reformer for a 5 kW solid oxide fuel cell system

Yves De Vos and Jean-Paul Janssens Bosal ECS NV 20 Dellestraat B-3560 Lummen / Belgium Tel.: +32-13-530-811 Fax: +32-13-531-411 [email protected]

Sang Gyu Kang, Kanghun Lee, Kook-Young Ahnl Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials Jangdong 171, Yuseong Deajeon / Republic of Korea Tel.: +82-42-868-7267 Fax: +82-42-868-7284 [email protected]

Abstract The performance of a cathode air preheater with internal off-gas oxidation is presented. This component is a plate heat exchanger, handling both injection and oxidation of depleted anode gas in the hot cathode flow. The gas mixture oxidizes in the heat exchanger, and the reaction heat is used to preheat cathode air. An initial integration effort using two separate components is reported. The system consists of close coupled injector and a downstream plate heat exchanger, which was catalytically coated. The performance was constrained by reaction kinetics: the off-gas and cathode mixture typically ignites within 5 ± 10 ms at mixture temperatures above 750°C. CFD on this system show that part of the mixture takes more than 15 ms before reaching the inlet port of the heat exchanger, leading to early ignition. Both CFD and SEM analysis showed that the walls of the heat exchanger overheat to 1000 ± 1100 °C. The SEM analysis reveal the effect of this overheating on scale growth and evaporation of Cr VI in the heat exchanger, and its subsequent condensation on the cool, catalytically coated walls. The integrated HEX and oxidizer consists of an internal injector, which delivers the anode gas to each cathode flow path between pairs of heat exchanging plates. The injection occurs adjacent to a catalytically coated zone in the heat exchanger. The CFD effort covers the combined effects of injection, mixing, generation of reaction heat and heat exchange. The results show that the injection and subsequent mixing is uniform. The mixture reaches the cooled sections of the heat exchanger within 3 ms, and thus below the auto ignition time. These calculations are in line with experimental performance data on the integrated component.

Abstract The methane (CH4) conversion rate of a steam reformer can be increased by thermal integration with a catalytic combustor, called a coupled reactor. In the present study, a 5 kW coupled reactor has been developed based on a 1 kW coupled reactor in previous work. The geometric parameters of the space velocity, diameter and length of the coupled reactor selected from the 1 kW coupled reactor are tuned and applied to the design of the 5 kW coupled reactor. To confirm the scale-up strategy, the performance of 5 kW coupled reactor is experimentally investigated with variations of operating parameters such as the fuel utilization in the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack, the inlet temperature of the catalytic combustor, the excess air ratio of the catalytic combustor, and the steam to carbon ratio (SCR) in the steam reformer. The temperature distributions of coupled reactors are measured along the gas flow direction. The gas composition at the steam reformer outlet is measured to find the CH4 conversion rate of the coupled reactor. The maximum value of the CH4 conversion rate is approximately 93.4 %, which means the proposed scale-up strategy can be utilized to develop a large-scale coupled reactor.

Fig. 1 Flow lines of the injected anode off-gas, colored by elapsed time since injection.

Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 7/15

Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 8/15

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B1508

B1509 (Abstract only)

Nickel based nano-oxyhydride catalysts for hydrogen production from ethanol at room temperature

Catalytic investigation of Ni-Cu/CGO catalysts in the ATR reaction of methane

Louise Jalowiecki-Duhamel1,2, Wenhao Fang1,2, Cyril Pirez1,2, Sébastien Paul2,3, Mickaël Capron1,2, Hervé Jobic4, Franck Dumeignil1,2,5 1 Université Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France 2 CNRS UMR8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, UCCS, 59655 Villeneuve G¶$VFT)UDQFH 3 (FROH&HQWUDOHGH/LOOH9LOOHQHXYHG¶$VFT)UDQFH 4 ,5&(/\RQ,QVWLWXWGH5HFKHUFKHVVXUOD&DWDO\VHHW,¶(QYLURQQHPHQWGH/\RQ$YHQXH Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France 5 Institut Universitaire de France, Maison des Universités, 103 Boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France

M. Lo Faroa, P. Fronterab, C. Busaccab, L. Scarpinob, P.L. Antonuccib, and A. S. Aricòa a

b

CNR-ITAE, via Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy Department of Civil Engineering, Energy, Environment and Materials, ³University 0HGLWHUUDQHD´Reggio Calabria, Italy; Tel.: +39-090-624270 Fax: +39-090-624247 [email protected]

Tel : 33(0) 3 20 33 77 35 Fax : 33(0) 3 20 43 65 61 [email protected]

Abstract

70 60 50 40 30 20

a

10 0

0 70

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CH4 conversion / mol%

80

2

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6

8

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60

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40 30

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20 10 0 2

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CeNiXHZOY nano-oxyhydride catalysts are developed for the highly efficient and sustainable H2 production from ethanol and water in the presence of oxygen. Once in situ treated in H2 in the temperature range of 200-300 °C, the cerium-nickel mixed oxides become oxyhydrides, with the presence of hydrogen species of hydride nature in the anionic vacancies of the mixed oxides. By taking advantage of the chemical energy released from the reaction between CeNiXHZOY nano-oxyhydride catalysts and O2, continuous complete conversion of ethanol specifically at 60 °C (oven temperature), with simultaneously production of H2, can be obtained. The catalyst exhibits remarkable stability after at least 75 h of reaction, even if filamentous carbon deposition is found after the reaction.

CH4 conversion / mol%

Abstract

This study deals with an investigation of the catalytic performance of a bimetallic system based on Ni and Cu prepared by two different methods. The catalytic tests are carried out at 800°C in ATR conditions (O/C=0.5 and S/C=2.5). The oxalate method permits to obtain crystallites with lower dimension compared to the sol-gel method. After treatment in the presence of diluted H2 at 800 °C, the powders prepared by both methods do not exhibit significant structural differences. However, the catalytic behavior of the two samples was different. The Ni-Cu prepared by oxalate method showed a stable behavior during 120 h reaction in autothermal reforming (ATR) of methane, with a conversion of about 80 mol. % of the fuel.

12

oxalate method

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

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sol-gel method

Results of the catalytic reaction carried out under ATR conditions at 800 °C for 10 h for the as-calcined catalyst Ni-Cu mixed with CGO (50:50). (a) methane conversion and (b) yield of the main products for the catalyst prepared by oxalate method; (c) methane conversion and (d) yield of the main products for the catalyst prepared by sol-gel method.

Acknowledgements The present work was carried out within an Agreement between the Italian Ministry of Economic Development (MSE) and National Research Council (CNR) in the framework of a Research Program for the Electric System (sub-activity: Development of materials and components, design, demonstration and optimization of FC systems for co-generative applications). Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 9/15

Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 10/15

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B1510

B1511

Catalytic bioethanol reforming for SOFC applications

Stability of the Ni-silica core@shell catalyst for methane tri-reforming

Heike Ehrich (1), Elka Kraleva (1), Matthias Boltze (2) (1) Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock / Germany Tel.: +49-381-1281-270 Fax: +49-381-1281-51270 [email protected]

Artur J. Majewski and Joseph Wood School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham B15 2TT Birmingham, UK

(2) new enerday GmbH Lindenstr. 45, D-17033 Neubrandenburg/Germany

Tel.: + 44-121-414-5081 [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Abstract

Hydrogen can be directly obtained from ethanol by steam reforming and partial oxidation reactions. The exothermic partial oxidation process can be realized without external heat sources and water addition. These characteristics make the process attractive for application in the high-temperature solid oxide fuel cell, where power and heat are generated directly from the fuel. For an economically feasible process, it is necessary to identify effective, long-time stable and low-cost catalysts.

The methane tri-reforming process combines the three generally used methane reforming processes: steam reforming, partial oxidation and CO2 reforming into one. The fact that it is not necessary to separate CO2 from CH4 reduces the cost of reforming. For Soli Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) application tri-reforming similar to steam reforming can be applied for internal or external reforming process. A nickel-silica core@shell catalyst (11%Ni@SiO2) was applied as a catalyst for methane tri-reforming. The stability of the 11%Ni@SiO2 catalyst in a longer-term experiment (58 h) was investigated to check the thermal stability of the catalyst. At the initial reaction stage, the CH4 conversion was ~67%, CO2 conversion reached ~97% and H2/CO ratio was ~2.0. After around 5 hours the CO2 conversion decreased to ~81% and simultaneously decreased the H2/CO factor to ~1.5. CH4 conversion was stable. Despite of the stable catalyst performance (~70% of CH 4 conversion at 750oC for 58 h) it was noticed that the surface area of the catalyst decreased after the reduction and reaction by ~60%. That change in the catalyst surface area could not be explained by simple coke deposition. Samples of the spent catalyst were analysed using N2 adsorption, thermogravimetry and H2 pulse chemisorptions techniques. The Ni dispersion and the catalyst surface area decreased with increasing reaction temperature and with increasing the amount of O2 added to reaction. It has been pointed out that both coke deposition and Ni re-oxidation were not the main reasons for decrease in catalyst surface area. The most probable cause of the reduction in catalyst porosity was the sintering of Ni particles due to the high temperature.

Co and Ni catalysts supported on AlZn mixed oxide were examined for the generation of a H2 and CO rich fuel gas by ethanol partial oxidation. The ternary catalysts were prepared by modified sol-gel methods providing a higher thermal and mechanical stability compared to conventional method as well as higher homogeneity. The resultant powders have been characterized by several techniques such as TEM analysis, XRD or TPR analyses to examine the effect of the phase composition on reducibility, and structural and morphological properties. It was found that strong metal-support interactions decrease the reducibility of metallic particles, but produce higher values of exposed surface metallic active sites, and thus increase the catalytic performance. The Co/AlZn and Ni/AlZn catalysts were tested in ethanol partial oxidation ( = 0.25) at a temperature range between 300-750 °C. The Ni/AlZn catalyst showed the highest hydrogen productivity with around 90 % H2 selectivity at 750 °C and 90 % selectivity to CO, and minor amounts of CO2, methane and ethylene. The Ni/AlZn catalyst provided high stability over 150 h. This highly effective catalyst was deposited onto a ceramic monolith, which makes them suitable for application in a SOFC system of new enerday GmbH. A fuel gas of 25 % H2, 19 % CO, 5 % CO2, 2 % CH4 and 8 % H2O was obtained. [1]

[2] [3]

Keywords: methane, nickel, silica, sintering, tri-reforming

Elka Kraleva, Sergey Sokolov, Matthias Schneider, Heike Ehrich, Support effects on the properties of Co and Ni catalysts for the hydrogen production from bioethanol partial oxidation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2013, 38, 4380-4388. Elka Kraleva, Sergey Sokolov, Giorgio Nasillo, Ursula Bentrup, Heike Ehrich, Catalytic performance of CoAlZn and NiAlZn mixed oxides in hydrogen production by bio-ethanol partial oxidation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2014, 39, 209-220. Elka Kraleva, Heike Ehrich, AlZn based Co and Ni catalysts for the partial oxidation of bioethanol ± influence of different synthesis procedures. Chem. Eur. J. Chem. 2014, accepted.

Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 11/15

Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 12/15

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B1512

B1513 (Abstract only)

Application of Macro-Porous Al2O3 as Support Materials in Diesel Reformer for SOFC

Performance and degradation analysis of bio-syngas fed Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Yeon Baek Seong, No-Kuk Park and Tae Jin Lee School of Chemical Engineering, yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk/South Korea

Carlos Boigues Muñoz, Stephen McPhail, Domenico Borello Jian Pu, Fabio Polonara ENEA C.R. Casaccia Via Anguillarese 301 00123 Rome / Italy

Tel.: +82-53-810-2519 Fax: +82-53-810-4631 [email protected]

Tel.: +39-063-048-4869 [email protected]

Abstract Macro porous alumina over a micro-channel plate was synthesized using polystyrene colloidal spherical nano-beads as a template for the formation of macro pores. A 0.1 M aluminum nitrate solution as the precursor for the synthesis of alumina was mixed with a polystyrene colloidal solution at a volumetric ratio of 1:1. In this study, the SUS-316 material was used as a micro-channel plate and the buffer layer was deposited over the micro-channel plate for the formation of a homogeneous coating layer. A thin alumina layer was coated over the micro-channel plate as a buffer layer using the CFR method. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the synthesis of high quality ordered macro porous alumina over the micro channels with the application of a buffer layer, as shown in Fig. 1. To use the ordered macro porous alumina as the catalytic support, the precursor of the active components, such as Ni or Ru, was added to a mixed solution of the aluminum precursor and polystyrene colloid. The heat exchange reactor of channel type was suggested for the fuel reformer of SOFC in this study. The out-side channel was used as the reactor for auto-thermal reforming and the inner-side channel was used as the combustor for a combustion of stack exhaust gas. The macro-porous catalytic metal-Al2O3 based catalyst coated over the micro-channel plate was inserted in the out-side channel. It could be confirmed in this study that the efficiency of heat exchange was enhanced with the micro-channel plate and the metal foam and the catalytic activity of nickel based catalyst for reforming of dodecane was improved with the macro-porous alumina support.

Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 13/15

Abstract Performance and degradation rate of planar anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) manufactured in Huazhong University of Science and Technology (China) have EHHQVWXGLHGLQ(1($¶V+LJK7HPSHUDWXUH)XHO&HOO/DERUDWRU\,WDO\ RSHUDWLQJXQGHUELRsyngas obtained from steam-enriched air gasification of biomass. The compositions have been obtained from tests in a fluidized bed bench scale gasifier after catalytic steam reforming of the syngas carried out to remove tar. Polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are carried out under controlled bio-syngas fuel compositions to determine the response of the single cell ± 81 cm2 active area ± as compared to reference conditions. The single cell is then operated under galvanostatic conditions with a fuel utilization of 65% on a long run. Polarization curves and EIS are carried out every 250 hours to determine the performance degradation. The distributed relaxation time method (DRT) has been applied to the EIS data to individualize the characteristic parameters and degradation rates of the different cell components, which facilitates the set-XS RI DFFXUDWH SUHGLFWLYH PRGHOV RI WKH FHOO¶V EHKDYLRUDVZHOODVEHLQJDEOHWRSLQSRLQWWKH$FKLOOHV¶KHHORIWKHVLQJOHFHOOVXVHG

Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 14/15

th

11 European SOFC & SOE Forum

1 - 4 July 2014, Lucerne/Switzerland

th

11 European SOFC & SOE Forum

1 - 4 July 2014, Lucerne/Switzerland

B1514 A new designed plate heat exchanger for cathode air preheating in a 300 W SOFC-System

Next EFCF Conferences:

Sebastian Stenger, Shaofei Chen and Reinhard Leithner Institute for Energy and Process Systems Engineering Technische Universität Braunschweig Franz-Liszt-Str. 35 D-38106 Braunschweig Tel.: +49-0531 391 3035 Fax: +49-0531 391 5932 [email protected]

Abstract The following paper deals with the development of a plate heat exchanger for a small scale propane driven SOFC-system using a commercial 700 W SOFC-stack manufactured by Staxera GmbH, Germany. This stack requires a cathode inlet temperature of at least 650 °C. For the preheating of the cathode air a flue gas of 900 °C is supplied by an afterburner, which is fired with the cathode exhaust gas (depleted air) and a part of the anode exhaust gas, the other part being recycled to the reformer. Additional fuel (hydrogen or propane) is supplied to the afterburner for test operations. The main challenges in the development of the heat exchanger lie in the high operating temperatures and the big temperature gradients. The high temperature gradients lead to a high axial heat flux in the solid plate that can cause not negligible efficiency losses, if the heat conduction coefficient is not low. To reduce this negative effect the heat exchanger was separated into two serially connected heat exchangers. In addition such an arrangement allows easily using different materials sustaining very different temperatures, being different costly and machinable (see figure 1). The whole heat exchanger was calculated with a 1D-Model in Matlab/Simulink and gas distribution was optimized by 3D CFD numerical flow simulations. A prototype heat exchanger was built and tested in the system using hydrogen as fuel. The most important result was that an air outlet temperature of 750 °C was reached, which is clearly more than the required 650 °C. The whole system is described in a parallel paper [1], while this paper focuses on the design of the heat exchanger itself.

5th European PEFC and H2 Forum 30 June - 3 July 2015 12th European SOFC and SOE Forum 5 July - 8 July 2016

www.EFCF.com in Lucerne, Switzerland Figure 1: Alumina plate (left) and steel plate (right) Balance of Plant and fuel conditioning

Chapter 18 - Session B15 - 15/15

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II - 1

List of Authors Related with submitted Extended Abstracts by 16 June 2014

Abe Hiroya - B0521 Adams Craig - A0802 Addo Paul - B0312, B0804 Aguadero A. - B0802 Ahmed R. - A1119 Ahn Kook-Young - B1507 Ahn Pyung-An - A1319 Aicart Jerome - B1307 Akduman Osman Y. - B1112 Akkurt Sedat - B0812 Albrecht T. - A1224 Alkattan Dalya - B0503 Almar L. - A1511, B0311 Al-Masri Ali - A0903 Al-Musa A. - B0815 Alonso J. A. - B0802 Al-Saleh M. - B0815 Alvarez Mario A. - A1515 Amezawa Koji - B0807 Ananyev Maxim - B0622, B1214, B1217 Andersson Martin - B0314 Andresen Bjørg - A1208 Andreu T. - B0311 Anelli Simone - A1416

11th EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014 1 - 4 July 2014 Kultur- und Kongresszentrum Luzern (KKL) Lucerne/Switzerland

Anghilante Régis - B1402 Ansar Asif - B0510 Ansart Florence - B0503 Antonetti Y. - A0901 Antonova Ekaterina - A1311 Antonucci P.L. - B1509 Arai Manami - A1111, B0521 Aravind P. V. - A1202, A1218, B1401, B1408 Aricò A. S. - B0515, B1509 Arriortua M. I. - A1109, A1411 Ata Ali - A1513, B1112, B1118 Atanasiu Mirela - A0201 Athanasiou M. - B0616 Atkinson Alan - B0513 Auer Corinna - B0618, A1323 Babaei Alireza - A0107 Bae Joongmyeon - A1217, B0619 Bae Minseok - A1217, B0619 Bailey Ross - A1321 Bakkali Issam El - B1319 Baldinelli Arianna - B0617 Bandarenka Aliaksandr S. - A1209 Barabasz Robin - A0802 Barbucci A. - B1224

Barfod R. - A0902 Barnard Paul - A0507 Barnett Scott A - B0602 Barthel Markus - A1210 Batocchi P. - B0520 Bauschulte Ansgar - A0603, B1501 Bech Lone - B1306 Beetschen C. - A0901 Bellusci Mariangela - B1213 Belyaev Vladimir - B0303 Bentaleb Abdelhamid - A1503 Berger Robert - A1401 Bertei Antonio - B1220 Bertoldi Massimo - A0504, A0901, B0810, B0903 Bessler Wolfgang G. - B0609 Billard Alain - B0315, B1319 Birss Viola - B0312, B0613, B0804 Bjerrum Niels - B1318 Blum Ludger - A0301, A0903, A0906, A1203, A1206 Bobrenok Oleg - B0303 Bogdanovich Nina - A1120 Bogolowski Nicky - B0501 Boldrin Paul - B0307, B0513, A1110

Boltze Matthias - A0803, B1510 Bomhard Jakob - B1308 Bonaccorso Alfredo D. - B1301 Bone Adam - A0605, A0911 Bongiorno Valeria - A1416 Bonneau Lionel - A1515 Boréave Antoinette - B0623 Borglum Brian - A0801 Bossel Ulf - A0607, A1704 Botta G. - B1401, B1408 Bouallou Chakib - B1412 Bradley Robert S. - A1310 Brandon Nigel P. - A1110, A1304, A1310, B0307, B0513, B0916, B1114, B1115 Breuer Stefan - B1403 Brevet Aude - A1406, A1515, B0810, B1202, B1304 Briois Pascal - B0315, B1319 Brisse Annabelle - B1302, B1308, B1405, B1412 Brodersen Karen - B0612 Bronin Dimitry - A1311 Brouwer Jan Peter - A1223 Brus Grzegorz - A0912 Bucheli Olivier - A0101, A0504, A0901, A1702, A1704, A1705 Bucher Edith - B0610 Buchkremer Hans Peter - B0910, B1206 Büchler O. - B1206 Burnat Dariusz - B0615 th

11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

Burriel M. - B0518, B0911 Busacca C. - B1509 Buyukaksoy Aligul - B0613 Cacciuttolo Quentin - B1404 Caliandro Priscilla - A1317, A1509 Call Ann - B0602 Cao Zhiqun - B0809 Capron Mickaël - B1508 Carlström Elis - A1115 Carpanese M. P. - B1224 Carru J.-C. - B0915 Cassidy Mark - A0905, A1102, B0905 Cassir Michel - B1404 Cavallaro Andrea - B0901 Ceschini S. - A0901 Chan Siew Hwa - A1122 Chandan Amrit - B1117, B1219 Chang Chia-Ming - B0808 Chang Horng-Yi - B0808 Charlas Benoit - B1107 Chater Richard J. - A1305 Chatroux André - B1304, B1307 Chatzichristodoulou Christodoulos - B1107 Chebbah Bouzid - A0914 Chen Chun-Da - A1225 Chen Min - B0312, B0804 Chen Ming - B0308, B0612, B1305 Chen Shaofei - A1201, B1514 Chen Xin-Bing - B1315

Chen Youpeng - A1227 Cheng Yung-Neng - A0302 Chiodo V. - A1204 Cho Do-Hyung - B1204 Cho Dong-Chun - B0502 Choe Yeong Ju - B0313 Choi Gyeong Man - A1508, B0912 Choi Indae - B1222 Choi Jong-Jin - A1502 Choi Joon-Hwan - A1502 Christiansen Niels - A0102, A1701, B1308 Chyrkin Anton - A1410 Cinti Giovanni - B0617 Cirera A. - A1114 Clare Andrew - A0605 Coltrini Claudia - A1112 Colvenaer Bert de - A0201 Comodi Gabriele - B1223 Concettoni Enrico - A1515 Congiu S. - B1224 Constantin Guillaume - B1211 Cooper Samuel J. - A1310 Coors W.G. - B0918 Coquoz Pierre - B0315, B1319 Cornu T. - A0901, A1509 Corps Nick - A1310 Corre Gaël - B1405 Costa Rémi - A1308, A1506, B0510, B0514, B0620, B0914, B1211 Couturier Karine - A1323, B1202, B1304 II - 2

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Cristensen Erik - B1318 Cui Guansen - B1115 Dalvit Anna - A1112 Daoudi Salim - A0914 Darr Jawwad - B0513 de Mello-Castanho Sonia R. H. - A1418 de Miranda Paulo Emílio V. - A1301 Deichmann Richard - A1211 Deja Robert - A1206 Dellai Alessandro - A1314 Delplancke Jean-Luc - A0201 Denonville C. - A1406 Denzler Roland - A0501 Desideri Umberto - B0617 Dessemond Laurent - B1211 Deutschmann Olaf - B1215 Develos-Bagarinao Katherine - B1204 Dhir Aman - A1219, A1223, A1226, A1507, B0303, B0913, B1207 Diarra David - A1216 Diethelm Stefan - A1317 Dietrich Ralph-Uwe - A1211, B1310 Dillig Marius - A1504 Domanski Tomasz - A0507 Domenicantonio Giulia Di - B0315 Donnier-Maréchal Thomas - B1304 Dörrer Lars - A1211, A1503 Dosch Christian - A1210 Doucek Aleš - B1411

II - 3

Dozio Simone - A0507 Drillet Jean-Francois - B0501 Druce John - A1303, B0603 Du Shangfeng - A1226, A1512 Dumaisnil K. - B0915 Dumeignil Franck - B1508 Dunin-Borkowski R.E. - A1302 Dutton Emma - A0802 Ebbesen Sune Dalgaard - B0607, B1301 Egger Andreas - B0509 Ehrich Heike - B1510 Eichel Rüdiger.-A. - B0606 Elesin Yuriy - B1102 Elias Daniel Ricco - B0517 Ender Moses - B0814 Endler-Schuck Cornelia - B0601, B0614 Eremeev Nikita - B0303 Eremin Vadim - B0622, B1214, B1217 Escudero María José - B1212 Espiell F. - A1312 Esposito Vincenzo - A1510 Evans Chris - A0507 Fähsing Diana - A1412 Faisal N. H. - A1119 Fang Qingping - A0906, A1410 Fang Wenhao - B1508 Fantozzi Francesco - B0617 Farlenkov Andrey - B0622, B1214, B1217 Faro M. Lo - B0515, B1509

Farrusseng David - A1514 Fasquelle D. - B0915 Feng Han - B0914 Fernandes Álvaro - A1218 Fernández-González R. - A1123 Ferrero Domenico - B1406 Fisher John G. - B0502 Flatt Robert J. - A1104, B1104 Flura A. - B0810 Föger Karl - A0503 Fonseca Luis - A1510 Fourcade S. - B0810, B0903 Franco Thomas - A0502, B1206 Frandsen Henrik Lund - B1101, B1107, B1109 Friedrich K. Andreas - A1212, A1215, A1403, B1410, B1505 Froitzheim Jan - A1405, B0508, B0511 Frontera P. - B1509 Fu Qingxi - A1323, B1215, B1308, B1405 Fuerte Araceli - B1212 Fujishiro Yoshinobu - A1505 Funahashi Takahiro - B0516 Gadea G. - A1511 Gaiselmann G. - B1104 Galetz Mathias C. - A1412 Gandiglio M. - A1207 Gao Zhan - B0602 Garbayo Iñigo - A1220, A1510, B1504 Geipel Christian - A0804, A1410

Geisler H. - A0904 Gerdes Kirk - B0801 Giuliano A. - B1224 Glauche Andreas - B1302 Gondolini Angela - B1211 Gonoi Yuki - B0807 Goosen M. F. A. - A1119 Gousseau Georges - B1307 Graule Thomas - B0615 Graves Christopher - B1203, B1301 Greco Fabio - A1417, B1101 Greisen Christoffer Graae - A1203 Grenier Jean-Claude - A1515, B0810, B0903 Greß C. - A1224 Grize Carolina - B1319 Grolig J.G. - B0508 Gruar Robert I. - B0513 Grüner Daniel - A1410 Gspan Christian - B0610 Guan Cheng-Zhi - B1315 Guan Wanbing - A0913 GUO Youmin - A1514 Haart Bert de - A0301, B0606 Hagen Anke - A0303, B1301 Hagerskans Jonas - A1203 Halinen Matias - A0907, A1306 Hamamoto Koichi - A1505 Hamje Jens - A1211, A1503 hamnabard Zohreh - A1117 th

11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

Han Feng - A1506, B0514 Han Minfang - A0106 Hansen John Bogild - A0102, A1701, B1501 Hansen T.W. - A1302 Hara Shotaro - A1124 Hardman Scott - A0208 Hari Bostjan - A1223 Harrington George F. - B0901 Harris Cassandra - B0907 Harrison Nicholas - B1114 Hartleif Peter-Kalle - A1212 Hashimoto Shin-ichi - B0807, B0904 Hassler Paul Siegfried - B1103 Hattendorf Heike - A1402 Hauch Anne - B0612 Hauler Felix - B0618 Hauth Martin - A1205 Hayd Jan - B0301, B0304, B0507 Haydn Markus - A0502, B1206 Hébert C. - A1302 Heddrich M. P. - A1224 Heel Andre - B0615 Hendriksen Peter Vang - B0308, A0902, B1101, B1305 Henke Moritz - A1212, A1215, B0618, B1410, B1505 herle Jan Van - A1302, A1317, A1417, A1509, B0604 Herrmann S. - A1204

Herzog Alexander - A0803 Hessler-Wyser A. - A1302 Heydari Fateme - A1117 Hill Stephen - A0605 Hjelm Johan - A0902, B1203 Hocker Thomas - A1104, A1403, B1104 Hoerlein M. - B1316 Hofer Ferdinand - B0610 Holstermann Gregor - A0803 Holtappels Peter - B0909, B1301 Holzer Lorenz - A1104, A1403, B0615, B1104 Honda Kuniaki - A1222 Honda Takeo - B1317 Hong Jongsup - B0504, B0803 Horiguchi Kazuya - B0521, B0811 Horiuchi Kenji - A0104 Hornes Aitor - B0620, B1211 Houaijia Anis - B1403 Hoven Ingo - A1206 Howe K.S. - A1507 Hsu Ning-Yih - A0302 Huang Cheng-Nan - A1225 Hughes Gareth - B0602 Hung Wen-Tang - A0302, A1225 Hung Ying-Chang - B0808 Hwang Chang-Sing - A0302 Hwang Hae Jin - A1316, B0313 Hwang Jae-Yeon - B1216 Hwang Jun Young - B0519 II - 4

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Hwang Kuk Jin - A1316 Ihringer Raphael - A0915, B0315, B1319 Ilea Crina S. - A0915 Ilhan Zeynep - A1308 Immisch Christoph - A1503 Iorio Stéphane Di - B1304, B1307 Ipcizade Erdem F. - B1112 Irvine John T.S. - A0905, A1102, B0302, B0902, B0905 Ishchenko Arkady - B0303 Ishihara Tatsumi - A1303, B0603 Ishimoto Takayoshi - A1222, B0621 Isomoto Tetsushi - A0912 Ivanov Vyacheslav - B0303 Ivers-Tiffée Ellen - A0904, A1101, A1307, B0301, B0304, B0507, B0614, B0601, B0814, B1201 Iwai Hiroshi - A0912, B1312 Iwanschitz Boris - A0501, A0905, A1403, B1104 Jahn M. - A1224 Jalowiecki-Duhamel Louise - B1508 Jamil Zadariana - A1110 Janssens Jean-Paul - B1506 Jaworski Zdzisław - A1322 Je Hae-June - A1414, B0504, B0803 Jeangros Q. - A1302 Jensen Søren H. - B1301 Jeong Seong Min - A1316 Jevulski J. - A1204

II - 5

Jiao Zhenjun - A1124, B1110, B1111 Jiménez N. - B1504 Jin Le - A0913 Jobic Hervé - B1508 Joos Jochen - B0614, B0814 Jørgensen Peter Stanley - B1109 Ju Young-Wan - B0603 Kaklidis Ν. - B0815 Kallo Josef - A1212, A1215, B1410, B1505 Kammampata Sanoop P. - B0613 Kang Kyungtae - B0519 Kang Sang Gyu - B1507 Karas Filip - B0612 Karl Jürgen - A1504 Kasilova Ekaterina - A1322 Katikaneni Sai P. - A1119, A1217 Kato Tohru - B1317 Kaupert Andreas - A1203 Kawada Tatsuya - B0807, B0904 Keller Isabelle - B1309 Kelsall Geoff - B1313 Kendall Kevin - A0606, B1221 Kendall M. - B1221 Kendall Michaela - A0606, B1118 Kennouche David - B0602 Keuter Thomas - B0910 Kiebach Wolff-Ragnar - B0308 Kikuchi Yasunori - A1222

Kilner John A. - A1303, A1305, A1310, B0518, B0603, B0802, B0901, B0911 Kim Byung-Kook - A1414, B0502, B0504, B0803 Kim Gye-Rok - B0502 Kim Haekyoung - B0917 Kim Hae-Ryung - B0504 Kim Hyo-Jin - A1414 Kim Hyoungchul - B0504, B0803 Kim Ji Woo - B1202 Kim Jung-Sik - B1222 Kim Kun Joong - A1508 Kim Sun Jae - A1508 Kim Sun-Dong - A1319 Kim Young-Hun - B0502 Kishimoto Haruo - B1204 Kishimoto Masashi - A1304, B1115 Kiviaho Jari - A0907, A1204, A1306, B1502 Kjølseth C. - B0918 Kleiminger Lisa - B1313 Kleinohl Nils - A0603, B1501 Klemm Denis - A0804 Klotz Dino - A1101, B0304, B0507, B1201 Köhler Klaus - B1318 Komatsu Yosuke - A0912 Koyama Michihisa - A1222, B0621 Kraleva Elka - B1510 Krieger Tamara - B0303 Kröll Léonard - B0606

Kromp Alexander - A0904, B0601 Kunkis Markus - A0604 Küpper Stefan - A1206 Kurumchin Edkhem - B0622, B1217, B1214 Kusnezoff Mihails - A1205, A1404, A1409 Kwok Kawai - B1107, B1109 Kyriakou V. - B0815 Laguna-Bercero M. A. - A1109, A1312, A1411, B0813, B1314 Lair Virginie - B1404 Lang Michael - A1323, B0618 Lankin Mike - A0605 Lanzini Andrea - A1207, A1214, B0608, B1406, B1407 Larrañaga A. - A1109, A1411 Larrea A. - A1312, B0813 Larring Y. - A1406 Larsson Per‑ Olof - A1406, A1515 Laucournet Richard - A1515 Laurencin Jerome - B1307 Lawlor Vincent - B1103 Leah Robert - A0605, A0911 Lee Hae-Weon - B0504 Lee Hae-Won - A1414 Lee Jong-Ho - A1414, B0502, B0504, B0803, B1216 Lee Jong-Sook - A1319, B0502, B1216 Lee Kanghun - B1507 Lee Kyoung Jin - B0313 th

11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

Lee Maw-Chwain - A0302 Lee Ruey-yi - A0302, A1225 Lee Sangho - A1217 Lee Shiwoo - B0801 Lee Tae Jin - B1512 Lefebvre Jonathan - B1402 Lefebvre-Joud Florence - A1309, B1304, B1202 Leites Keno - A0603 Leithner Reinhard - A1201, A1211, B1514 Lenormand Pascal - B0503 Leone Pierluigi - B1401, B1406, B1407, B1408 Li C - B0512 Li Kang - A1103, B1313 Li Meiling - A1116 Li Tao - A1103, A1310, B1313 Lim Tak-Hyoung - A1228 Lim Ye Sol - B0313 Lin Chia-Hsin - B0808 Lin Ching-Han - A1225 Lin Guangyong - A0802 Lin Hsun-Yu - A1225 Lin Li-Fu - A0302 Linder Markus - A1403 Lindermeir Andreas - A1211, A1503, B1310 Liu Qinglin - A1122 Liu Xingbo - B0801 Llorca J. - B1504

Lo Shih-Kun - A1225 Lomberg Marina - A1304 López-Robledo M. J. - B0813 Lu Lanying - B0905 Lucka Klaus - B1501 Ludwig Christian - B0604 Lundberg Mats W - A1401 Lv Zhe - B0809 Ma Jianjun - B1216 MacHado Marina - A1102 Madi Hossein - B0604 Madsen Mads Find - B1102 Maghsoudipour Amir - A1117 Maheshwari Arpit - B0618 Mai Andreas - A0501, A0905, A1403 Maillard John Geoffrey - B1117, B1207, B1219 Majewski Artur J - B1511 Makradi A. - A1123 Malzbender Jürgen - A0301, A1413 Marnellos G.E. - B0815 Marra Dario - A1320 Martinelli Sibylla - A0209 Martynczuk Julia - A1104 Maschio Roberto Dal - A1112 Mascot M. - B0915 Matthews Carl - A0605 Mauer Georg - B0910 Mauvy F. - B0520 Mayer Simon - B1318 II - 6

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McComb David W. - B0901 McDonalds Nikkia - B0303, B0913, B1219 McIntyre Melissa D. - B1205 McNichol Alexander - A0507, A0911 McPhail Stephen - A1323, B1213, B1223, B1513 Meadowcroft Antony - A1223, A1507, B1221 Medley-Hallam John - B0513 Megel Stefan - A1205, A1210 Mellander Bengt-Erik - A1115 Mello-Castanho Sonia - B0522 Mennella Antonio - A1320 Menon Vikram - B1215 Menzler Norbert H. - A0301, A1101, B0507, B0910, B1206 Mercadelli Elisa - B1211, B1224 Mertens Josef - B0303, B1220 Messner Andreas - B0814 Meucci L. - A1204 Miao Jipeng - B0809 Michaelis Alexander - A0602, A1404, A1409 Mieda Hiroyuki - B0516 Miller Elizabeth - B0602 Mineshige Atsushi - B0516 Misso Agatha Matos - B0517 Modarresi Hassan - B1501 Modena Stefano - A0901, A1214

II - 7

Mogensen Mogens Bjerg - B0607, B1209, B1301, B1305, B1407 Mohanram Aravind - A0802 Molero-Sanchez Beatriz - B0312, B0804 Molin Malgorzata - B1101 Molina T. - A1123 Momma Akihiko - B1317 Monnerie Nathalie - B1403 Montero Xabier - A1412 Montinaro Dario - A0901, A1112, A1314, A1501, B1213, B1223, B1308, A1515 Monzón H. - B0813, B1314 Morales M. - A1114, A1312 Morán-Ruiz A. - A1109, A1411 Morata Alex - A1220, A1510, A1511, B0311, B0518, B0911, B1221, B1504 Morel B. - B1303, A1309 Mori Ryohei - B0516 Mosbæk R. R. - A0902 Mougin Julie - A1406, A1515, B0810, B1307 Moutte A. - B1303 Mukerjee Subhasish - A0605, A0911 Muñoz Carlos Boigues - B1213, B1223, B1513 Nagata Susumu - B1317 Nagato Keisuke - B0304 Nairn Julie - A1102 Nakajo Arata - A1317, A1417, A1509 Nakamura Sho - B1317

Nakamura Takashi - B0807 Nakao Masayuki - B0304 Näke R. - A1224 Narendar Yeshwanth - A0802 Navarrete Laura - B0309 Navasa Maria - B0625 Neagu Dragos - B0902 Negishi Akira - B1317 Nehter Pedro - A0603, B1501 Neidhardt Jonathan P. - B0609 Neofytidis C. - B0623 Neophytides S. G. - B0616 Nerlich Volker - A0501 Neumann M. - B1104 Nguyen Dieu - B0502 Ni Chengsheng - A1102, B0905 Ni De Wei - B1101 Ni Meng - A1116 Niakolas Dimitris - B0616, B0623 Niania Mathew - A1305 Nicholls Don - A0507 Nicolella Cristiano - B1220 Nicollet C. - B0810 Nielsen E. R. - A1323 Nielsen Jens Ulrik - B1306 Niewolak Leszek - A1402 Nikiforov Aleksey - B1318 Nishi Mina - B1204 Niubó M. - A1114

Noh Ho-Sung - B1216 Noponen Matti - A0807 Norby T. - B0918 Norheim Arnstein - A1208 Nowak Remigiusz - A0912 Núñez P. - A1123 Nur Taufiq Bin - A1222 Oberholzer Stefan - A0103 Oberland Alexander - A1211 Oelze Jana - B1310 Offer Greg - B1114 Ohi Akihiro - A1124 Ohlupin Yurii - B0303 Ohmori Hiroko - B1312 Orera V. M. - A1312, B0813, B1314 Ortigoza Gustavo - B0608 Osinkin Denis - A1120 Pacek Andrzej - A1213 Padilla J.A. - A1114 Panizza M. - B1224 Papurello Davide - A1214, B0608 Parco M. - B0520 Park Byung Hyun - B0912 Park Dong-Soo - A1502 Park No-Kuk - B1512 Park Young Min - B0917 Parkes Michael - B1114 Patterson Zachary - A0802 Paul Sébastien - B1508 th

11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

Paulson Scott - B0312, B0804 Payne Richard - A0503 Pećanac Goran - A1413 Pecho Omar - A1104, B1104 Pedersen A. - B1407 Pedersen Claus Flemming Friis - B1306 Peksen Murat - A0903 Pelipenko Vladimir - B0303 Peng Suping - A0106 Pennanen Jari - A0907, A1306 Pérez-Coll D. - B0802 Perrozzi Francesco - A1415, A1416, B0514, B0914 Pers P. - B0520 Perz Martin - B0610 Peterhans Stefan - A1221 Peters Roland - A0903, A0906, A1206 Petersen Thomas Karl - B1102 Petipas Floriane - B1412 Petit Julien - B1307 Petitjean Marie - B1307 Petrushina Irina - B1318 Pfeifer Thomas - A1210 Pianese Cesare - A1320 Pianko-Oprych Paulina - A1322 Piccardo Paolo - B0514, B0914, A1415, A1416 Pierce Robin - A0605 Pietras John - A0802 Pinasco P. - B1224

Pirez Cyril - B1508 Pla Dolors - A1220, A1510, A1511, B1504 Pohjoranta Antti - A0907, A1306 Poizeau Sophie - A0802 Polonara Fabio - B1213, B1513 Pönicke Andreas - A0602, A1409 Porotnikova Natalia - B0622, B1214, B1217 Porras-Vázquez J. M. - A1109 Porras-Vazquez J.M. - A1411 Posdziech Oliver - A0604 Poulsen Jonas Lundsted - A0601 Pour Arvin Mossadegh - A1219, B1117, B1219 Pramana S - B0512 Prestat Michel - A1104 Presto Sabrina - A1416, B0514, B0914 Pruggmayer Michael - A0604 Pu Domenico Borello Jian - B1513 Qi Chunming - A0802 Quadakkers Willem Joseph - A1402, A1410 R. Moreno - A1123 Rado Cyril - B1202 Railsback Justin - B0602 Ramirez Y. A. - B1224 Randall Julian - A0209 Rastler Dan - A1601 Ravagni Alberto V. - A0504

II - 8

www.EFCF.com

Rechberger Jürgen - A1203, A1205, B1103 Rees Lee - A0605, A0911 Refson Keith - B1114 Reichelt E. - A1224 Reis R. M. - B0515 Reis Signo Tadeu dos - A1418, A1419, B0522 Remmel Josef - A0301 Repetto Claudia - A1308 Retailleau-Mevel Laurence - B0623 Reuber Sebastian - A0602 Reytier Magali - B1303, B1307 Ringuedé Armelle - B1404 Robinson S. - B0918 Rocabado David Samuel Rivera - B0621 Rodrigues Vanessa Galvao - B0517 Rodriguez-Martinez Lide M. - A1515 Roeb Martin - B1403 Roehrens D. - B1206 Rogov Vladimir - B0303 Rolle A. - B0915 Rost Axel - A1404 Rougier Aline - B0810, B0903 Rozier Patrick - B0503 Ruiz Jesus - B1319 Ruiz-Trejo Enrique - A1110, A1304, B0307, B0513, B0916 Sabaté Neus - A1220, A1510, B1504 Sachitanand Rakshith - B0511

II - 9

Sadovskaya Ekaterina - B0303 Sadykov Vladislav - B0303 Saglietti G. G. A. - B0515 Saito Motohiro - A0912 Salanov Aleksei - B0303 Salleras M. - A1220, B1504 Salvati F. - B1407 Sanna Simone - A1510 Sanson Alessandra - B1211, B1224 Santarelli Massimo - A1204, A1207, A1214, B0608, B1406 Sapountzi Foteini - B0623 Saranya A.M. - B0518, B0911 Sarikaya Ayhan - A0802 Sarruf Bernardo J. M. - A1301 Sasaki Kazunari - A0304 Satardekar Pradnyesh - A1501 Sato Hiroki - B0807 Sato Kazuyoshi - A1111, B0521, B0811 Sattler Jan Säck Christian - B1403 Scarpino L. - B1509 Schafbauer Wolfgang - A0502, B1206 Schefold Josef - B1302, B1405 Schiller Guenter - B1316 Schilm Jochen - A1404, A1409 Schimanke Danilo - A0804 Schloß Jörg vom - B1501 Schlupp Meike V. F. - B0615, B1202 Schmidt Martin - A0507

Schmitz Rolf - A0103 Schnegelberger Christian - A1212, A1215, B1505 Scholz Matthias - A1210 Schröter Falk - B1503 Schuhmann Wolfgang - A1209 Schuler Alexander - A0501 Schuler J. Andreas - A0501, A1403 Schütze Michael - A1412 Schwartz Matthieu - A1419 Sebold D. - B1206 Segarra M. - A1114, A1312 Selby Mark - A0507, A0605, A0911 Selcuk Ahmet - A0605 Semerad Robert - A1506 Seong Yeon Baek - B1512 Serra Jose M. - B0309 Sglavo Vincenzo M. - A1501 Shearing Paul R. - A1310 Shemet Vladimir - A1410 Shen Geoffrey Q.P. - A1116 Sheu Ching-Iuan - B0808 Shimura Takaaki - A1124, B1111 Shin Eui-Chol - A1319, B0502, B1216 Shindo Taiki - B0904 Shmakov Aleksandr - B0303 Sigl L.S. - A0502 Silva Fernando Santos - B0517 Silva J. - B0813

Silva Maviael Jose - A1418, B0522 Silvestri Silvia - A1214 Sindiraç Can - B0812 Singh Rahul - A1204, B0608 Sitte Werner - B0509, B0610 Skinner Stephen J. - A1305, B0512, B0802, B0901, B0907 Slater P. R. - A1109, A1411 Smolnikar Matej - B1103 Solimeo M. - B1401, B1408 Solís Cecilia - B0309 Sommerfeld Arne - A0803 Son Ji-Won - A1414, B0504, B1216 Sorrentino Marco - A1320 Souentie S. - A1119 Souza Camille De - A1314 Soydan Ali Murat - A1513, B1112, B1118 Spirig Michael - A0101, A1702, A1704, A1705 Spotorno Roberto - A1308, A1415, A1416, B0514, B0914 Stange Marit - A1406, A1515 Stefan Elena - A0905, B0302 Stehlík Karin - B1411 Steilen Mike - A1212, A1215, B1505 Steinberger-Wilckens Robert - A1213, A1219, A1223, A1226, A1507, A1512, B0303, B0913, B1117, B1207, B1219 Steinmann Walter - A0103 Stenger Sebastian - A1211, B1514 th

11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

Stiernstedt Johanna - A1115 Stolten Detlef - A0903, A0906, A1206 Strohbach Thomas - A0804 Su Wenhui - B0809 Suffner Jens - A1404 Sui Yu - B0809 Sumi Hirofumi - A1505 Sun Xiufu - B1301, B1305 Sundén Bengt - B0314, B0625 Suzuki Toshio - A1505 Svensson Jan-Erik - A1405, B0508, B0511 Syvertsen-Wiig Guttorm - B0620 Szász J. - A1101, B0507, B0601 Szepanski Christian - A1211, A1503 Szmyd Janusz S. - A0912 Tade Moses O. - B1218 Taillades G. - B0520 Tallobre L. - A1309 Tamenori Yusuke - B0807 Tan Hsueh-I - A1225 Tanaka Yohei - B1317 Tao Youkun - B0607 Tarancón Albert - A1220, A1510, A1511, B0311, B0518, B0911, B1221, B1504 Tariq Farid - A1310, B1115 Tellez Helena - A1303, B0603 Thattai Aditya Thallam - A1202 Thomey Dennis - B1403 Ticianelli E. A. - B0515 Tiedemann Wilfried - A1206

Tietz F. - B1316 Tighe Chris - B0513 Tognana Lorenzo - A1214 Torchietto Martina - B0620 Torrell M. - B0311, B1221 Tsai Tsang-I - A1226, A1512 Tsotridis G. - A1323 Tsou Ying - A1225 Tymoczko Jakub - A1209 Ulikhin Artem - B0303 Ulleberg Øystein - A1208 Uvarov Nikolai - B0303 Valente Simone - A1415 Valenzuela Rita X. - B1212 Valmalette Jean-Christophe - A1111 Vannier R.-N. - B0915 Vaßen Robert - B0910 Vega L. - A1204 Venâncio Selma A. - A1301 Venkataraman Vikrant - A1213 Venskutonis Andreas - A0502 Verbraeken Maarten C. - A0905 Vernoux Philippe - B0623 Vibhu Vaibhav - B0810, B0903 Vidal K. - A1109, A1411 Vijay Periasamy - B1218 "Vik Arild - A1208" Vinke Ico - B0606 II - 10

www.EFCF.com

II - 11

Vinke Izaak C. - B0303 Vinokurov Zakhar - B0303 Viviani Massimo - A1415, A1416, B0514, B0914 Vogt Ulrich - B0615, B1202 Vondahlen Frank - B0910 Vos Yves De - B1506 Vulliet Julien - B1404 Wachsman Eric D. - A0701 Wærnhus Ivar - A0915, A1208 Wagner J.B. - A1302 Waldhäusl Jörg - B0610 Walker Robert A. - B1205 Wang Chun-Hsiu - A1225 Wang Fangfang - B1204 Wang Jian-Qiang - B1315 Wang Wei Guo - A0913 Wang Yao-Ming - B0808 Wang Zhongliang Zhan Shaorong - A1227 Watanabe Satoshi - B0904 Watton James - B0303, B0913 Weber André - A0904, A1307, B0601, B0614, B0814, B1201 Wei Jianping - A1413 Weineisen Henrik - A0601

Weissen Ueli - A0905 Wessel Egbert - A1402 Westlinder Jörgen - A1401 White Briggs M. - A0105, B0801 Willich Caroline - A1212, A1215, B1410, B1505 Windisch Hannes Falk - A1405 Wonsyld Karen - B1306 Woo Sang-Kuk - A1319 Wood Joseph - B1511 Woudstra Theo - A1202, A1218 Wu Wei - A0913 Wu Zhentao - A1103 Wuillemin Z. - A0901 Wunderlich Christian - A0602, A1210 Xiao Guo-Ping - B1315 Xuriguera E. - A1114 Yaji Sumant Gopal - A1216 Yakal-Kremski Kyle - B0602 Yamagata Chieko - B0517 Yamaguchi Toshiaki - A1505 Yamaji Katsuhiko - B1204 Yang Chenghao - B0906 Yáng Zhèn - A1104 Yashiro Keiji - B0807, B0904

Yazawa Tetsuo - B0516 Ye Xiaofeng - A1227 Yokokawa Harumi - B0605, B0624 Yoon Kyung-Joong - A1414, B0504, B0803 Yoon Mi Young - A1316 Yoshida Hideo - A0912 Yoshioka Hideki - B0516 Yu Ji-Haeng - A1319, B0502 Yu Jingwen - B0513 Yu Jun Ho - B0519 Yuan Jinliang - B0625 Yufit Vladimir - A1310 Yurkiv Vitaliy - A1308, B0609, B1211 Zandi Morteza - A0802 Zhai Huijuan - A0913 Zhang Weiwei - B0308 Zhou Juan - A1122 Zhou Yuning - B0916 Zhu Bin - A1512 Zhuravlev Viktor - A1120 Zietak Adam - B0618 Züttel Andreas - B1202

Become again an Author: 5 European PEFC and H2 Forum 2015 30 June - 3 July 12th European SOFC and SOE Forum 2016 5 July - 8 July th

List of Participants Registered until 16 June 2014

Addo Paul Chemistry University of Calgary 403 Jackson Place NW T3B 2V3 Calgary

CANADA +14039905308 [email protected]

Akira Nagatomi DOWA HD Europe GmbH Ostendstrasse 196 90482 Nürnberg

GERMANY [email protected]

11th EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014 1 - 4 July 2013 Kultur- und Kongresszentrum Luzern (KKL) Lucerne/Switzerland

Alvarino David

Atanasiu Mirela

HTceramix-SOFCpower 26, av des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains

Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking Avenue de la Toison d'Or 56-60 1060 Brussels

SWITZERLAND

BELGIUM

+41 24 426 10 85 [email protected]

Andersson Martin Dr. Dept. Energy Sciences Lund University P.O. Box 118 22100 Lund

SWEDEN

[email protected]

Anghilante Régis

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi 305-8565 Tsukuba

JAPAN +81 29 861 5721 [email protected]

Atkinson Alan Prof. Imperial College London Department of Materials SW7 2AZ London

UNITED KINGDOM [email protected]

+46709681880 [email protected]

Alberani Marco

Bagarinao Katherine Dr.

Baldinelli Arianna Dipartimento di Ingegneria Università degli Studi di Perugia Via Duranti 93 06125 Perugia

ITALY +393203079629 [email protected]

Au Siu Fai

Barnett Scott Prof.

SOFCpower Viale Trento, 115/122 338017 Mezzolombardo

EIFER Emmy Noether Straße 11 76131 Kalrsruhe

HTceramix-SOFCpower 26, av des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains

Northwestern University Materials Science Department 60208 Evanston

ITALY

GERMANY

SWITZERLAND

UNITED STATES

.+39 0461 1755068 [email protected]

Alexander Headley

+4972161051415 [email protected]

Arai Manami Dr.

University of Texas at Austin 1616 Hueco Mountain Trl 78664 Round Rock, TX

Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho 3768515 Kiryu

UNITED STATES

JAPAN

[email protected]

[email protected]

+41 24 426 10 82 [email protected]

Auer Corinna

CIRIMAT 118, Route de Narbonne 31062 cedex 09 Toulouse

FRANCE [email protected]

Assi Amin Dr.

Materials Engineering Bloomenergy 1299 Orleans Drive 94089 Sunnyvale

GERMANY

UNITED STATES

th

Bae Minseok

Power Business Development Medintrade Inc. Embassies Street, Mattar 707 Bldg. 2831-4407 Beirut

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering KAIST 212 Byul-dong, ME bldg. KAIST, Yuseong-gu 305701 Daejeon

LEBANON

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

+9613399900 [email protected]

11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

Batawi Emad Dr.

ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart +49 711/6862 481 [email protected]

Al-kattan Dalya Dr.

[email protected]

+82 42 350 3085 [email protected]

+16505750553 [email protected]

Bemelmans Christel Hazen Research, Inc 4601 Indiana Street 80403 Golden

UNITED STATES +1 303 2794501 [email protected]

II - 12

www.EFCF.com Beretta Davide Dr. Edison Spa Foro Bonaparte 31 20121 Milan

ITALY [email protected]

II - 13 Bin Nur Taufiq Department of Hydrogen Energy Systems, Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku 819-0395 Fukuoka city

JAPAN +81928026969 [email protected]

Bertei Antonio Dr. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale Università di Pisa Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2 56126 Pisa

ITALY +39502217814 [email protected]

Bertoldi Massimo

Bini Ruggero SOFCpower Viale Trento, 115/120 338017 Mezzolombardo

ITALY .+39 0461 1755068 [email protected]

Birss Viola

Bone Adam

Brandenberg Jörg Dr.

Cell & Stack Development Ceres Power Viking House RH13 5PX Horsham

Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm Johnen Str. 52425 Jülich

UNITED KINGDOM

[email protected]

GERMANY

+44 1403 273463 [email protected]

Bongiorno Valeria

Brandner Marco Dr.

Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Università degli Studi di Genova via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genoa

Innovation Services Plansee SE Metallwerk-Plansee-Str. 71 6600 Reutte

ITALY

AUSTRIA

[email protected]

Borglum Brian Dr.

+43 5672 600 2959 [email protected]

Brandon Nigel Prof.

SOFCpower Viale Trento, 115/117 338017 Mezzolombardo

University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW T2N 1N4 Calgary

Versa Power Systems Ltd. 4852 - 52 Street SE T2B 3R2 Calgary

Imperial College London Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London

ITALY

CANADA

CANADA

UNITED KINGDOM

.+39 0461 1755068 [email protected]

Betz Thomas CeramTec GmbH CeramTec-Weg 1 95615 Marktredwitz

GERMANY [email protected]

[email protected]

Blum Ludger Prof.

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne

SWITZERLAND [email protected]

Bosch Timo

IEK-3 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen Straße 52428 Jülich

Advanced Engineering Electrochemical Systems Robert Bosch GmbH Postfach 30 02 40 70049 Stuttgart

GERMANY

GERMANY

[email protected]

Bianco Manuel

+14032046110 [email protected]

Boigues Muñoz Carlos Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Scienze Matematiche Università Politecnica delle Marche Via Brecce Bianche, Polo Montedago 60131 Ancona

ITALY

+442075945704 [email protected]

Breuers Frank Fernuniversität Hagen Luisenstr. 53 40125 Düsseldorf

GERMANY [email protected]

[email protected]

Bossel Ulf Dr.

Brisse Annabelle Dr.

Almus AG Morgenacherstrasse 2F 5453 Oberrohrdorf

EIFER Emmy-Noether-Strasse 11 76131 Karlsruhe

SWITZERLAND

GERMANY

[email protected]

+4972161051317 [email protected]

[email protected]

Bienert Christian Dipl.-Ing.

Boltze Matthias Dr.

Plansee SE Metallwerk Plansee Str. 71 6600 Reutte

new enerday GmbH Lindenstraße 45 17033 Neubrandenburg

AUSTRIA

GERMANY

[email protected]

+4939537999202 [email protected]

Botta Giulia

Brus Grzegorz Dr.

Process&Energy TUDELFT leeghwaterstraat 44 2628 AC Delft

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku 615-8540 Kyoto

NETHERLANDS

JAPAN

+31619086320 [email protected]

[email protected]

Bucheli Olivier European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil

SWITZERLAND +41 44 586 5644 [email protected]

Bucher Edith Dr.

Carpanese M. Paola Dr. DICCA University of Genoa Piazzale J. F. Kennedy 1 16129 Genoa

ITALY +390103536020 [email protected]

Cassidy Mark Dr

Chen Shaofei TLK Thermo GmbH Hans-Sommer-Str. 5 38106 Braunschweig

GERMANY +4915115167666 [email protected]

Chen Shuoshuo

Chair of Physical Chemistry Montanuniversität Leoben Franz-Josef-Straße 18 8700 Leoben

School of Chemistry University of St Andrews Purdie Building KY16 9ST St Andrews

Chaozhou Three-Circle (Group) Co.,LTD. Sanhuan Industrial District, Fengtang, Chaozhou, Guangdong 515646 Chaozhou

AUSTRIA

UNITED KINGDOM

CHINA

[email protected]

Burnat Dariusz Dr. Hydrogen and Energy EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Uberlandstrasse 129 8600 Dubendorf

SWITZERLAND +41587656173 [email protected]

Buyukaksoy Aligul University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW T2N 1N4 Calgary

CANADA [email protected]

+441334463817 [email protected]

Chandan Amrit

Cooley Nathan fuelcellmaterials.com/ A Division of NexTech Materials 404 Enterprise Drive OH 43035 Lewis Center

UNITED STATES [email protected]

Cornu Thierry Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne

SWITZERLAND [email protected]

+86 768 6859252 [email protected]

Choi Gyeong Man Prof.

Costa Rémi Dr.

School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham

Materials Science & Engineering POSTECH 77 Cheongam-Ro. Nam-Gu 790-784 Pohang

ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart

UNITED KINGDOM

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

GERMANY

+441214147044 [email protected]

Chang Horng-Yi Prof. Department of Marine Engineering National Taiwan Ocean University 2 Pei-Ning Road 20224 Keelung

TAIWAN

[email protected]

Christiansen Niels

+49 711/6862 733 [email protected]

Crina Silvia Ilea Dr.

Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby

Prototech AS Fantoftveien 38 5072 Bergen

DENMARK

NORWAY

[email protected]

[email protected]

+886 2 24622192 [email protected]

Cacciuttolo Quentin CNRS-IRCP 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris

FRANCE +33671183747 [email protected]

Caliandro Priscilla Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne

SWITZERLAND +41 21 6933517 [email protected]

th

Charlas Benoit Dr.

Chun Sonya

Energy conversion and storage Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde

Europe Office C & I Tech Untermosenstrasse 52 8820 Waedenswil

DENMARK

SWITZERLAND

+45 21179547 [email protected]

Chen Ming Dr. Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde

DENMARK +45 46775757 [email protected]

11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

+41787360055 [email protected]

Cirjak Larry Catacel Corp. 785 North Freedom St. OH 44266 Ravenna

UNITED STATES [email protected]

Dalvit Anna SOFCpower Viale Trento, 115/123 338017 Mezzolombardo

ITALY .+39 0461 1755068 [email protected]

Danø Sune Dr. R&D Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S Nymøllevej 66 2800 Kgs. Lyngby

DENMARK +45 2223 8117 [email protected]

II - 14

www.EFCF.com Daoudi Salim Dr.

II - 15 Disch Clemens

Ekdahl Ron

University Ain Tassera - BBA34037 Ain Tassera

Werner Mathis AG Rütisbergstrasse 3 8156 Oberhasli

Praxair Specialty Ceramics 16130 Wood Red Road WA 98072 Woodinville

ALGERIA

SWITZERLAND

UNITED STATES

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Fang Qingping Dr. IEK-3 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich

GERMANY +49 2461 611573 [email protected]

de Haart L.G.J. Dr.

Drillet Jean-Francois Dr.

Elesin Yuriy

Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm Johnen Str 52425 Jülich

DECHEMA Forschungsinstitut Theodor-Heuss Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main

Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby

GERMANY

GERMANY

DENMARK

[email protected]

de Vos Yves Bosal Netherlands Kamerlingh Onnesweg 5 4131 PK Vianen

NETHERLANDS [email protected]

+49697564476 [email protected]

Duhn Jakob Dragsbæk

DENMARK

GERMANY

Ebbesen Sune Dr. Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark RISØ campus 4000 Roskilde

UNITED KINGDOM

DENMARK

[email protected]

Diethelm Stefan HTceramix-SOFCpower 26, av des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains

SWITZERLAND +41 24 426 10 84 [email protected]

Dillig Marius Insitute of Energy Process Engineering Friedrich-Alexander-Universität ErlangenNürnberg Fürther Strasse 244f 90429 Nürnberg

GERMANY [email protected]

Endler-Schuck Cornelia Dr.-Ing. Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe

School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham

Chair of Physical Chemistry Montanuniversität Leoben Franz-Josef-Strasse 18 8700 Leoben

AUSTRIA

Ernst Johannes Dr.

Micro Process Engineering Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock

GERMANY [email protected]

Flejszar Aneta Auer Lighting GmbH Hildesheimer Str. 35 37581 Bad Gandersheim

GERMANY [email protected]

Föger Karl Dr.

CeramTec GmbH CeramTec-Weg 1 95615 Marktredwitz

Ceramic Fuel Cells Group Boos Fremery Strasse 62 52525 Heinsberg

GERMANY

GERMANY

[email protected]

Faisal Nadimul Dr.

+49 151 61311491 [email protected]

Fontell Erkko

Robert Gordon University School of Engineering AB10 6PX Aberdeen

Convion Tekniikantie 12 02150 Espoo

UNITED KINGDOM

FINLAND

[email protected]

+4338424024814 [email protected]

Ehrich Heike Dr.

LUXEMBOURG

+49 721 608-48148 [email protected]

+45 21326505 [email protected]

Egger Andreas Dr.

AMS CRP Henri Tudor 29 avenue John F. Kennedy 1855 Luxembourg +3524259911 [email protected]

New Business, R&D Haldor Topsøe A/S Nymøllevej 55 2800 Kgs. Lyngby +45 25529471 [email protected]

Dhir Aman Dr.

[email protected]

Fernandez Gonzalez Ricardo

Falk Windisch Hannes

+358407544389 [email protected]

Forrer Kora

Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 41296 Göteborg

European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil

SWEDEN

SWITZERLAND

[email protected]

[email protected]

Fovanna Thibault

Fu Qingxi Dr.

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne

EIFER Emmy-Noether-Strasse 11 76131 Karlsruhe

SWITZERLAND

GERMANY

[email protected]

[email protected]

Girardon Pauline Dr. Stainless APERAM Rue Roger Salengro 62330 Isbergues

FRANCE

Gutzon Larsen Jorgen Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby

DENMARK [email protected]

+33 3 21 63 57 48 [email protected]

Frandsen Henrik Lund Dr. Department of Energy Storage and Conversion Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde

DENMARK

Fuchs Franz-Martin

Glauche Andreas

Hagen Anke Prof.

KERAFOL GmbH Stegenthumbach 4-6 92676 Eschenbach i.d.Opf.

KERAFOL GmbH Stegenthumbach 4-6 92676 Eschenbach i.d.Opf.

DTU Energy Conversion Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde

GERMANY

GERMANY

DENMARK

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

+4522902837 [email protected]

Friede Wolfgang Dr.

Geisler Helge Dipl.-Ing.

TT-WB/PJ-FCS1 Bosch Thermotechnik GmbH Junkersstr. 20-24 73249 Wernau

Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe

GERMANY

GERMANY

[email protected]

Fritsche Martin

Greco Fabio

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland PO Box 1000 02044 VTT Espoo

SWITZERLAND

FINLAND

[email protected]

+49 721 608-41732 [email protected]

Geisser-Spirig Gabriela

Grolig Jan Gustav

FuelCon AG Steinfeldstr. 1 39179 Magdeburg-Barleben

European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil

Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 41296 Göteborg

GERMANY

SWITZERLAND

SWEDEN

[email protected]

[email protected]

Halinen Matias

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne

[email protected]

+358 20 7226590 [email protected]

Han Feng Dr. ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart

GERMANY +49 711/6862 8047 [email protected]

Froitzheim Jan Dr.

Ghosh Dave

Guansen Cui

Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 41296 Göteborg

Samics Research Materials Pvt. Ltd. 145 Karolan 243001 Bareilly

Imperial College London exhibition road SW7 2AZ London

SWEDEN

INDIA

UNITED KINGDOM

[email protected]

[email protected]

Han Min Fang Prof. China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing Ding 11, Xueyuan Road 100083 Beijing

CHINA [email protected]

Frömmel Andreas FuelCell Energy Solution GmbH Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden

GERMANY [email protected]

Ghyselen Bruno Dr. R&D corporate SOITEC parc technologique des fontaines 38190 Bernin

FRANCE

Guerrero Cervera Tamara

Hansen Hakon Juel

Abengoa Hidrógeno c/ Energía Solar nº 1 41014 Sevilla

Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S Nymoellevej 66 2800 Kgs. Lyngby

SPAIN

DENMARK

[email protected]

[email protected]

+33 6 75 60 64 79 [email protected]

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11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

II - 16

www.EFCF.com Hardman Scott Fuel Cells DTC University of Birmingham University of Birmingham B15 2TT Edgbaston

UNITED KINGDOM

II - 17 Heinke Hartmut Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH Heisinger Strasse 8/10 87437 Kempten

GERMANY [email protected]

[email protected]

Hari Bostjan Dr.

Henke Moritz ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart

UNITED KINGDOM

GERMANY

Hauch Anne Dr.

+49 711/6862 795 [email protected]

Herzhof Werner

Dept. of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde

IEK-1 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich

DENMARK

GERMANY

+4521362836 [email protected]

Hayd Jan Dr.-Ing. Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe

GERMANY +49 721 608-47573 [email protected]

Hazen Nick Hazen Research, Inc. 4601 Indiana Street 80403 Golden

UNITED STATES +1303 2794501 [email protected]

Heddrich Marc Dr. ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart

GERMANY +49 711/6862 8184 [email protected]

Institute of Solar Research German Aerospace Center (DLR) Linder Hoehe 1 51147 Koeln

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

GERMANY

Hoppstock Klaus

FCO Power Inc. 2-22-8 Chikusa Chikusa-ku 464-0858 Nagoya

JAPAN +81 90 4768 3587 [email protected]

Holtappels Peter Prof.

GERMANY

UNITED KINGDOM

0049-2461/61-3296 [email protected]

Horiguchi Kazuya Dr. Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho 3768515 Kiryu

JAPAN [email protected]

Horiuchi Kenji New Energy Dept. NEDO 18F Muza Kawasaki 212-8554 Kawasaki

JAPAN

Hörlein Michael

GERMANY

SWITZERLAND [email protected]

Hwang Hae Jin Prof. Division of Materials Science and Engineering Inha University 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu 402-751 Incheon

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

Ihringer Raphael Fiaxell Sàrl Avenue Aloys Fauquez 31 1018 Lausanne

SWITZERLAND [email protected]

+81445205261 [email protected]

DENMARK

Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW ICP Institute of Computational Physics 8400 Winterthur

[email protected]

+82 32 860 7521 [email protected]

ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart

Holzer Lorenz Dr.

Hoyes John FLEXITALLIC Scandinavia Mill, Hunsworth Lane BD19 4LN Cleckheaton

DTU Energy Conversion Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde +45 4677 5620 [email protected]

+49 2203 601 3999 [email protected]

Forschungszentrum Jülich Wilhelm-Johnen Straße, Jülich 52428 Jülich

[email protected]

Hibino Tomohiko

Houaijia Anis

High temperature energy materials research center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, L7136 136-791 Seoul [email protected]

School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham [email protected]

Hong Jongsup Dr.

Ikeda Hiroya DOWA HD Europe GmbH Ostendstrasse 196 90482 Nürnberg

GERMANY [email protected]

+49 711/6862 279 [email protected]

Hornes Martinez Aitor Dr.

Ikponwonsa Ose

ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart

Marketing Benitol Expectant Rising Ent Suite 200 0234 Lagos

GERMANY

NIGERIA

+49 711/6862 8116 [email protected]

+2347040045026 [email protected]

Irvine John Prof. School of Chemistry University of St Andrews Purdie Building KY16 9ST St Andrews

UNITED KINGDOM +441334463817 [email protected]

Ivers-Tiffée Ellen Prof.

Jaworski Zdzislaw Prof. Chemical Engineering Faculty West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Aleja Piastow 42 71-065 Szczecin

POLAND

John Druce Dr.

Imperial College London Prince Consort Road SW7 2BP London

JAPAN

UNITED KINGDOM

[email protected]

Je Hae-June Dr.

Joos Jochen Dipl.-Ing.

High Materials Energy Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu 136-791 Seoul

Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe

GERMANY

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

GERMANY

Jain Anubhav

+82 2 958 5514 [email protected]

Jean Claude

+49 721 608- 4 74 94 [email protected]

Kang Kyung Tae Dr.

Samics Research Materials Pvt. Ltd. 145 Karolan 243001 Bareilly

CEA-LITEN 17, rue des Martyrs 38058 Grenoble

KITECH 143 Hanggaul-ro, Sangrok-gu 426-910 Ansan-si

INDIA

FRANCE

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

[email protected]

[email protected]

+48 91 449 4020 [email protected]

Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe +49-721-608-47491 [email protected]

Kishimoto Masashi Dr.

wpi-I2CNER, Kyushu University 744 Motooka 819-0395 Fukuoka

[email protected]

[email protected]

Kiviaho Jari Dr. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Biologinkuja 5 02044 Espoo

FINLAND +358505116778 [email protected]

Kleiminger Lisa Chemical Engineering Department Imperial College London South Kensington Campus SW7 2AZ London

UNITED KINGDOM [email protected]

Jalowiecki-Duhamel Louise Dr. UCCS, UMR 8181, Université Lille CNRS Bât C3, Cité Scientifique, Université Lille1 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq

FRANCE

Jeangros Quentin

Department of Earth Science and Engineering Imperial College London South Kensington Campus SW7 2AZ London

UNITED KINGDOM

OWI Oel-Waerme-Institut GmbH Kaiserstr. 100 52134 Herzogenrath

SWITZERLAND

JAPAN

GERMANY

[email protected]

Jensen Jacob Dr. Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby

DENMARK [email protected]

+447512202200 [email protected]

Janssens Jean Paul Dr.

+81298615800 [email protected]

Keller Isabelle Dr. Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung 9 Grundlagen der Elektrochemie Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich

GERMANY

Jiao Zhenjun Dr. The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Komaba, 4-6-1-Dw205 153-8505 Tokyo

NETHERLANDS

JAPAN [email protected]

Keuter Thomas

Klemens Hansen Karsten Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby

DENMARK [email protected]

11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

Kloo Josef

Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich

HPI Promat GmbH Scheifenkamp 16 40878 Ratingen

GERMANY

GERMANY

+49 2461619701 [email protected]

th

+4924079518101 [email protected]

[email protected]

Bosal Netherlands Kamerlingh Onnesweg 5 4131 PK Vianen [email protected]

Kleinohl Nils

Advanced industrial science and technoogy Central2 1-1-1 Umezono 305-8568 Tsukuba

[email protected]

Jamil Zadariana

Kato Toru Dr.

CIME, EPFL EPFL SB CIME MXC 135, Station 12 1015 Lausanne

+49 2102 493251 [email protected]

II - 18

www.EFCF.com Klotz Dino Dr.-Ing. Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe

GERMANY

II - 19 Kühn Sascha Dr.

Larrea Angel Dr.

Lensner Don

eZelleron GmbH Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden

Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón C/ María de Luna 3 50010 Zaragoza

Catacel Corp. 785 North Freedom St. OH 44266 Ravenna

GERMANY

SPAIN

UNITED STATES

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

+49 721 608-47571 [email protected]

Koit André

Küngas Rainer

Lee Jong-Ho Dr.

Li Tao

Elcogen AS Saeveski 10a 11214 Tallinn

Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby

Korea Institute of Science and Technology Hwarangno 14-gil 5 136-791 Seoul

Imperial College London Imperial College London SW7 2AZ London

ESTLAND

DENMARK

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

UNITED STATES

[email protected]

Konstandin Alexander Dr. CR/PJ-TFC Robert Bosch GmbH C/AOA1-Sh BUKR 4000 39006 Magdeburg

GERMANY

[email protected]

Kusnezoff Mihails Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden

GERMANY [email protected]

+49 711 811 6128 [email protected]

Kotake Hirokazu TOYOTA INDUSTRIES CORPORATION 8 Chaya, Kyowa-cho 474-8601 Obu-shi, Aichi

JAPAN [email protected]

Kwok Kawai Dr.

[email protected]

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

SWITZERLAND

Lee Ruey-yi Dr.

+41 58 934 77 17 [email protected]

Lindermeir Andreas Dr.

DENMARK

TAIWAN

GERMANY

Laguna-Bercero Miguel Dr. SPAIN

GERMANY

Institute of Computational Physics Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW Technikumstrasse 9 8401 Winterthur

Chemical Power Systems CUTEC Institut GmbH Leibnizstr. 21 + 23 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld

BELGIUM

Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Ostring O10 52425 Jülich

Linder Markus

Materials Science and Engineering Chonnam National University Yongbongro 77 500-757 Gwangju

Physics Division Institute of Nuclear Energy Research No. 1000, Wenhua Rd., 32546 Longtan Township

Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón c/ Maria de Luna 3 50018 Zaragoza

Kröll Léonard

+447926374460 [email protected]

Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde

Borit NV Lammerdries 18d 2440 Geel +4981713650039 [email protected]

Lee Jong-Sook Prof.

+82 62 5301701 [email protected]

[email protected]

Kroemer Joachim Dr.

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Lee Sangho

ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart

GERMANY +49 711/6862 605 [email protected]

Liu Zhien Dr.

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering KAIST 212 Byul-dong, ME bldg. KAIST, Yuseong-gu 305701 Daejeon

Cell/Stack LG Fuel Cell Systems Inc. 6065 Strip Ave NW 44720 North Canton

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

UNITED STATES

+82 42 350 3085 [email protected]

Lang Michael Dr.

+49 5323 933131 [email protected]

Lefebrve-Joud Florence Dr.

[email protected]

Lu Lanying

CEA-LITEN 17, rue des Martyrs 38058 Grenoble

University of St Andrews School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews KY16 9ST St Andrews

FRANCE

UNITED KINGDOM

[email protected]

[email protected]

Lucero Martínez Cristina Abengoa Hidrógeno c/ Energía Solar nº1 41014 Sevilla

SPAIN [email protected]

Majewski Artur Dr. School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham

UNITED KINGDOM

Martiny Lars Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby

DENMARK [email protected]

[email protected]

Lundberg Mats W Dr. Surface Technology AB Sandvik Materials Technology Åsgatan 1 81181 Sandviken

SWEDEN

Malfait Brecht

Chemistry & Biochemistry Department Montana State University 103 Chemistry & Biochemistry Building 59717 Bozeman

UNITED STATES +001 406 994 6739 [email protected]

Mascot Manuel Dr.

Meadowcroft Tony

Topsoe Fuell Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby

UDSMM 50 Rue Ferdinand Buisson 62228 Calais

University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham

DENMARK

FRANCE

UNITED KINGDOM

[email protected]

+46706165517 [email protected]

Luthi Pierre

McIntyre Melissa

Malle Madeleine

+33321465785 [email protected]

Matian Mardit

[email protected]

Mermelstein Joshua Dr.

Praxair Specialty Ceramics 16130 Wood Red Road WA 98072 Woodinville

Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH Heisinger Strasse 8/10 87437 Kempten

HTceramix-SOFCpower 26, av des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains

Boeing 5301 Bolsa Ave 92647 Huntington Beach

UNITED STATES

GERMANY

SWITZERLAND

UNITED STATES

[email protected]

Madi Hossein Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne

SWITZERLAND [email protected]

[email protected]

Malzbender Jürgen Dr.

R&D Hexis Zum Park 5 8404 Winterthur

SWITZERLAND

Matte Eric

Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe

GERMANY

GERMANY

GERMANY

Manser Albert

+4971181111381 [email protected]

Mattner Katja FuelCell Energy Solution GmbH Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden

University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive #0417 92093-0417 La Jolla

SWITZERLAND

GERMANY

UNITED STATES

[email protected]

[email protected]

Margaritis Nikolaos

McDonald Nikkia

ZEA-1: Engineering and Technology Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH ZEA-1 52425 Juelich

School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Centre for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research B15 2TT Edgbaston

UNITED KINGDOM

GERMANY

UNITED KINGDOM

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Minh Nguyen Dr.

Werner Mathis AG Rütisbergstrasse 3 8156 Oberhasli

School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham +441214147044 [email protected]

Messner Andreas

C/AOA1-Sh BUKR 4000 Robert Bosch GmbH Robert Bosch GmbH 39006 Magdeburg

+41 52 262 6312 [email protected]

Maillard John Geoffrey

[email protected]

IEK-2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Leo-Brandt-Strasse 52425 Jülich [email protected]

Mai Andreas

+41 24 426 10 81 [email protected]

+492461619587 [email protected]

11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

[email protected]

+17149551292 [email protected]

Modena Stefano SOFCpower Viale Trento, 115/119 338017 Mezzolombardo

ITALY .+39 0461 1755068 [email protected]

II - 20

www.EFCF.com Mogensen Mogens B. Prof.

II - 21 Morata Alex Dr.

Mummert Uta

Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde

Nanoionics and Fuel Cells Institut de Recerca Energia Catalunya Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 2º 08930 Sant Adria de Besos

Marketing & Public Relations European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil

DENMARK

SPAIN

SWITZERLAND

+45 7746 5726 [email protected]

Molero Sanchez Beatriz Chemistry University of Calgary 3419 Exshaw Rd NW T2N4G3 Calgary

CANADA

[email protected]

Morel Bertrand Dr. CEA Grenoble 17 rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble

FRANCE [email protected]

+14035102545 [email protected]

Montero Larrauri Xabier Dr.

+41 44 586 5644 [email protected]

Nagato Keisuke Dr. Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 71C2, 2nd Bldg -Eng. 113-8656 Tokyo

JAPAN +81 3 5841 6361 [email protected]

Mori Ryohei

Nakajo Arata Dr.

Nehter Pedro Dr. ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems Werftstraße 112-114 24143 Kiel

GERMANY +49 431 700 128275 [email protected]

Niakolas Dimitrios Dr. FORTH/ICE-HT Stadiou str., Platani-Rion 26504 Patras

GREECE +302610965240 [email protected]

Niania Mathew

DECHEMA Forschungsinstitut Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main

Fuji-Pigment.Co.Ltd 2-23-2 Obana 666-0015 Kawanishi-city, Hyogo Pref.

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne

Imperial College London Exhibition Rd SW7 2AZ London

GERMANY

JAPAN

SWITZERLAND

UNITED KINGDOM

+49697564630 [email protected]

Montinaro Dario

[email protected]

Mosbæk Rasmus Rode

[email protected]

Navarrete Laura

SOFCpower Viale Trento, 115/118 338017 Mezzolombardo

DTU Energy Conversion Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde

Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica (UPV-CSIC) Avda/ Dels Tarongers s/n 46022 Valencia

ITALY

DENMARK

SPAIN

.+39 0461 1755068 [email protected]

Moon Gijong

+4523652319 [email protected]

Mossadegh Pour Arvin

[email protected]

[email protected]

Nielsen Eva Ravn Dr. DTU Energy Conversion Technical University of Denmark DTU Risø Campus 4000 Roskilde

DENMARK +4524289356 [email protected]

Navasa Maria

Niewolak Leszek Dr.

Chemical Engineering POSTECH Environmental Science & Engineering Building 320 790-784 Pohang. Gyeongbuk.

School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham

Energy sciences Lund University Ole Römers väg 1, M-huset 22100 Lund

IEK-2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Leo Brandtsrasse 2428 Jülich

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

UNITED KINGDOM

SWEDEN

GERMANY

+82 54 279 2952 [email protected]

Morán Aroa University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Sarriena s/n 48940 Leioa

SPAIN [email protected]

[email protected]

Mukerjee Subhasish Dr.

[email protected]

Neagu Dragos Dr

Cell & Stack Development Ceres Power Viking House RH13 5PX Horsham

School of Chemistry University of St Andrews Purdie Building KY16 9ST St Andrews

UNITED KINGDOM

UNITED KINGDOM

+44 1403 273463 [email protected]

+441334463817 [email protected]

+492461612817 [email protected]

Noponen Matti Elcogen AS Saeveski 10a 11214 Tallinn

ESTLAND [email protected]

Ohi Akihiro The University of Tokyo Komaba4-6-1, Meguro-ku 153-8505 Tokyo

JAPAN +81 3 5452 6777 [email protected]

Ohla Klaus Dr. HAYNES International 1020 West Park Avenue IN 46901 Kokomo

UNITED STATES [email protected]

Parco Maria Dr. Industry and Transport Division TECNALIA Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián

SPAIN +34 667119601 [email protected]

Park Byung Hyun POSTECH 77 Cheongam-Ro. Nam-Gu. Pohang. Gyeongbuk. Korea 790-784 Pohang

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

Penchini Daniele

Pfeifer Thomas

SOFCpower Viale Trento, 115/121 338017 Mezzolombardo

Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstr. 29 01277 Dresden

ITALY

GERMANY

.+39 0461 1755068 [email protected]

Perrozzi Francesco

+49 351 2553-7822 [email protected]

Pfeifer Thomas

CNR - IENI Via De Marini 6 16149 Genova

Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden

ITALY

GERMANY

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Ohmer Martin FuelCell Energy Solution GmbH Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden

GERMANY [email protected]

Park No-Kuk Dr. School of Chemical Engineering Yeungnam University Daehakro 280 712-749 Gyeongsan

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

Peterhans Stefan

DCX Chrome Groupe Delachaux 68 rue Jean Jaures 59770 Marly

GERMANY

FRANCE

[email protected]

[email protected]

Ohmori Hiroko

Payne Richard

Peters Roland

Konica Minolta, Inc. 1-2, Sakura-Machi 569-8503 Takatsuki

Ceramic Fuel Cells Group Boos Fremery Strasse 62 52525 Heinsberg

Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Leo-Brandt-Strasse 52428 Jülich

JAPAN

GERMANY

GERMANY

[email protected]

+49 170 4732913 [email protected]

Philippe Liebaert Dr.

FuelCell Energy Solution GmbH Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden

[email protected]

+33 03 27200786 [email protected]

Pianko-Oprych Paulina Dr. Chemical Engineerg West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Al. Piastów 17 70-310 Szczecin

POLAND +48914494731 [email protected]

Oostra Hendrikus Haiku Tech Europe BV Spoorweglaan 16 6221 BS Maastricht

NETHERLANDS [email protected]

Pecho Omar Zurich University of Applied Sciences/ETH Zurich Wildbachstrasse 21 8401 Winterthur

SWITZERLAND

Petersen Thomas Karl Topsoe Fuell Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby

DENMARK [email protected]

+41787198120 [email protected]

Orzessek Peter IEK-1: Materials Synthesis and Processing Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich

GERMANY

Peksen Murat Dr.

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Peyer David Bronkhorst (Schweiz) AG Nenzlingerweg 5 4153 Reinach

GERMANY

SWiTZERLAND

+49 2461 61 9705 [email protected]

11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Università degli Studi di Genova via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genoa

ITALY +39 320 798 26 51 [email protected]

Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH In der Helmholtzgemeinschaft 52425 Jülich [email protected]

Piccardo Paolo Prof.

[email protected]

Pietras John Dr. SOFC Saint-Gobain 9 Goddard Rd 01590 Northborough

UNITED STATES [email protected]

II - 22

www.EFCF.com Pohjoranta Antti

II - 23 Primdahl Søren Dr.

Fuel Cells VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland P.O.Box 1000 02044 Espoo

R&D, Cell and Materials Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby

FINLAND

DENMARK

+358207225290 [email protected]

Poitel Stéphane

Richter Andreas Benedikt

EBZ GmbH Marschnerstr. 26 01307 Dresden

DENMARK

GERMANY

[email protected]

Rachau Mathias

Ringuede Armelle Dr.

FuelCon AG Steinfeldstr. 1 39179 Magdeburg-Barleben

CNRS-IRCP 11, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris

SWITZERLAND

GERMANY

FRANCE

Poizeau Sophie Dr.

[email protected]

Randall Julian Dr.

Saint-Gobain 9 Goddard Rd 01532 Northboro, MA

Euresearch Effingerstrasse 19 3008 Bern

UNITED STATES

SWITZERLAND

[email protected]

Pönicke Andreas Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstr. 28 01277 Dresden

GERMANY +49 351 2553-7966 [email protected]

Posdziech Oliver Dr. Sunfire GmbH Gasanstaltstr. 2 01237 Dresden

GERMANY

+41 31 380 6010 [email protected]

Rastler Dan Dr.

Research Department AVL List GmbH Hans-List-Platz 1 8020 Graz

AUSTRIA +43 316 787 4677 [email protected]

+33 1 55421235 [email protected]

Rivera Rocabado David Department of Hydrogen Energy Systems, Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan 819-0395 Fukuoka

JAPAN

Robinson Shay Chemistry University of Oslo Gaustadalléen 21 0349 Oslo

UNITED STATES

NORWAY

+0016508552034 [email protected]

Rechberger Juergen

Roehrens Daniel Dr. IEK-1 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 1 52425 Jülich

AUSTRIA

GERMANY [email protected]

Rost Axel

CEA-LITEN 17, rue des Martyrs 38058 Grenoble

Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstr. 28 01277 Dresden

FRANCE

GERMANY

[email protected]

Earth Science and Engineering Imperial College London Exhibition Road SW7 2AZ London

UNITED KINGDOM [email protected]

Sachitanand Rakshith Nugehalli Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 41296 Göteborg

SWEDEN [email protected]

Sadykov Vladislav Prof. Boreskov Institute of catalysis pr. Akad. Lavrentieva, 5 630090 Novosibirsk

RUSSIAN FEDERATION [email protected]

+47 40 51 28 55 [email protected]

Fuel Cell AVL List GmbH Hans List Platz 1 8020 Graz

Reytier Magali

Ruiz-Trejo Enrique Dr.

[email protected]

Energy Utilization Electric Power Research Institute 3420 Hillview Ave 94304 Palo Alto

[email protected]

Prenninger Peter Dr.

[email protected]

[email protected]

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne [email protected]

Ruhland Sandro Dr.-Ing.

Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S Nymoellevej 66 2800 Kgs. Lyngby

+49 351 2553-7701 [email protected]

Santin Maria European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil

SWITZERLAND +41 44 586 5644 [email protected]

Sarruf Bernardo Dr. Hydrogen Laboratory Rua Moniz de Aragão, s/n - Cid. Universitaria - Ilha do Fundao - CT - sala I-146 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro

BRAZIL +55 21 39388791 [email protected]

Sasaki Kazunari Prof.

Schefold Josef Dr.

Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku 8190395 Fukuoka

EIFER Emmy-Noether Str. 11 76131 Karlsruhe

JAPAN

GERMANY

+81928023143 [email protected]

+4972161051320 [email protected]

Schlupp Meike Dr. Laboratory for Hydrogen and Energy EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf

SWITZERLAND [email protected]

Satet Raphaelle Dr. Corporate Research Robert Bosch GmbH Postfach 106050 70049 Stuttgart

GERMANY

Scherer Günther G. Dr.

Schmuckat Michael

Schuler Andreas stack and materials development Hexis Zum Park 5 8404 Winterthur

SWITZERLAND +41 52 262 6318 [email protected]

Schwaderlapp Sven

Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) Talackerstr. 9B 5607 Hägglingen

KNF FLODOS Wassermatte 2 6210 Sursee

Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH Heisinger Strasse 8/10 87437 Kempten

SWITZERLAND

SWITZERLAND

GERMANY

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

+4971181138280 [email protected]

Sato Kazuyoshi Dr. Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho 3768515 Kiryu

JAPAN [email protected]

Schiller Günter Dr.

CAP Co., Ltd. 3415-42 Shinyoshidacho, Kohoku-ku 223-0056 Yokohama-city, Kanagawa-pref.

JAPAN

Applieed Mineralogy Saint-Gobain Recherche 39 Quai Lucien Lefranc 93303 Aubervilliers

GERMANY

GERMANY

FRANCE

Schimanke Danilo

Schönbauer Stefan Dr. Robert Bosch GmbH Robert-Bosch-Platz 1 70839 Gerlingen

GERMANY

GERMANY

[email protected]

Schafbauer Wolfgang Dr.

Schindler Bernhard

Innovation Services Plansee SE Metallwerk-Plansee-Str. 71 6600 Reutte

system development Hexis Zum Park 5 8404 Winterthur

AUSTRIA

SWITZERLAND

Scharrer Michael Dr.

+49 711/6862 532 [email protected]

sunfire GmbH Gasanstaltstr. 2 01237 Dresden

[email protected]

+43 5672 600 2959 [email protected]

Schwartz Matthieu

ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart

+49 711/6862 635 [email protected]

Sato Kimihiko

Schnegelberger Christian

ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart

+497118117948 [email protected]

Schröter Falk NOVUM engineerING GmbH Schnorrstrasse 70 01069 Dresden

GERMANY [email protected]

+41 52 262 6315 [email protected]

Schipke Mandy

+33148395556 [email protected]

Shangfeng Du Dr. School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham

UNITED KINGDOM [email protected]

Sharma Atin Dr. Materials R&D Sulzer Metco (US) Inc. 1101 Propspect Ave 11590 Westbury

UNITED STATES +001 516 3382527 [email protected]

Schuler Alexander

Shimada Shu Dr.

CeramTec GmbH CeramTec-Weg 1 95615 Marktredwitz

NOVUM engineerING GmbH Schnorrstrasse 70 01069 Dresden

Hexis Zum Park 5 8404 Winterthur

FCO Power Inc. 2-22-8 Chikusa, Chikusa-ku 4640858 Aichi-ken

GERMANY

GERMANY

SWITZERLAND

JAPAN

[email protected]

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[email protected]

11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

+41 52 262 2897 [email protected]

+81 80 7003 6031 [email protected]

II - 24

www.EFCF.com Shimura Takaaki Shikazono laboratory Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku 153-8505 Tokyo

JAPAN [email protected]

Shin Eui-Chol

II - 25 Skiera Erik Dr.

Institut für Energie- und Systemverfahrenstechnik TU Braunschweig Franz-Liszt Str. 35 38106 Braunschweig

GERMANY

ITALY

GERMANY

+492461613688 [email protected]

Skrabs Stefan Dipl.-Ing. Plansee SE Metallwerk Plansee Str. 71 6600 Reutte

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

AUSTRIA

Shindo Taiki

[email protected]

+39 333 736 83 19 [email protected]

Stange Marit Dr. SINTEF Materials and Chemistry SINTEF Box 124, Blindern 0314 Oslo

NORWAY +4799024433 [email protected]

Smolnikar Matej

Stefan Elena Dr

Graduate Schoo of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-01 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku 980-8579 Sendai

Mechanical Simulation AVL List GmbH Hans List Platz 1 8020 Graz

School of Chemistry University of St Andrews Purdie Building KY16 9ST St Andrews

JAPAN

AUSTRIA

UNITED KINGDOM

[email protected]

Sigl Lorenz Prof. Innovation Services Plansee SE Metallwerk-Plansee-Str. 71 6600 Reutte

AUSTRIA

+43 316 787 362 [email protected]

Solheim Arve

Stehlík Karin Dr.

CerPoTech AS Kvenildmyra 7072 Heimdal

CVR Hlavní 130 25068 Husinec-Rez

NORWAY

CZECH REPUBLIC

[email protected]

Spirig Leandra European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil

SWITZERLAND

SWITZERLAND

Sitte Werner Prof. Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Montanuniversität Leoben Franz-Josef-Straße 18 8700 Leoben

AUSTRIA +43 3842 402 4800 [email protected]

Stiernstedt Johanna Dr. Swerea IVF PO Box 104 431 22 Molndal

SWEDEN +46707806034 [email protected]

Stoynov Zdravko HTceramix-SOFCpower 26, av des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains

SWITZERLAND

[email protected]

Suffner Jens Dr. Electronic Packaging Schott AG Christoph-Dorner-Str. 29 84028 Landshut

GERMANY +49 871 826714 [email protected]

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne [email protected]

[email protected]

+441334463817 [email protected]

+43 5672 600 2959 [email protected]

Singh Vaibhav

Stenger Sebastian

Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Università degli Studi di Genova via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genoa

Chonnam National University 211, Engineering building. No.6 500-757 Gwnag-ju +82 11 648 5076 [email protected]

Spotorno Roberto

IEK-2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52425 Jülich

+41 44 586 5644 [email protected]

Spirig Michael Dr. European Fuel Cell Forum Obgardihalde 2 6043 Luzern-Adligenswil

SWITZERLAND +41 44 586 5644 [email protected]

Steilen Mike ECE DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart

GERMANY +49 711/6862 8039 [email protected]

Steinberger-Wilckens Robert Prof. School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham

UNITED KINGDOM [email protected]

Sumi Hirofumi Dr. Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 2266-98, Anagahora, Simo-shidami, Moriyama-ku 463-8560 Nagoya

JAPAN [email protected]

Sun Xiufu Dr. Technical University of Denmark Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 49 4000 Roskilde

DENMARK [email protected]

Svensson Jan-Erik Prof. Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 41296 Göteborg

SWEDEN [email protected]

Takashi Oto R&D Division Panasonic Corp. 3-1-1 Yagumo-naka-machi 570-8501 Moriguchi,Osaka

JAPAN

Thomann Olivier

Vakili Vahid

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland PO 1000 02044 VTT

University of Tehran No. 20, Negar St, Valiasr St, Vanak Sq 1969813791 Tehran

FINLAND

IRAN (ISLAMIC REP. OF)

[email protected]

[email protected]

+81 6 6906 4845 [email protected]

Syvertsen Guttorm

Tamaru Kojiro

Thurner Lars

van Dorst Robert

CerPoTech AS Kvenildmyra 7072 Heimdal

TOYOTA INDUSTRIES CORPORATION 8 Chaya, Kyowa-cho 474-8601 Obu-shi, Aichi

SE Tylose GmbH & Co. KG Rheingaustr. 190-196 65203 Wiesbaden

Bosal Nederland B.V. Kamerling Onnesweg 5 4131 PK Vianen

NORWAY

JAPAN

GERMANY

NETHERLANDS

[email protected]

Szász Julian Dipl.-Ing.

[email protected]

Tanaka Yohei Dr.

[email protected]

Tregambe Carlo Dr.

Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Umezono 1-1-1 AIST Central 2 305-8568 Tsukuba

ICI_LAB ICI Caldaie SPA via G.Pascoli, 38 37059 Zevio (VR)

GERMANY

JAPAN

ITALY

+49 721 608-48796 [email protected]

Szepanski Christian Chemical Power Systems CUTEC Institut GmbH Leibnizstr. 21 + 23 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld

GERMANY +49 5323933249 [email protected]

Szmyd Janusz Prof. Dept. of Fundamental Research in Energy Engineering AGH-University of Science and Technology 30 Mickiewicza Ave. 30-059 Krakow

POLAND

[email protected]

Téllez Helena Dr. Hydrogen Production Division International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku 819-0395 Fukuoka

JAPAN

Delft University of Technology Leeghwaterstraat 39 2628CB Delft

NETHERLANDS +31 611761500 [email protected]

Treyer Karin Laboratory for Energy Systems Analysis Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) OHSA D22 5232 Villigen PSI

SWITZERLAND [email protected]

DJK Europe GmbH Mergenthalerallee 79-81 65760 Eschborn

GERMANY [email protected]

Thoben Birgit Dr. CR/ARC Robert Bosch GmbH Robert-Bosch-Platz 1 70839 Gerlingen

GERMANY +4971181138280 [email protected]

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11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Station 9 1015 Lausanne

SWITZERLAND [email protected]

Venkataraman Vikrant School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham B15 2TT Birmingham

UNITED KINGDOM +441214147044 [email protected]

Tsai Tsang-I

Venskutonis Andreas Dr.

School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham

Innovation Services Plansee SE Metallwerk-Plansee-Str. 71 6600 Reutte

UNITED KINGDOM

AUSTRIA

[email protected]

+48126172694 [email protected]

Takahide Mine

Van Herle Jan Dr.

[email protected]

[email protected]

Thallam Thattai Aditya

+31 347 362911 [email protected]

Ultes Jan Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH Heisinger Strasse 8/10 87437 Kempten

GERMANY [email protected]

+43 5672 600 2959 [email protected]

Verbraeken Maarten Dr School of Chemistry University of St Andrews Purdie Building KY16 9ST St Andrews

UNITED KINGDOM +441334463817 [email protected]

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www.EFCF.com Vibhu Vaibhav

II - 27 Wachsman Eric Prof.

Weber André Dr.-Ing.

University of Bordeaux ICMCB-CNRS 87, Avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer 33608 Pessac

Energy Research Center University of Maryland Rm. 1206, Engineering Lab Bldg. 20742 College Park

Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik (IWE) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe

FRANCE

UNITED STATES

GERMANY

+33 54 00 06 266 [email protected]

Vidal Karmele Dr. University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) B. Sarriena s/n 48940 Leioa

SPAIN [email protected]

+01 301 405 8193 [email protected]

Walker Robert Prof.

Haldor Topsøe A/S Nymøllevej 55 2800 Kgs. Lyngby

DENMARK [email protected]

+49 721 608-4-7572 [email protected]

Wei Jianping

Wu Wei Dr.

Chemistry and Biochemistry Montana State University PO Box 173400, CBB 59715-1734 Bozeman, Montana

IEK-2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich

Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Science 1219 Zhuangshi Road, Ningbo 315201 Ningbo

UNITED STATES

GERMANY

CHINA

+00 1406 9947 928 [email protected]

Vijay Periasamy Dr.

Wonsyld Karen

Walsh Greig

[email protected]

Weichel Steen

[email protected]

Wuillemin Zacharie

Curtin University GPO Box U1987 6845 Perth

Greenlight Innovation 104A-3430 Brighton Avenue V5A 3H4 Burnaby, BC

Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby

HTceramix-SOFCpower 26, av des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains

AUSTRALIA

CANADA

DENMARK

SWITZERLAND

[email protected]

Vladikova Daria

[email protected]

Walter Christian Dr.

[email protected]

Weineisen Henrik

+41 24 426 10 83 [email protected]

Wunderlich Christian

HTceramix-SOFCpower 26, av des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains

sunfire GmbH Gasanstaltstr. 2 01237 Dresden

Topsoe Fuel Cell Nymøllevej 66 2800 Lyngby

Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden

SWITZERLAND

GERMANY

DENMARK

GERMANY

+491735727502 [email protected]

Vogt Uli Dr. Hydrogen & Energy EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 8600 Duebendorf

SWITZERLAND +41 58765 4160 [email protected]

Vulliet Julien CEA Le Ripault BP16 37260 Monts

FRANCE [email protected]

Wang Xiaochen Chaozhou Three-Circle (Group) Co.,LTD. Sanhuan Industrial District, Fengtang, Chaozhou,Guangdong 515646 Chaozhou

CHINA

[email protected]

Wenk Beda KNF FLODOS Wassermatte 2 6210 Sursee

SWITZERLAND [email protected]

+86 768 6859252 [email protected]

Watton James

[email protected]

Xie Shuomin Chaozhou Three-Circle (Group) Co.,LTD. Sanhuan Industrial District,Fengtang,Chaozhou,Guangdong 515646 Chaozhou

CHINA +86 768 6859252 [email protected]

Westlinder Jörgen

Yashiro Keiji Prof.

School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Park Road B15 2TT Birmingham

Research and Development AB Sandvik Materials Technology 4371 81181 Sandviken

Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-01 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku 9808579 Sendai

UNITED KINGDOM

SWEDEN

JAPAN

[email protected]

[email protected]

+81 22 795 6977 [email protected]

Yokokawa Harumi Prof. Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku 153-8505 Tokyo

JAPAN +81 3 5452 6780 [email protected]

Yoon Mi Young Division of Materials Science and Engineering Inha University 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu 402-751 Incheon

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF +82 32 860 7521 [email protected]

Yu Jun Ho KITECH 143 hanggal-ro, Sangnik-gu 426-910 Ansan-si

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF [email protected]

Yurkiv Vitaliy Dr. CEC DLR Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70569 Stuttgart

GERMANY +49 711/6862 8044 [email protected]

Zhu Zhonghua Prof. School of Chemical Engineering The University of Quensland School of Chemical Engineering 4072 Brisbane

AUSTRALIA +6173365 3528 [email protected]

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www.EFCF.com

List of Institutions Related to Participants Registered until 16 June 2014

II - 29

11th EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014 1 - 4 July 2014 Kultur- und Kongresszentrum Luzern (KKL) Lucerne/Switzerland

Abengoa Hidrógeno Sevilla/SPAIN

Bronkhorst (Schweiz) AG Reinach/SWiTZERLAND

Chonnam National University Gwangju/KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

AGH-University of Science and Technology Krakow/POLAND

C & I Tech Waedenswil/SWITZERLAND

CIRIMAT Toulouse/FRANCE

Almus AG Oberrohrdorf/SWITZERLAND

CNR - IENI Genoa/ITALY

APERAM Isbergues/FRANCE

CAP Co., Ltd. Yokohama-city, Kanagawa-pref./JAPAN Catacel Corp. Ravenna/UNITED STATES

Auer Lighting GmbH Bad Gandersheim/GERMANY

CEA Le Ripault Monts/FRANCE

CNRS-IRCP Paris/FRANCE

AVL List GmbH Graz/AUSTRIA

CEA-LITEN Grenoble/FRANCE

Convion Espoo/FINLAND

Benitol Expectant Rising Ent Lagos/NIGERIA

Ceramic Fuel Cells Group Heinsberg/GERMANY

CRP Henri Tudor Luxembourg/LUXEMBOURG

Bloomenergy Sunnyvale/UNITED STATES

CeramTec GmbH Marktredwitz/GERMANY

Curtin University Perth/AUSTRALIA

Boeing Huntington Beach/UNITED STATES

Ceres Power Horsham/UNITED KINGDOM

CUTEC Institut GmbH Clausthal-Zellerfeld/GERMANY

Boreskov Institute of catalysis Novosibirsk/RUSSIAN FEDERATION

CerPoTech AS Heimdal/NORWAY

CVR Husinec-Rez/CZECH REPUBLIC

Borit NV Geel/BELGIUM

Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg/SWEDEN

DCX Chrome Groupe Delachaux Marly/FRANCE

Bosal Nederland B.V. Vianen/NETHERLANDS

Chaozhou Three-Circle (Group) Co.,LTD. Chaozhou/CHINA

DECHEMA Forschungsinstitut Frankfurt am Main/GERMANY

Bosch Thermotechnik GmbH Wernau/GERMANY

China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing Beijing/CHINA

Delft University of Technology Delft/NETHERLANDS

CNRS Villeneuve d'Ascq/FRANCE

DJK Europe GmbH Eschborn/GERMANY

FLEXITALLIC Cleckheaton/UNITED KINGDOM

Hazen Research, Inc. Golden/UNITED STATES

DLR Stuttgart/GERMANY

Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich/GERMANY

Hexis Winterthur/SWITZERLAND

DOWA HD Europe GmbH Nürnberg/GERMANY

FORTH/ICE-HT Patras/GREECE

HTceramix-SOFCpower Yverdon-les-Bains/SWITZERLAND

EBZ GmbH Dresden/GERMANY

Fraunhofer IKTS Dresden/GERMANY

Hydrogen Laboratory Rio de Janeiro/BRAZIL

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne/SWITZERLAND

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nürnberg/GERMANY

ICI Caldaie SPA Zevio (VR)/ITALY

Edison Spa Milan/ITALY

Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking Brussels/BELGIUM

ICMCB-CNRS Pessac/FRANCE

EIFER Karlsruhe/GERMANY

FuelCell Energy Solution GmbH Dresden/GERMANY

Imperial College London London/UNITED KINGDOM

Elcogen AS Tallinn/ESTLAND

fuelcellmaterials.com/ A Division of NexTech Materials Lewis Center/UNITED STATES

Inha University Incheon/KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto/UNITED STATES

FuelCon AG Magdeburg-Barleben/GERMANY

Institut de Recerca Energia Catalunya Sant Adria de Besos/SPAIN

EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Dübendorf/SWITZERLAND Euresearch Bern/SWITZERLAND

Fuji-Pigment.Co.Ltd Kawanishi-city, Hyogo Pref./JAPAN

Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo/JAPAN

German Aerospace Center (DLR) Koeln/GERMANY

Institute of Nuclear Energy Research Longtan Township/TAIWAN

European Fuel Cell Forum Luzern-Adligenswil/SWITZERLAND

Greenlight Innovation Burnaby, BC/CANADA

Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón Zaragoza/SPAIN

eZelleron GmbH Dresden/GERMANY

Gunma University Kiryu/JAPAN

Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica (UPV-CSIC) Valencia/SPAIN

FCO Power Inc. Aichi-ken/JAPAN

Haiku Tech Europe BV BS Maastricht/NETHERLANDS

Fernuniversität Hagen Düsseldorf/GERMANY

Haldor Topsøe A/S Kgs. Lyngby/DENMARK

International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research Fukuoka/JAPAN KAIST Daejeon/KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

Fiaxell Sàrl Lausanne/SWITZERLAND

HAYNES International Kokomo/UNITED STATES

Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Karlsruhe/GERMANY

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www.EFCF.com

II - 31

KERAFOL GmbH Eschenbach i.d.Opf./GERMANY

new enerday GmbH Neubrandenburg/GERMANY

Saint-Gobain Recherche Aubervilliers/FRANCE

KITECH Ansan-si/KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

Samics Research Materials Pvt. Ltd. Bareilly/INDIA

KNF FLODOS Sursee/SWITZERLAND

Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Science Ningbo/CHINA Northwestern University Evanston/UNITED STATES

Konica Minolta, Inc. Takatsuki/JAPAN

NOVUM engineerING GmbH Dresden/GERMANY

SE Tylose GmbH & Co. KG Wiesbaden/GERMANY

Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul/KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

OWI Oel-Waerme-Institut GmbH Herzogenrath/GERMANY

SINTEF Oslo/NORWAY

Kyoto University Kyoto/JAPAN

Panasonic Corp. Moriguchi,Osaka/JAPAN

SOFCpower Mezzolombardo/ITALY

Kyushu University Fukuoka city/JAPAN

Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) Villigen PSI/SWITZERLAND

SOITEC Bernin/FRANCE

Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Rostock/GERMANY

Plansee SE Reutte/AUSTRIA

Sulzer Metco (US) Inc. Westbury/UNITED STATES

LG Fuel Cell Systems Inc. North Canton/UNITED STATES

Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH Kempten/GERMANY

sunfire GmbH Dresden/GERMANY

Lund University Lund/SWEDEN

POSTECH Pohang/KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

Swerea IVF Molndal/SWEDEN

Medintrade Inc. Beirut/LEBANON

Praxair Specialty Ceramics Woodinville/UNITED STATES

Technical University of Denmark Roskilde/DENMARK

Montana State University Bozeman, Montana/UNITED STATES

Promat GmbH Ratingen/GERMANY

TECNALIA Donostia-San Sebastián/SPAIN

Montanuniversität Leoben Leoben/AUSTRIA

Prototech AS Bergen/NORWAY

The University of Quensland Brisbane/AUSTRALIA

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba/JAPAN National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung/TAIWAN

Robert Bosch GmbH Gerlingen/GERMANY

ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems Kiel/GERMANY

Robert Gordon University Aberdeen/UNITED KINGDOM

TLK Thermo GmbH Braunschweig/GERMANY

NEDO Kawasaki/JAPAN

Saint-Gobain Northboro, MA/UNITED STATES

Tohoku University Sendai/JAPAN

Schott AG Landshut/GERMANY

Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S Kgs. Lyngby/DENMARK

University of Oslo Oslo/NORWAY

TOYOTA INDUSTRIES CORPORATION Obu-shi, Aichi/JAPAN

University of St Andrews St Andrews/UNITED KINGDOM

TU Braunschweig Braunschweig/GERMANY

University of Tehran Tehran/IRAN (ISLAMIC REP. OF)

UDSMM Calais/FRANCE

University of Texas at Austin Round Rock, TX/UNITED STATES

Università degli Studi di Genova Genoa/ITALY

Versa Power Systems Ltd. Calgary/CANADA

Università degli Studi di Perugia Perugia/ITALY

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Espoo/FINLAND

Università di Pisa Pisa/ITALY

Werner Mathis AG Oberhasli/SWITZERLAND

Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona/ITALY

West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin/POLAND

University Ain Tassera/ALGERIA

wpi-I2CNER, Kyushu University Fukuoka/JAPAN

University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa/SPAIN

Yeungnam University Gyeongsan/KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

University of Birmingham Birmingham/UNITED KINGDOM

Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW Winterthur/SWITZERLAND

University of Calgary Calgary/CANADA University of California, San Diego La Jolla/UNITED STATES University of Genoa Genoa/ITALY University of Maryland College Park/UNITED STATES

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11 EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014

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List of Exhibitors Registered by 16 June 2014

Booth A12 ALMUS AG Morgenacherstrasse 2F CH-5452 Oberrohrdorf Switzerland www.almus-ag.ch Exhibits: UBOCELL SOFC Module, SOFC Demonstration Kit Booth A05

11th EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014 1 - 4 July 2014 KKL Lucerne/Switzerland Booth A06 Catacel Corporation 785 North Freedom St. Ravenna, OH 44266 USA www.catacel.com Exhibits: Structured Catalysts and Compact Reactors

Booth B11 CeramTec GmbH CeramTec-Weg 1 95615 Marktredwitz Germany www.ceramtec.de Exhibits: Ceramic SOFC Components

Booth A11

Booth B12

BOSAL Netherlands Kamerlingh Onnesweg 5 4131 PK Vianen The Netherlands www.bosal.com Exhibits: ERM – Energy Recycling Modules

CAP Co., Ltd. 3415-42 Shinyoshidacho, Kohoku-ku Yokohama-city, Kanagawa-pref.223-0056 Japan www.cap-co.jp/indexE.html Exhibits: Anode Gas Recycle Blower for SOFC

CerPoTech AS Kvenildmyra 7072 Heimdal Norway www.cerpotech.com Exhibits: Ceramic Powders

Booth B10 Bronkhorst (Schweiz) AG Nenzlingerweg 5 4153 Reinach Switzerland www.bronkhorst.ch Exhibits: Massflowmeters - Controllers, Pressuremeters – Controllers

Booth A03 CEA-LITEN 17, rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 France www-liten.cea.fr Exhibits: R&D for SOFC and SOE

Booth A15 DOWA HD Europe GmbH Ostendstrasse 196 90482 Nürnberg Germany www.dowa.co.jp/index_e.html Exhibits: Perovskite Type Oxide Powder for SOFC and SOEC Electrode

Booth A14 DJK Europe GmbH Mergenthalerallee 79-81 65760 Eschborn Germany www.djkeurope.com Exhibits: Roller Hearth Kiln for SOFC Booth B06 EBZ GmbH Marschnerstrasse 26 01307 Dresden Germany www.ebz-dresden.de Exhibits: SOFC test rigs and BoP components Booth B18 Elcogen AS Saeveski 10a 11214 Tallinn Estland www.elcogen.com Exhibits: Perovskite Type Oxide Booth B04 Energy Saxony e.V. c/o Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden Germany www.energy-saxony.net Exhibits: Network Organisation

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Booth B03 eZelleron GmbH Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden Germany www.ezelleron.de Exhibits: Low-emission energy sources for mobile power supplies Booth A07 FLEXITALLIC Scandinavia Mill, Hunsworth Lane Cleckheaton BD19 4LN United Kingdom www.flexitallicsofc.com Exhibits: Sealing Products

Booth B04 FuelCell Energy Solutions GmbH Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden Germany www.fces.de Exhibits: MCFC Fuel Cells

Booth B20 Fiaxell Sàrl Avenue Aloys Fauquez 31 1018 Lausanne Switzerland www.fiaxell.com Exhibits: SOFC Test Set-up, SOFC cells, SOFC interconnection systems Booth B07 – B08 Forschungszentrum Jülich Wilhelm-Johnen-Str. 52428 Jülich Germany www.fz-juelich.de Exhibits: R&D

Booth B04 Fraunhofer IKTS Winterbergstraße 28 01277 Dresden Germany www.ikts.fraunhofer.de/ Exhibits: Fuel Cell System Eneramic®

Booth B19 FuelCon AG Steinfeldstr. 1 39179 Magdeburg-Barleben Germany www.fuelcon.com Exhibits: Test Systems for Fuel Cells and Electrolysers

Booth B09 fuelcellmaterials.com A Division of NexTech Materials 404 Enterprise Drive Lewis Center, OH 43035 USA www.fuelcellmaterials.com Exhibits: SOFC materials, Components, Testing II - 34

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Booth A08 Fuji-Pigment.Co.Ltd 2-23-2 Obana Kawanishi-city Hyogo Pref. 666-0015 Japan www.fuji-pigment.co.jp Exhibits: Electrode, Solid Electrolyte Materials (Powder, Paste) for SOFC Booth A04 Haiku Tech Europe BV Spoorweglaan 16 6221 BS Maastricht The Netherlands www.haikutech.com Exhibits: SOFC Manufacturing Equipment

Booth B05 KERAFOL GmbH Stegenthumbach 4-6 92676 Eschenbach i.d.Opf. Germany www.kerafol.com Exhibits: Electrolytes, Electrolyte Supported Cells

Booth A09

Booth B13

HAYNES International 1020 West Park Avenue Kokomo, IN 46901 USA www.haynes.ch Exhibits: High-temperature Alloys Booth B17 HTceramix SA 26 Avenue des Sports 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains Switzerland www.htceramix.ch Exhibits: SOFC Stack and Systems

Booth A10 KNF FLODOS Wassermatte 2 6210 Sursee Switzerland www.knf-flodos.ch Exhibits: Pumps

Plansee SE Metallwerk Plansee Str. 71 6600 Reutte Austria www.plansee.com Exhibits: SOFC Stack Components Booth A13 Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH Heisinger Strasse 8/10 87437 Kempten Germany www.porextherm.de Exhibits: Microporous thermal insulation

Booth A02 Praxair Specialty Ceramics 16130 Wood Red Road Woodinville, WA 98072 USA www.praxair.com Exhibits: Manufacturer of multi-component oxide powders and shapes specializing in cathode, anode, interconnects, and electrolytes for SOFC and SOE applications Booth B01 Samics Research Materials Pvt. Ltd. 145 Karolan 243001 Bareilly India http://samics.com Exhibits: Ceramic Powders and Targets Booth B04 Sunfire GmbH Gasanstaltstr. 2 01237 Dresden Germany www.sunfire.de Exhibits: SOFC integrated Stack Module Booth B17 SOFCpower SpA Viale Trento, 115/117 c/o BIC 38017 Mezzolombardo (TN) Italy www.sofcpower.com Exhibits: SOFC Stack and Systems

Booths B14 – B16 Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S Nymoellevej 66 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark www.topsoefuelcell.com Exhibits: SOFC Stack Modules Booth A01 Werner Mathis AG Rütisbergstrasse 3 8156 Oberhasli Switzerland www.mathisag.com Exhibits: Machines for various coating processes, hydrolization, drying, sintering etc. that are used for production of the MEAs of polyphosphoric acid.

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www.EFCF.com

List of Booths Registered by 16 June 2014

Booth

Exhibitor

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11th EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 2014 1 - 4 July 2014 KKL Lucerne/Switzerland

Country

Website

Switzerland

www.mathisag.com

USA

www.praxair.com

France

www-liten.cea.fr

A01

Werner Mathis AG

A02

Praxair Specialty Ceramics

A03

CEA LITEN

A04

Haiku Tech Europe BV

The Netherlands

www.haikutech.com

A05

BOSAL Netherlands

The Netherlands

www.bosal.com

A06

Catacel Corp

USA

www.catacel.com

A07

FLEXITALLIC

United Kingdom

www.flexitallicsofc.com

A08

Fuji-Pigment.Co.Ltd

Japan

http://www.fuji-pigment.co.jp/

A09

HAYNES International

USA

www.haynes.ch

A10

KNF FLODOS

Switzerland

www.knf-flodos.ch

A11

CAP Co., Ltd.

Japan

www.cap-co.jp/indexE.html

A12

ALMUS AG

Switzerland

www.almus-ag.ch

A13

Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH

Germany

www.porextherm.de

A14

DJK Europe GmbH

Germany

www.djkeurope.com

A15

DOWA HD Europe GmbH

Germany

www.dowa.co.jp/index_e.html

B01

Samics Research Materials Pvt. Ltd.

B02

Exhibitors Service Point

B03

India

www.samics.com

Switzerland

www.efcf.com

eZelleron GmbH

Germany

www.ezelleron.de

Energy Saxony e.V.

Germany

www.energy-saxony.net

FuelCell Energy Solutions GmbH

Germany

www.fces.de

Fraunhofer IKTS

Germany

www.ikts.fraunhofer.de/

Sunfire GmbH

Germany

www.sunfire.de

B05

KERAFOL GmbH

Germany

www.kerafol.com

B06

EBZ GmbH

Germany

www.ebz-dresden.de

Germany

www.fz-juelich.de

USA

www.fuelcellmaterials.com

Switzerland

www.bronkhorst.com

Germany

www.ceramtec.de

B04

B07 – B08 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH B09

fuelcellmaterials.com - A Division of NexTech Materials

B10

Bronkhorst (Schweiz) AG

B11

CeramTec GmbH

B12

CerPoTech AS

Norway

www.cerpotech.com

B13

Plansee SE

Austria

www.plansee.com

Denmark

www.topsoefuelcell.com

Switzerland

www.htceramix.ch

Italy

www.sofcpower.com

B14 – B16 Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S B17

HTceramix SA SOFCpower SpA

B18

Elcogen AS

Estland

www.elcogen.com

B19

FuelCon AG

Germany

www.fuelcon.com

B20

Fiaxell Sàrl

Switzerland

www.fiaxell.com

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www.EFCF.com

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Outlook 2015 In this moment of preparation, we are excited to see all the valuable contributions and efforts of so many authors, scientific committee and advisors, exhibitors and staff materialising in the 11th EUROPEAN SOEFC & SOE FORUM 2014. However, looking a bit beyond these intensive days, we see another important event emerging at a not too far horizon in 2015: The

5th European PEFC & H2 Forum 30 June to 3 July 2015, in the KKL of Lucerne, Switzerland

Science, Technology and Application of Low Temperature Fuel Cells and Hydrogen The 5th European PEFC & H2 Forum will be a major European gathering place for low temperature fuel cell and hydrogen scientists, experts, engineers, and also increasingly business developers and managers. Responding to the wishes of many stakeholders, the event will be exclusively focussing on all low temperature fuel cell, electrolyser and hydrogen technologies. Already now, many people have expressed their strong interest to participate and contribute to this event as scientists, engineers or exhibitors. All kind of low temperature fuel cells as well as hydrogen production, storage and distribution technologies will be presented to the participants. On the one hand, the technical focus lies on specific engineering and design approaches and solutions for materials, processes and components. On the other hand, increasingly broad demonstration projects and first in series produced applications and products are presented and the announced FCV launch of the car manufactures will be an important subject.

The forum comprises a scientific conference, an exhibition and a tutorial. The Scientific Conference will address issues of science, engineering, materials, systems and applications as well as markets for all types of low temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolysers. Beside this a more public and political Green-Moblity-Demo is planned again. Contributions are very welcome. In its traditional manner, the meeting aims at a fruitful dialogue between researchers, engineers and manufacturers, hardware developers and users, academia and industry. Business opportunities will be identified for manufacturers, commerce, consultants, public authorities and investors. Although a Europebound event, participation is invited from all continents. About 500 participants and 30 exhibitors are expected from more than 30 nations.

For 2015, the EFCF’s International Board of Advisors has elected

Prof. Dr. Frano Barbir as Conference Chairman. Prof. Dr. Frano Barbir is Professor and Chair of Thermodynamics at Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Croatia. He has been actively involved in fuel cell technology R&D, engineering and applications since 1989, working in the U.S. as a researcher and R&D manager in both industry and at universities. A new Scientific Advisory Committee has been formed to structure the technical programme in an independent and neutral manner and will exercise full scientific independence in all technical matters.

For everybody interested in low temperature Fuel Cells and Hydrogen, please take note in your agenda of the next opportunity to enjoy Lucerne as a scientific and technical exchange platform. The 5th EUROPEAN PEFC & H2 FORUM will take place from 30 June to 3 July 2015, in the KKL of Lucerne, Switzerland. We look forward to welcoming you again in Lucerne.

Outlook 2016 12th European SOFC & SOE Forum 5 -8 July 2016 The elected Chair will be announced. Call for Paper is in Sept 2015.

www.EFCF.com/2016 The organisers Olivier Bucheli & Michael Spirig

[email protected]

Integrated IT-tool & services for technology status evaluation - Applied for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

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[email protected]

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www.EFCF.com

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Depart for Swiss Surprise Dinner on the Lake

RR- KKL Station

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International Conference on SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL and ELECTROLYSER

11th EUROPEAN SOFC & SOE FORUM 1 - 4 July 2014 Kultur- und Kongresszentrum Luzern (KKL) Lucerne/Switzerland

Schedule of Events Tuesday – 1 July 2014

11:00 - 16:00 09:30 - 10:00 10:00 - 16:30 16:00 - 18:00 16:00 - 18:00 18:00 - 19:00 from 19:00

Exhibition set-up Tutorial Registration Tutorial held by Dr. Günther G. Scherer & Dr. Jan Van herle Poster pin-up / Official opening of the exhibition On-site Registration is open, to be continued on the following days Welcome gathering on the terrace of the KKL above the registration area Thank-You Dinner with special invitation only

Wednesday – 2 July 2014

08:00 - 16:00 08:00 - 09:00 09:00 - 18:00

On-site Registration is open, to be continued on the following days Speakers’ Breakfast in the Auditorium Foyer on the 1st floor of the KKL above sector A of the exhibition Conference Sessions 1–6 including plenary presentations on «International Overviews» from Japan, USA, China and Europe, extended poster presentation by authors, networking and exhibition Access to poster area and exhibition are open, to be continued on the following days Press Conference (by invitation only) «Strom und Wärme Rondo» for Swiss Energy Stakeholders (in German) Swiss Surprise Event (optional, separate registration)

09:00 - 18:00 12:30 13:00 - 18:00 18:30 - 23:00 Thursday – 3 July 2014

08:00 - 09:00 09:00 - 18:00 19:30 - 23:30

Friday – 4 July 2014

08:00 - 09:00 09:00 - 15:30 09:00 - 12:00 15:30 - 16:30 16:30 - 17:00

st

Speakers’ Breakfast in the Auditorium Foyer on the 1 floor of the KKL above sector A of the exhibition Conference sessions 7–12 key notes on «the Role of SOFC in a Balanced Energy Strategy», extended poster presentation by authors, networking & exhibition Great Dinner on the Lake st

Speakers’ Breakfast in the Auditorium Foyer on the 1 floor of the KKL above sector A of the exhibition Conference sessions 13–17 including key notes on «SOFC for Distributed Power Generation», poster presentation, networking and exhibition Access to poster area and exhibition are open (12:00-14:00 Poster removal) Closing and Award Ceremony: Christian Friedrich Schönbein & Hermann Göhr Goodbye coffee and travel refreshment in front of the Luzerner Saal

Motto 2014 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electrolysers: Key enabling technologies for sustainable energy scenarios.